Skip to main content

Brain and Spinal Cord

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Color Atlas of Fetal and Neonatal Histology

Abstract

The brain and spinal cord can be easily identified from the embryonic period of life. They grow rapidly during early fetal life with different parts of the brain growing at different rates throughout gestation and early postnatal life. This chapter gives a brief summary of embryology and macroscopic changes in the central nervous system (CNS) with microscopic descriptions and examples of the normal histology of different parts of the brain and spinal cord at various gestational ages.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Meyer G: Genetic control of neuronal migrations in human cortical development. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 2007,189:1–111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Valdés-Dapena MA: Histology of the Fetus and Newborn. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  3. O’Rahilly R, Muller F: Significant features in the early prenatal development of the human brain. Ann Anat 2008, 190:105–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bayer SAAJ: Atlas of the Human Central Nervous System Development, vol 5. Boca Raton, FL: CRC; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Chi JG, Dooling EC, Gilles FH: Gyral development of the human brain. Ann Neurol 1977, 1:86–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bayer SAAJ: Atlas of the Human Central Nervous System Development, vol 1. Boca Raton, FL: CRC; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Jacobson M, Rao MS: Developmental neurobiology. In Kluwer Academic/Plenum; 2005:129–150.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Herschkowitz N: Brain development in the fetus, neonate and infant. Biol Neonate 1988, 54:1–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Vasung L, Huang H, Jovanov-Milosevic N, et al.: Development of axonal pathways in the human fetal fronto-limbic brain: histochemical characterization and diffusion tensor imaging. J Anat 2010, 217:400–417.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Jacobson M, Rao MS: Developmental neurobiology. In Kluwer Academic/Plenum; 2005:197–222.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Jacobson M, Rao MS: Developmental neurobiology. In Kluwer Academic/Plenum; 2005:151–96.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kinney HC, Back SA: Human oligodendroglial development: relationship to periventricular leukomalacia. Semin Pediatr Neurol 1998, 5:180–189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Gilles FH: Myelination in the neonatal brain. Hum Pathol 1976, 7:244–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bodhireddy SR, Lyman WD, Rashbaum WK, Weidenheim KM: Immunohistochemical detection of myelin basic protein is a sensitive marker of myelination in second trimester human fetal spinal cord. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1994, 53:144–149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Seress L, Abraham H, Tornoczky T, Kosztolanyi G: Cell formation in the human hippocampal formation from mid-gestation to the late postnatal period. Neuroscience 2001, 105:831–843.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Vuksic M, Rados M, Kostovic I: Structural basis of developmental plasticity in the corticostriatal system. Coll Antropol 2008, 32(Suppl 1):155–159.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bayer SAAJ: Atlas of the Human Central Nervous System Development, vol 4. Boca Raton, FL: CRC; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hatta T, Satow F, Hatta J, et al.: Development of the pons in human fetuses. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2007, 47:63–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Bell JE, Sandison A, Boddy J, et al.: Development of the cerebellum with particular reference to cellular differentiation in the external granular layer. Early Hum Dev 1989,19: 199–211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Abraham H, Tornoczky T, Kosztolanyi G, Seress L: Cell formation in the cortical layers of the developing human cerebellum. Int J Dev Neurosci 2001, 19:53–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bayer SAAJ: Atlas of Human Central Nervous System Development, vol 3. Boca Raton, FL: CRC; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Bayer SAAJ: Atlas of the Human Central Nervous System Development, vol 2. Boca Raton, FL: CRC; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rajaram, V., Rajaram, V. (2011). Brain and Spinal Cord. In: Ernst, L., Ruchelli, E., Huff, D. (eds) Color Atlas of Fetal and Neonatal Histology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0019-6_27

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0019-6_27

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-0018-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-0019-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics