Skip to main content

CuInSe2 and CdTe Scale-up for Manufacturing

  • Chapter
Advances in Solar Energy

Part of the book series: Advances in Solar Energy ((AISE,volume 6))

Abstract

Two candidate polycrystalline thin film materials, CuInSe2, and CdTe, have emerged as potential leaders in the effort to develop low-cost photovoltaics. Until recently, most progress in these materials was on a laboratory scale. For instance, small CuInSe2 cells have reached 14.1% (ARCO Solar), Photon Energy and Ametek have achieved 12.3% and 11% efficiencies for CdTe. However, both technologies are now moving toward commercial products and are being developed for power modules. Issues relating to their scale-up to manufacturing are increasingly germane.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abdul-Hussein, N.A.K., A.N.Y. Samaan, R.D. Tomlinson, A.E. Hill, H. Neumann (1985), Electrical properties of RF sputtered thin films of CuInSe 2. I. Experimental results, Cryst. Res. & Technol. (Germany) 20, No. 4, pp. 509–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abernathy, C.R., C.W. Bates, Jr., A.A. Anani, B. Haba, G. Smestad (1984), Production of single phase chalcopyrite CuInSe 2 by spray pyrolysis, Appl. Phys. Lett. 45, No. 8, pp. 890–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abernathy, C.R., C.W. Bates, Jr., A.A. Anani, B. Haba (1984), Kinetic effects in film formation of CuInSe2 prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis, Thin Solid Film 115, No. 1, L41–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abernathy, C.R., R. Cammy (1985), Chemical spray pyrolysis of copper indium diselenide thin fìlms and devices, Univ. Microfilms, Int., 153 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agnihotri, O.P., P. Raja Ram, R. Thangaraj, A.K. Sharma, Atul Raturi (1983), Structural and optical properties of sprayed CuInSe 2 films, Thin Solid Films 102, No. 4, pp. 291–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albright, S.P., D.K. Brown, J.F. Jordan (1987), Method and apparatus for forming a polycry stalline monolayer, European Patent Application, 87114766.6 (assignee Photon Energy).

    Google Scholar 

  • Albright, S.P., Singh, V.P., Ackerman, B. (1988), High efficiency large-area CdTe panels, Annual Technical Progress Report, June 1987-June 1988, SERI/DOE (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, T.C., A.L. Fahrenbruch, R.H. Bube (1984), Growth of CdTe by close-spaced vapor transport, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2 (3), 1296–1302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aranovich, J., A. Ortiz, R.H. Bube (1979), Optical and electrical properties of ZnO films prepared by spray pyrolysis for solar cell applications, J. Vac. Sci. Technology 16, pp. 994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arita T., N. Suyama, Y. Kita, S. Kitamura, T. Hibino, H. Takada, K. Omura, N. Ueno, M. Murozono (1988), CuInSe 2 films prepared by screen-printing and sintering, Matsushita Battery Industrial Co., 20th IEEE PV Specialists Conference — 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, A. (1978), Ph.D. Thesis, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, A., P. Nath, V.D. Vankar, K.L. Chopra (1978) Properties of Zn x Cd 1-x S films prepared by solution spray technique, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 46, pp. 723.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baranski, A.S., Fawcett, W.R. (1980), J. Electrochem Soc. 127, 766.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basol, B.M. (1988), Electro deposited CdTe and HgCdTe solar cells.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basol, B.M. (1988), Solar Cells 23 # 1=2, 69–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basol, B.M. (1984), U.S. Patent 4,456,630, Method of forming ohmic contacts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basol, B.M. (1984a), High efficiency electroplated heterojunction solar cell, J. Appl. Phys. 55 (2), 601–603.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basol, B.M. (1984b), Method of forming ohmic contacts, U.S. patent 4,456,630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basol, B.M. (1980), Ph.D. UCLA

    Google Scholar 

  • Basol, B.M., S.S. Ou, O.M. Stafsudd (1985), J. Appl. Phys. 58, 3809.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basol, B.M., O.M. Stafsudd (1981a), Solid State Electronics, 24, 121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basol, B.M., O.M. Stafsudd (1981b), Thin Solid Films 78, 217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basol, B.M., O.M. Stafsudd, R.L. Rod, E.S. Tseng (1980), Proceedings 3rd EC PV Solar Energy Conference, pp. 878.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basol, B.M., E.S. Tseng (1986), Mercury cadmium telluride solar cell with 10.6% efficiency, Appl. Phys. Lett 48 (14), 946–948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basol, B.M., E.S. Tseng, D.S. Lo (1986), U.S. Patent 4,629, 820, Thin film heterojunction PV device.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basol, B.M., E.S. Tseng, R.L. Rod (1983), U.S. Patent 4,388, 483, 1983, Thin film heterojunction cells and methods of making the same.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basol, B.M., E.S. Tseng, R.L. Rod, S. Ou, O.M. Stafsudd (1982), Ultrathin elec-trodeposited CdS/CdTe heterojunction with 8% efficiency, Proceedings of the 16th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, 805–808.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, C.W. Jr., K.F. Nelson, S. Atiq Raza, J.B. Mooney, J.M. Recktenwald, L. Macintosh, R. Lamoreaux (1982), Spray pyrolysis and heat treatment of CuInSe 2 for photovoltaic applications, Thin Solid Films 88, No. 3 pp. 279–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, C.W. Jr., M. Uekita, K.F. Nelson, C. Abernathy, J.B. Mooney (1982), The effect of pH on the production of chalcopyrite CuInSe 2 prepared by spray pyrolysis, Conference Record of the Sixteenth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference — 1982, 27–30 Sept. 1982, San Diego, CA, pp. 1427–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, C.W. Jr., M. Uekita, K.F. Nelson, C.R. Abernathy, J. B. Mooney (1983), Effect of pH on the production of chalcopyrite CuInSe2 prepared by spray pyrolysis, Appl. Phys. Lett. 43, No. 9, pp. 851–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya, R.N. (1983), Solution growth and electro deposite d CuInSe 2 thin films, Journal Electrochemical Society, (130:10), pp. 2040–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya, R.N., Rajeshwar, K.R. (1986), Electrodeposition of CuInX (X=Se,Te) thin films, Solar Cells (Switzerland), (16), pp. 237–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilaga, B.J., Gandhi, S. (1976), J. Electrochem. Soc. 123, 941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binsma, J.J.M., Van Der Linden (1982), Prepartion of thin CuInSe2 films via a two-stage process, Thin Solid Films, 97, pp. 237–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkmire, R.W., L.C. Dinetta, J.D. Meakin, J.E. Phillips (1984), CuInSe 2 /CdS-CdTe/CdS polycrystalline tandem solar cells, Inst, of Energy Conversion, Delaware Univ., Newark, DE, USA, Seventeenth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, 1406–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkmire, R.W., R.B. Hall, J.E. Phillips (1984), Material requirements for high efficiency CuInSe 2 /CdS solar cells, Inst, of Energy Conversion, Delaware Univ., Newark, DE, USA, Seventeenth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 882–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkmire, R.W., J. E. Phillips, L.C. DiNetta, J.D. Meakin (1985), Thin-film tandem solar cells based on CuInSe2, Inst, of Energy Conversion, Delaware Univ., Newark, DE, USA, Sixth E. C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 270–5 London, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloss, W.H., F. Pfisterer, H.W. Schock (1988), Polycrystalline II-VI-related thin film solar cells, in K. W. Böer (ed), Advances in Solar Energy, Plenum Press and American Solar Energy Society, Boulder, Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bode, D.E. (1963), Proc. Nati Elec. Conf. 19, 630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boone, J.L., P. Van Doren (1982), Investigation of chemical spray and electrodepo-sition techniques...Final Report, University of Mis souri-Rolla.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bougnot, J., S. Duchemin, M. Saveilli (1986), Chemical spray pryolysis of CuInSe 2 thin films, Centre d’Electron, de Montpellier, Univ. des Sci. et Tech, du Languedoc, France. Sol. Cells (Switzerland) 16, pp. 221–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bougnot, J., M. Perotin, J. Marucchi, M. Sirkis, M. Savelli (1976), Proc. 12th IEEE PV Specialists Conf. Baton Rouge, 519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, D.E., R. Singh, J.H. Morgan, J.D. Leslie, C.J. Moore, A. E. Dixon (1980), Proc. of 14th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference p. 468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bube, R.H. (1988), CdTe junction behavior, Solar Cells 23 # 1–2,

    Google Scholar 

  • Bube, R.H. (1988), CdTe junction behavior, Solar Cells 23 # 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bube, R.H. (1988), Thin film polycrystalline solar cells, Solar Cells 23 # 1–2,

    Google Scholar 

  • Bube, R.H. (1988), Thin film polycrystalline solar cells, Solar Cells 23 # 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bube, R.H., F. Buch, A.L. Fahrenbruch, Y.Y. Ma, K.W. Mitchell (1977), IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, ED-24, 487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunshah, R.F., Schwartz, M. et. al. (1982), Deposition technologies for films and coatings, Noyes Publications, pp. 385–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bureau of Mines (1988), Cadmium, Minerals Commodities Summaries.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahen, D. (1984), Electrodeposited layers of copper indium sulfides (CuInSe2, CuIn 5 S 8 ) and coper indium diselenide (CuInSe 2 ), Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. (10) Proc. Int. Conf. Ternary Multinary Compd., 6th, pp. 345–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahen, D., G. Hodes (1987), Ternary adamantine materials for low-cost solar cells, SERI Subcontractor Final Report, IL-5–04132–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Call, R.L., N.K. Jaber, K. Seshan, J.R. Whyte (1980), Structural and electronic properties of three aqueous-deposited films: CdS, CdO, ZnO, Solar Energy Materials 2, 373–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canevari, V., U. Emiliani, N. Romeo, G. Sberveglieri, L. Zanotti (1983), Low resistivity and high transparency Zn x Cd 1-x S thin films grown by flash evaporation, University of Parma (Italy), Thin Solid Films 106, No. 4, pp. L91–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canevari, V., N. Romeo, G. Sberveglieri, L. Zanotti, M. Curti (1983), Low resistivity N- and P-type CuInSe 2 thin films grown by flash evaporation, presented at the Proceedings of the Joint Meeting of the CNR Fine-Chemicals Finalized Programme and the Italian Association for Crystal Grown, Milan, Italy, 1–3 Dec,

    Google Scholar 

  • Canevari, V., N. Romeo, G. Sberveglieri, L. Zanotti, M. Curti (1983) Mater. Chem. and Phys. 9, No. 1–3, pp. 205–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlin and Skarman (1966), J. Electrochem. Soc. 113, 86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, W.S., R.A. Mickelsen (1980), Thin-him CdS/CuInSe 2 heterojunction solar cell, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 248, pp. 62–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y.W., J.A. Turner, R. Noun (1985), Preliminary studies on the low-cost preparation of chalcogenide semiconductors from solution depositions. Appl. Phys. Communications 4, No. 4, p. 241–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chopra, K.L., Das, S.R. (1983), Thin Film Solar Cells, Plenum Press, NY, pp. 259–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chopra, K.L., R.C. Kainthla, D.K. Pandya, A.P. Thakoor (1982), Physics of Thin Films 12, Academic Press, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choudary, U.V., Y. Shing, R.R. Potter, J.H. Ermer, V.K. Kapur (1986), U.S. patent 4,611,091, CuInSe2 thin him solar cell with thin CdS and transparent window layer, assignee Atlantic Richfield Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu, T.L. (1988a), Thin film CdTe solar cells by two chemical vapor deposition techniques, Solar Cells 23 # 1–2,

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu, T.L. (1988a), Thin film CdTe solar cells by two chemical vapor deposition techniques, Solar Cells 23 # 31–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu, T.L. (1988b), Thin film CdTe solar cells, Final Technical Report May.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu, T.L. (1988), Thin film CdTe solar cells, Final Technical Report May 1985-May 1988, DOE/SERI (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu, T.L. (1985), Thin film CdTe solar cells, Final Technical Progress Report Oct. 1983-May 1985, Southern Methodist University for the Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu, T.L., S.S. Chu, S.C. Lin, J. Filipowicz (1984), Photoelectrical properties of CuInSe2 thin films, presented at the proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Ternary and Multinary Compounds, Caracas, Venezuela, 15–17 Aug.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu, T.L., S.S. Chu, S.C. Lin, J. Filipowicz (1984)Prog. Cryst. Growth and Charact. 10, pp. 361–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu, T.L., S.S. Chu, S.C. Lin, J. Yue (Sept. 1984), Large grain copper indium diselenide films, Journal Electrochemical Society, (131:9), pp. 2182–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coutts, T.J. (1982), High efficiency solar cells with CdS window layers, Newcastle Polytechnic, Thin Solid Films 90, No. 4, pp. 451–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danaher, W.J. et al. (1978), Photoelectro chemical cell with CdTe film, Nature 271, No. 5641, pp. 139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danaher, W.J., L.E. Lyons, G.C. Morris (1985), Some properties of thin films of chemically deposited cadmium sulfide, Solar Energy Materials, 12, pp. 137–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, S.R. (1978), Ph.D. Thesis, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawar, A.L., Joshi, J.C. (1984), Review: semiconducting transparent thin Rims: their properties and applications, J. Mat. Sci. 19, 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devaney, W.E., R.A. Mickelsen, W.S. Chen, V.E Chen, B.J. Stanbery, J.M. Stewart, F.W. Lytle, A.F. Burnett (1987), Cadmium sulfide /copper ternary heterojunction cell research, SERI Subcontract Final Report, SERI/STR-211–3230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhere, N.G., M.C. Lourenco, R.G. Dhere (1984), Composition and structure of CuInSe 2 thin films prepared by vacuum evaporation of the constituent elements, Sol. Cells 13, No. 1, pp. 59–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimmler, B., H. Dittrich, H.W. Shock, Structure and morphology of evaporated hilayer and selenized CuInSe 2 films. University of Stuttgart, Twentieth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference — 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimmler, B., H. Dittrich, H.W. Shock (1988), Structure and morphology of evaporated hilayer and selenized CuInSe2 Films, University of Stuttgart, Twentieth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • DOE PV Systems Program Summary (1978), DOE/ER-0075, pp. 102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Don, E.R., S.R. Baber, R. Hill (1981), Copper indium diselenide for CdS:CuInSe 2 solar cells, Newcastle Upon Tyne Polytech. Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, Third E. C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 897–901.

    Google Scholar 

  • Don, E.R., R.R. Cooper, R. Hill (1985), The structural, optical and electrical properties of copper indium diselenide and their dependence on stoichiometry, presented at the Sixth E. C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, London, England, 15–19 April, Reidel, xxxv+1104 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Don, E.R., R. Hill, G.J. Russell (1986), The structure of CuInSe 2 films formed by co-evaporation of the elements, Solar Cells 16, pp. 131–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doty, M., P. Meyers (1988), Safety advantages of a CdTe based PV module plant, in AIP Conference Proceedings 166, PV Safety, Jan 19–20, 1988, Denver, CO (SERI), W. Luft, ed., New York, pp. 10–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duchemin, S., V. Chen, J.C. Yoyotte, C. Llinares, J. Bougnot, M. Savelli (1987), Sprayed CdS/CuInSe2 solar cells: first results, Seventh E. C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 615–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duchemin, S., V. Chen, J.C. Yoyotte, C. Llinares, J. Bougnot, M. Savelli (1986), Sprayed cadmium sulfide /copper indium selenide (CulnSe 2 ) solar cells: first results, E. C. Photovoltaic Sol. Energy Conf., 7th, pp. 615–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ermer, J.H., R.B. Love, A.K. Khanna, S.C. Lewis, F. Cohen, CdS/CuInSe2 junctions fabricated by DC magnetron sputtering of Cu 2 Se and In 2 Se 3 , presented at the Conference Record of the Eighteenth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 21–25 Oct. 1985, Las Vegas, NV, pp. 1655–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ermer, J.H., R.B. Love, A.K. Khanna, S.C. Lewis, F. Cohen, CdS/CuInSe2 junctions fabricated by DC magnetron sputtering of Cu 2 Se and In 2 Se 3 , Arco Solar Inc., Chatsworth, CA, ITSA, 18th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, pp. 1655–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, P.K., D.G. Dobryn, and C.M. Lee (1986), Control of toxic gas release during the production of CuInSe photovoltaic cells, Brookhaven National Laboratory, MIT/BNL-86–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frass, L.M., Y. Ma (1977), CdS thin films for terrestrial solar cells, Hughes Research Labs, J. of Crystal Growth (Netherlands) 39, No. 1, pp. 92–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fray, A.F., P. Lloyd (1979), Electrical and optical properties of thin P-TA films prepared by vacuum evaporation from the chalcopyrite CuInSe2, presented at the Fourth International Congress on Thin Films, Loughborogh, England, 11–15 Sept.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Fray, A.F., P. Lloyd (1979)Thin Solid Films 58, No. 1, pp. 29–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulop, G., J. Betz, P. Meyers, M. Doty (1981), U.S. Patent 4,260,427, CdTe Schottky Barrier PV Cell

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulop, G., J. Betz, P. Meyers, M. Doty (1981), U.S. Patent 4,261,802, Method of making a PV cell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulop, G., J. Betz, P. Meyers, M. Doty (1982a), U.S. Patent 4,345,107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulop, G., M. Doty, P. Meyers, C.H. Liu (1982b), High efficiency electrodeposited CdTe Solar Cells, Appl. Phys. Lett. 40 (4), 327–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulop, G.F., R.M. Taylor (1985), Electro deposition of semiconductors, Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci., 15, pp. 197–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, F.J., M.S. Tomar (1982) A screen printed CdS/CuInSe 2 solar cells, J. Appl. Phys. Suppl. (Japan), pp. 535–8. Proceedings of the 14th Conference (1982 International) on Solid State Devices, 24–26 Aug. 1982, Tokyo, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, R.G., J. Proscia, K. Gustin, J. ChApple-Sokol, D. Strickler, R. McCurdy, Optimization of transparent and reflecting electrodes for amorphous silicon solar cells, Final Technical Report Oct. 1986-Nov. 1987, Prepared by Harvard University for the Solar Energy Research Institute under contract XB-7–06110–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorska, M., R. Beaulieu, J.J. Loferski, B. Roessler, J. Beali (1980), Spray pyrolysis of CuInSe 2 thin films, Sol. Energy Mater. 2, No. 3, pp. 343–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grindle, S.P. (July 1979), Preparation and properties of CuInS 2 thin Ulms produced by exposing RF-sputtered Cu-In films to an H 2 S atmosphere, Appl. Phys. Lett., 35(1), pp. 24–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R.B., R.W. Birkmire, J.E. Phillips, J.D. Meakin (1980), Proceedings of the 3rd EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Cannes, France, Ed W. Palz. 1094.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegedus, S.S., J.D. Meakin, B.N. Baron, J.A. Miller (1986), Laboratory safety procedures for processing II-VI and related compounds for thin him photovoltaics, Inst, of Energy Conversion, Delaware Univ., DE, USA, SERI Photovoltaics Safety Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, J.E., R.R. Chamberlin, U.S. Patent 3 148084 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodes, G., D. Cahen (Jan.-Feb. 1986), Electrodeposition of CuInSe 2 and CuInS 2 alms, Solar Cells (Switzerland), (16), pp. 245–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodes, G., T. Engelhard, D. Cahen (1985), Electroplated CuInSe 2 and CuInSe 2 layers: preparation and physical and photovoltaic characterization, Thin Solid Films (Switzerland), (128:1–2), pp. 93–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodes, G., T. Engelhard, D. Cahen, L.L. Kazmerski, C.R. Herrington (June 1985), Electroplated CuInS 2 and CuInSe 2 layers: preparation and physical and photovoltaic characterizatin, Thin Solid Films (Switzerland), (128:1–2), pp. 93–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodes, G., T. Engelhard, D. Cahen, L.L. Kazmerski, C.R. Herrington (April 1985), CuInS 2 , CuInSe 2 and CuIn 5 S 8 layers prepared by electrodeposition, Sixth E. C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 846–9 1985 London, England, pp. 846–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodes, G., T. Engelhard, C.R. Herrington, L.L. Kazmerski, D. Cahen (1984), Electrodeposited layers of copper indium sulfides (CuInSe 2 , CuIn 5 S 8 ) and copper indium diselenide (CuInSe 2 ), Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. (10) Proc. Int. Conf. Ternary Multinary Compd., 6th, pp. 345–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horig, W., H. Neumann, H. Sobotta, B. Schumann, G. Kuhn (1978), Thin Solid Films 48, No. 1, pp. 67–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, T.M., R.J. Jih, P.C. Lin, H.Y. Ueng, Y.J. Hsu, H.L. Hwang (1986), Oxygen doping in close-spaced-sublimed CdTe thin films for PV cells, J. Appl. Phys. 59 (10), 3607–3609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikegami, S. (1988), CdS/CdTe solar cells by screen printing/sintering, Solar Cells 23 # 1–2,

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikegami, S. (1988), CdS/CdTe solar cells by screen printing/sintering, Solar Cells 23 89–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isett, L.C. (1983), Deep level impurities and current collection in CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells, Appl. Phys. Lett. 43 (6), 577–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isomura, S., A. Nagamatsu, K. Shinohara, T. Aono (1986), Preparation and some semiconducting properties of CuInSe 2 thin films, Solar Cells (Switzerland) 16, pp. 143–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, S.C., B.N. Baron, R.E. Rocheleau, and T.W.F. Russell (1987), A chemical reaction model for physical vapor deposition of compound semiconductor films, Inst, of Energy Conversion 33, No. 5, pp. 711–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janam, R., O.N. Srivastava (1983), Growth and structural characteristics of the chalcopyrite semiconductor CuInSe 2 , Dept. of Phys., Banaras Hindu Univ., Varanasi, India,

    Google Scholar 

  • Janam, R., O.N. Srivastava (1983) Cryst. Res. and Technol. (Germany) 18, No. 12 1475–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janam, R., O.N. Srivastava (1986), Sintered p-CuInSe 2 /n-CdS heterojunction solar cells, Dept. of Phys., Banaras Hindu Univ., Varanasi, India,

    Google Scholar 

  • Janam, R., O.N. Srivastava J. Phys. D (GB) 19, No. 5 L85–7 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janam, R., O.N. Srivastava (1985), Structural characteristics of CuInSe 2 thin films and its influence on PV activity of CdS/CuInSe 2 thin film solar cells, Dept. of Phys., Banaras Hindu Univ., Varanasi, India,

    Google Scholar 

  • Janam, R., O.N. Srivastava (1985) Sol. Energy Mater. (Netherlands) 11, No. 5–6 409–17 Jan.-Feb. 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, John (1988), Large-area CdS-CdTe photovoltaic cells, Solar Cells 23 # 1–2,

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, John (1988), Large-area CdS-CdTe photovoltaic cells, Solar Cells 23 107–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, J.F. (1975), IEEE PV Specialists Conf. Scottsdale, Arizona, May 6–8, pp. 508–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, J., H.P. Schweizer, W. Kern (1975), J. Electrochem Soc. 122, 1144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapur, V.K., B.M. Basol, E.S. Tseng (June-August 1987), Low cost methods for the production of semiconductor films for CuLnSe 2 /CdS solar cells, Solar Cells (Switzerland), 7th Photovoltaic Advanced Research and Development Project Review Meeting, 13 May 1986, Denver, Colorado, (21), pp. 65–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapur, V.K., B.M. Basol, E.S. Tseng (October 1985), Low cost thin film chalcopyrite solar cells, Proceedings Eighteenth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, pp. 1429–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapur, V.K., B.M. Basol, E.S. Tseng (Sept. 1986), Preparation of thin films of chalcopyrites for photovoltaics, Ternary & Multinary Compounds, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference Snowmass, Colorado, pp. 219–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapur, V.K., B.M. Basol, E.S. Tseng (February 1987), High-efficiency, copper ternary, thin-film solar cells, SERI Subcontractor Annual Report, SERI/STR-211–3030.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapur, V.K., B.M. Basol, E.S. Tseng, R.C. Kullberg, N.L. Nguyen (September 1988), High-efficiency, copper ternary, thin-film solar cells, SERI Subcontractor Annual Report, SERI/STR-211–3226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karmerski, L.L., M.S. Ayyagiri, F.R. White, and G.A. Sanborn (1986), J. Vac. Sci. Tech., 13, 139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato, Y., M. Hyodo, M. Misonou, H. Kawahara (1987), A new tin oxide film with large grains and its application to α-Si solar cells, Technical Digest of the International PVSEC-3, Tokyo, Japan, 1987, P-II-26, 611. R. G. Liversey, E.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaur, I., D.K. Pandya, K.L. Chopra (1980), Growth kinetics and polymorphism of chemically deposited CdS Films, J. Electrochem Soc: Solid State Science and Technology 127, 4, 943–948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitaev, G.A., A.A. Uritskaya, S.G. Mokrushin (1965), Soviet J. Phys. Chem. 39, 1101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klenk, R., R.H. Mauch, R. Menner, H.W. Shock (1988), Wide handgap Cu(Ga,In)Se 2 /(Zn,Cd)S heterojunctions, University of Stuttgart, Twentieth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knowles, A., H. Oumous, M.J. Carter, R. Hill (1988), Properties of copper indium diselenide thin films produced by thermal annealing of elemental sandwich structures, Newcastle upon Tyne Polytechnic, Twentieth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, S., S. Sasaki, F. Kaneko, Bin Wang, T. Maruyama (1987), Preparation of CuInSe2 thin films by DC triode sputtering methods, Trans. Inst. Electron. Inf. & Commun. Eng. C (Japan) J70C., No. 2, pp. 143–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kokubun, Y., M. Wada (1977), Photovoltaic effect in CuInSe2/CdS heterojunctions, Dept. of Electronic Engng., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan,

    Google Scholar 

  • Kokubun, Y., M. Wada (1977) Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. (Japan) 16, No. 5 879–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kröger, F.A. (1978), Cathodic deposition and characterization of metallic or semiconducting binary alloys or compounds, J. Electrochem. Soc. 125 # 12,

    Google Scholar 

  • Kröger, F.A. (1978), Cathodic deposition and characterization of metallic or semiconducting binary alloys or compounds, J. Electrochem. Soc. 125 2028–2034.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kröger, F.A., R.L. Rod (1979), UK Patent 1,532,616 (Feb. 28, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroger, F.A., R.L. Rod, M.P.R. Panicker (1983), U.S. Patent 4,400,244, (covers electrodeposition procedures)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwietniak, M., J.J. Loferski, R. Beaulieu, R.R. Arya, E. Vera, L. Kazmerski (1982), Thin film heterojunction CdS/Cu ternary alloy solar cells with minority carrier mirrors, Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA, 4th E. C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 727–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landis, G.A. (1986), Cost assessment for electrodeposition process for production of CuInSe 2 , CuGaSe 2 , and CdTe solar cells, Brown University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laude, L.D., M.C. Jollet, C. Antoniadis (1986), Laser-induced synthesis of thin CuInSe 2 Films, Sol. Cells 16, pp. 199–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leccabue, F., D. Seuret, D. Vigil (1985), Sintered n-CuInSe 2 /Au Schottky Diode, Appl. Phys. Lett. 46, No. 9 pp. 853–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loferski, J.J., C. Case, M. Kwietniak, P.M. Sarro, L. Castaner, R. Beaulieu (1985), Comparison of properties of thin films of CuInSe 2 and its alloys produced by evaporation, RF-sputtering and chemical spray pyrolysis, Appl. Surf. Sci. (Netherlands) 22–23, pt. 2, pp. 645–55. Proceedings of the International Conference on Solid Films and Surfaces, 27–31 Aug. 1984, Sydney Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loferski, J.J., M. Kwietniak, J. Piekoszewski, M. Spitzer, R. Arya, B. Roessler, R. Beaulieu, E. Vera, J. Shewohun, L.L. Kazmerski (1981), Thin film het-erojunction solar cells based on n-CdS and p-Cu ternary alloys of the type CuIn 2 Ga 1-y Se 2z Te 2(1-z) (RF sputtering) , Proceedings of the Fifteenth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference-1981, 12–15 May 1981, Kissimmee, FL., pp. 1056–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loferski, J.J., J. Shewchun, B. Roessler, R. Beaulieu, J. Piekoszewski, M. Gorska, G. Chapman (1978), Investigation of thin film cadmium sulfide/mixed copper ternary heterojunction Photovoltaic Cells, Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA, Thirteenth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loferski, J.J., J. Shewchun, B. Roessler, G. Vitale, M. Gorska, J. Piekoszeskwi, J. Beali, R. Beaulieu, Y. Ercil (1978), Thin-film cadmium sulfide /mixed copper ternary heterojunction solar cells. Technical progress report, September 30, 1977-September 30, 1978, DOE/ET/20415–4, 35 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lokhande, C.D. (1987), Puise plated electrodeposition of copper indium diselenide films, Journal Electrochemical Society, (134:7), pp. 1727–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lokhande, C.D., G. Hodes (1987), Preparation of CuInSe 2 and CuInSe 2 films by reactive annealing in H 2 Se or H 2 S, Solar Cells, (21), pp. 215–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lokhande, C.D. (1987), Pulse plated electrodeposition of copper indium diselenide films, Journal Electrochemical Society, (134:7), pp. 1727–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lokhande, C.D., G. Hodes (1987), Preparation of CuInSe 2 and CuInSe 2 films by reactive annealing in H 2 Se or H 2 S, Solar Cells, (21), pp. 215–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lommasson, T.C., A.F. Burnett, M. Kim, L.H. Chou, J.A. Thornton (1986), Chal-copyrite CuInSe 2 films prepared by reactive sputtering, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference, Snowmass CO. Solar Energy Res. Inst., ARCO Solar, Boeing Electron Co., Ternary and Multinary Compounds, edited by S. K. Deb and A. Zunger, Pittsburgh, PA: Master. Res. Soc, 572 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowenheim, F.A. (1978), Electroplating: Fundamentals of Surface Finishing, McGraw-Hill Book Co., NY, 594 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowenheim, F.A. (ed.) (1974), Modern Electroplating, John Wiley and Sons, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyford, H. Moore (1968), J. Phys. E. 1, 947.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matson, R.J., O. Jamjoum, A.D. Buonaquisti, P.E. Russel, L.L. Kazmerski, P. Sheldon, R.K. Ahrenkiel (1984), Metal contacts to CuInSe2 (Solar Cell Applications), SERI, Solar Cells (Switzerland) 11, No. 3, pp. 301–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melsheimer, J., D. Ziegler (1983), Thin tin oxide films of low conductivity prepared by CVD, Thin Solid Films 109, 71–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, P.V. (1986), Polycrystalline CdS/CdTe/ZnTe n-i-p solar cell, 7th European Community PV Solar Energy Conference, 1211–1213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mickelsen, R.A., W.S. Chen (1987), Development of thin-film CuInSe 2 solar cells, High Technol. Center, Boeing Electron Co., Seattle, WA, USA, Ternary and Multinary Compounds 7th International Conference 39–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mickelsen, R.A., W.S. Chen (1984), Polycrystalline thin-film CuInSe2 solar cells, Boeing Aerospace Co., Seattle, WA, USA, Sixteenth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 781–5 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mickelsen, R.A., W.S. Chen (1982), Polycrystalline thin-film CuInSe 2 solar cells, Boeing Aerospace Co., Seattle, WA, USA, Sixteenth IEEE Photovoltaic specialists Conference — 1982 781–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mickelsen, R.A., W.S. Chen (1981), Development of a 9.4% efficient thin-film CuInSe2/CdS solar cell, Proceedings of the Fifteenth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Kissimmee, FL., pp. 800–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mickelsen, R.A., W.S. Chen (1980), High photocurrent polycrystalline thin-film Cd/CuInSe 2 solar cell, Appl. Phys. Lett. 36, No. 5, pp. 371–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mickelsen, R.A., W.S. Chen, Y.R. Hsiao, V.E. Lowe (1984), Polycrystalline thin-film CuInSe 2 /CdZnS solar cells, Boeing Aerospace Co., Seattle, WA, USA,

    Google Scholar 

  • Mickelsen, R.A., W.S. Chen, Y.R. Hsiao, V.E. Lowe (1984) IEEE Trans. Electron Devices (USA) ED-31, No. 5 542–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mickelsen, R.A., B.J. Stanbery, J.E. Avery, W.S. Chen, W.E. Devaney (1987), Large area CuInSe2 thin-film solar cells, Boeing High Technol. Center, Seattle, WA, USA, Nineteenth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 744–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K.W.C. Eberspacher, Cohen F., Avery J., Duran G., Bottenberg, W. (1985), Progress towards high efficiency, thin film CdTe solar cells, Proceedings of the 18th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada, Oct. 21–25, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K., C. Eberspacher J. Ermer, K. Pauls, D. Pier, D. Tanner (1989), Single and tandem junction CuInSe 2 technology, PVSEC-4: Fourth International PV Science and Engineering Conference, Sydney, Australia (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K., C. Eberspacher, J. Ermer, D. Pier (1988), Single and tandem junction CuInSe 2 cell and module technology, ARCO Solar, Twentieth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K., H.I. Liu (1988), Device analysis of CuInSe 2 solar cells, ARCO Solar, Twentieth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mooney, B., S.B. Radding (1982), Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 12, 81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mooney, J.B., R.H. Lamoreaux (1984), Spray pryolysis of electronic materials, Proc-Electrochem. Soc, 83–7 (Proc. Symp. High Temp. Mater. Chem., 2nd), pp. 89–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mooney, J.B., R.H. Lamoreaux, C.W. Bates Jr. (1984), Spray pyrolysis of cadmium sulfide /copper indium selenide cells. Final report, 1 June 1982–30 November 1983, SERI/STR-211–2279, Energy Res. Abstr., 9(13).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mooney, J.B., R.H. Lamoreaux (1986), Spray pyrolysis of CuInSe 2 , Solar Cells (Switzerland) 16, pp. 211–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagao, M., S. Watanabe (1968), Japan J. Appl. Phys. 7, 684.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakano, A., S. Ikegami, H. Matsumoto, H. Uda, Y. Komatsu (1986), Long-term reliability os screen printed CdS/CdTe solar cell modules, Solar Cells 17, 233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakayama, N., H. Matsumoto, A. Nakano, S. Ikegami, H. Uda, T. Yamashita (1980), Screen printed thin film CdS/CdTe solar cell, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 19, No. 4, pp. 703–712.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, H., B. Schumann, E. Nowak, A. Tempel, G. Kuhn (1983), Influence of source composition on the properties of flash- evaporate d thin films in the Cu-In-Se System, Cryst. Res. and Technol. 18, No. 7, pp. 895–900.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolau, Y.F. (1985), Solution deposition of thin solid compound films by a successive ionic-layer absorption and reaction process, Applications of Surface Science 22/23, 1061–1074.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicoli, F.H. (1963), J. Electrochem. Soc. 110, 1165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niemi, E., L. Stolt (1987), ESCA analysis of CuInSe 2 and CuGaSe 2 thin films, Inst. of Microwave Technol., Stockholm, Sweden, Ternary and Multinary Compounds 7th International Conference 87–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noun, R., R. Axton, D. Cahen, S.K. Deb (1984), CdS/CuInSe 2 heterojunction cell research, Solar Energy Res. Inst., Golden, CO, USA, Seventeenth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 927–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noufi, R., J. Dick (1985), Compositional and electrical analysis of the multilayers of a CdS/CuInSe 2 solar cell, Solar Energy Res. Inst., Golden, CO, USA,

    Google Scholar 

  • Noufi, R., J. Dick (1985) J. Appl. Phys. (USA) 58, No. 10 3884–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noufi, R., R. Powell (1985), Thin-film copper indium diselenide/cadmium sulfide solar cells, Solar Energy Res. Inst., Golden, CO, USA, Sixth E. C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference 761–7 London, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noufi, R., R.C. Powell, R.J. Matson (1987), On the effect of stoichiometry and oxygen on the properties of CuInSe 2 thin films and devices, Solar Energy Res. Inst., Golden, CO. USA, Sol. Cells (Switzerland) 21, 55–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noufi, R., P. Souza, C. Osterwald (1985), Effect of air anneal temperature on the spectral response of CdS/CuInSe2 thin-film solar cells, Solar Energy Res. Inst., Golden, CO, USA, Sol. Cells (Switzerland) 15, No. 1 87–91 Sept. 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nouhi, A., R.J. Stirn, A. Hermann (1986), Preliminary results on CuInSe2/ZnSe solar cells using reactive sputter-deposited ZnSe, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 7th PV Ar&D Review Meeting.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nouhi, A., R.J. Stirn, A. Hermann (1987), CuInSe2/ZnSe solar cells using reactive sputter-deposited ZnSe, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Nineteenth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference — 1987, pp. 1461–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pachori, R.D., A. Banerjee, K.L. Chopra (1986), Flash-evaporated thin films of CuInSe 2 , presented at the Proceedings of the Symposium on Thin Film Science and Technology, India, 9–11 Jan.,

    Google Scholar 

  • Pachori, R.D., A. Banerjee, K.L. Chopra (1986) Bull. Mater. Sci. 8, No. 3, pp. 291–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pamplin, B., R. Brian (1979), Spray pyrolysis of ternary and quaternary solar cell materials, Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact., 1(4), pp. 395–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pamplin, B., R.S. Fiegelson (1979), Spray pyrolysis of CuInSe 2 and related ternary semiconducting compounds, Thin Solid Films 60, No. 2, pp. 141–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pande, P.C., G.J. Russell, J. Woods (1984), The properties of electrophoretically deposited layers of CdS, Thin Solid Films 121, 85–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panicker, M.P.R. (1978), PhD. Thesis, USC

    Google Scholar 

  • Panicker, M.P.R., M. Knaster, F.A. Kröger (1978), Cathodic deposition of CdTe from aqueous electrolytes, J. Electrochem. Soc. 125, pp. 566–572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pern, F.J., J. Goral, R. Matson, T.A. Gessert, R. Noufi (1987), Device quality thin films of CuInSe 2 by a one-step electro deposition process, Proc. 8th PV AR & D Review Meeting, Denver, Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pern, F.J., R. Noufi, A. Mason, J. Goral, A. Swartzlander, R. Matson, A. Nelson (1987), One-step electro deposition of poly crystalline thin film CuInSe 2 , Poly-crystalline Thin Film Program Review Meeting, Lakewood, Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pern, F.J., R. Noufi, A. Mason, A. Swartzlander (1987), Fabrication of poly crystalline thin films of CuInSe 2 by a one-step electrodeposition process, Proc. 19th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Photovoltaic Program Branch (1988), Annual Report FY 1987, SERI/PR-211–3299 (DE88001155).

    Google Scholar 

  • Piekoszewski, J., J.J. Loferski, R. Beaulieu, J. Beali, B. Roessler, J. Shewchun (April-1980), RF-sputtered CuInSe 2 thin fìlms, Sol. Energy Mater, Netherlands 2, No. 3, pp. 363–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piekoszewski, J., J.J. Loferski, R. Beaulieu, J. Beall, B. Roessler, J. Shewchun (1980), RF-sputtered CuInSe 2 thin films, Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA, Fourteenth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 980–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter, R.R. (1986), Enhanced photo current ZnO/CuInSe 2 solar cells, ARCO Solar, Solar Cells 16, pp. 521–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter, R.R., C. Eberspacher, L.B. Fabick (1985), Device analysis of CuInSe 2 / (Cd,Zn)S/ZnO solar cells, ARCO Solar, Eighteenth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1985, pp. 1659–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, C.X., I. Shih (March-April 1987), Effect of heat treatment on electro deposite d copper indium selenide (CuInSe 2 ) Films, Solar Energy Materials (Netherland), (15:3), pp. 219–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, C.X., I. Shih (1986), Properties of zinc oxide/copper indium diselenide het-erojunctions, Proceedings of the Northeast Regional Meeting of Mettali, Society, edited by Green, Martin, L. Metall. Soc, pp. 379–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raja Ram, P., R. Thanagaraj, O.P. Agnihotri (1986), Thin films CdZnS/CuInSe 2 solar cells by spray pyrolysis , Proceedings of the Symposium on Thin Film Science and Technology, 9–11 Jan. 1985, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raja Ram, P., R. Thanagaraj, O.P. Agnihotri (1986) Bull. Mater. Sci. (India) 8, No. 3, pp. 279–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raja Ram, P., R. Thangaraj, A.K. Sharma, O.P. Agnihotri (1985), Totally sprayed CuInSe 2 /Cd(Zn)S and CuInS 2 /Cd(Zn)S solar cells, Solar Cells (Switzerland) 14, No. 2, pp. 123–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravindra D., J.K. Sharma (1985), Electroless deposition of SnO 2 and Sb-doped SnO 2 films, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 46 # 8,

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravindra D., J.K. Sharma (1985), Electroless deposition of SnO 2 and Sb-doped SnO 2 films, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 46 945–950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rocheleau, R.E., J.D. Meakin, R.W. Birkmire (1987), Toierance of CuInSe 3 cell performance to variations in film composition and the implications for large cell manufacture, Inst, of Energy Conversion, Delaware Univ., Newark, DE, USA, Nineteenth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 972–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rockett, A., T.C. Lommasson, J.A. Thornton (1988), Depositon of CuInSe 2 by the hybrid sputtering-and-evaporation method, University of Illinois, Twentieth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohatgi, A., S.A. Ringel, J. Welch, E. Meeks, K. Pollard, A. Erbil, C.J. Summers, P.V. Meyers, C.H. Liu (1988), Growth and characterization of CdMnTe and CdZnTe polycry stalline thin films for solar cells, Solar Cells 24, 185–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romeo, N., A. Bosio, V. Canevari, D. Seuret (1987), Low resistivity CdS thin films grown by r.f sputtering in an Ar-H 2 atmosphere, Dipartimento di Fisica, GNSM-CISM, Parma, Italy, Sol. Cells 22, No. 1, pp. 23–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romeo, N., A. Bosio, V. Canevari, L. Zanotti (1986), Copper indium selenide (CuInSe 2 )/cadmium sulfide thin film solar cells by r.f sputtering, E. C. Photovoltaic Sol. Energy Conf., 7th, pp. 656–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romeo, N., A. Bosio, V. Canevari, L. Zanotti (1987), CuInSe 2 /CdS thin film solar cells by RF sputtering, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Centro Interuniv., Parma, Italy, Seventh E. C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 656–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romeo, N., V. Canevari, G. Sberveglieri, A. Bosio, L. P. Zanotti, Large grain (112) oriented CuInSe 2 thin films grown by RF sputtering, Parma Univ., Italy, Eighteenth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1388–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romeo, N., V. Canevari, G. Sberveglieri, A. Bosio, L. Zanotti (1986), Growth of large-grain CuInSe 2 thin films by flash-evaporation and sputtering, Solar Cells (Switzerland) 16, pp. 155–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, A.P. and D.F. Williams (1981), Properties of zinc oxide films prepared by the oxidation of diethylzinc, J. Appl. Phys. 52, pp 6685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russel, P.E., O. Jamjoum, R.K. Ahrenkiel, L.L. Kazmerski, R.A. Michelsen, W.S. Chen (1982), Properties of Mo-CuInSe 2 interface, SERI, Applied Physics Letters (USA) 40, No. 11, pp. 995–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, T.W.F., B.N. Baron, R.E. Rocheleau (1984), Economics of processing thin film solar cells, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 2 (4), 840–844.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salviati, G., D. Seuret (1983), N- and P-type CuInSe 2 thin films deposited by flash evaporation, Thin Solid Films 104, No. 3–4, pp. L75–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samaan, A.N.Y., N.A.K. Abdul-Hussein, R.D. Tomlinson, A.E. Hill, D.G. Armour (1981), Evaluation of some physical characteristics of CuInSe 2 thin films produced by RF sputtering, Fourth International Conference on Ternary and Multi-nary Compounds, Tokyo, Japan, 27–29 Aug 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samaan, A.N.Y., N.A.K. Abdul-Hussein, R.D. Tomlinson, A.E. Hill, D.G. Armour (1981) Jpn J. Appl. Phys. 19:3, 15–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santamaria, J., E. Iborra, I. Martil, G. Gonzalez-Diaz, J.M. Gomez de Salazar, F. Sanchez-Auesada (1986), RF sputtered copper indium selenide (CuInSe 2 ) thin films in argon, hydrogen atmospheres, Comm. Eur. Communities, E. C. Photovoltaic Sol. Energy Conf., 7th, pp. 1223–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarro, P.M., R.R. Arya, R. Beaulieu, T. Warminski, J.J. Loferski, W. Palz, and F. Fittipadi (1984), Preparation and properties of copper indium diselenide thin films deposited on conducting substrates by chemical spray pyrolysis for photovoltaic cells, 5th E. C. Photovoltaic Sol. Energy Conf., Proc. Int. Conf., pp. 901–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sax, I.N., R.J. Lewis (1986), Rapid guide to hazardous chemicals in the workplace, Van Norstand Reinhold Company, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schafer, D.E. (1988), MOCVD techniques for CdTe solar cells, Final Subcontract Report 15 February 1985–1 April 1987, SERI/STR-211–3218 (DE88001163).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumann, B., G. Kuhn (1984), Growth structure, stoichiometry of epitaxial Cu-III-VI 2 Films on CaF 2 substrates, Cryst. Res. and Technol. 19, No. 8, pp. 1079–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumann, B., H. Neumann, E. Nowak, G. Kuhn (1981), Influence of substrate surface polarity on epitoxial layer growth of CuInSe 2 on GaAs, Cryst. Res. and Technol. 16, No. 6, pp. 675–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanthi, E. (1981), Ph.D. Thesis, Indian Institute of Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, N.C., D.K. Pandya, H.K. Sehgal, K.L. Chopra (1976), Mater. Res. Bull. 11, 1109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shay, J.L., et al. (1975), Efficient CuInSe 2 /CdS solar cells, Appl. Phys. Lett. 27, pp. 89–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shih, I., C.X. Qiu (1987), Characteristics of preliminary cells fabricated using electroplated CuInSe 2 films, McGill University, Nineteenth IEEE PV Specialists Conference, pp. 1291–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shkedi, Z., R.L. Rod (1980), 14th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, pp. 472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R.P., N. Khare, S.L. Singh (1984), Thin film photoelectrochemical solar cell, National Academy Science Letters (India), (7:11), pp. 347–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R.P., S.L. Singh (1986), Electrodeposited semiconducting CuInSe 2 films.-IL Photo-electrochemical solar cells, Journal Physics (GB), (19:9), pp. 1759–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R.P., S.L. Singh, S. Chandra (July 1986), Electrodeposited semiconducting CuInSe2 Films. -I, prepartion, structural and electrical characterization, Journal of Physics (GB), (19:7), pp. 1299–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Squillante, M.R., L. Moy, G. Entine (1985), Low cost, sprayed copper indium dise-lenide solar cell research, September 15, 1982-June 30, 1985, DOE/ER/130026-T2, Energy Res. Abstr. 1985. 10(23).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sridevi, D., J.J.B. Prasad, K.V. Reddy (1986), Preparation and characterization of flash-evaporated CuInSe 2 thin films, presented at Proceedings of the Symposium on Film Science and Technology, India, 9–11 Jan. 1985,

    Google Scholar 

  • Sridevi, D., J.J.B. Prasad, K.V. Reddy (1986) Bull Mater. Sci. (India) 8, No. 3, pp. 319–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sridevi, D., K.V. Reddy (1986), Electrical and optical properties of flash evaporated CuInSe 2 thin films, Indian J. Pure & Appl. Phys. 24, No. 8, pp. 392–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stirn, R.J., A. Nouhi (1985), Investigation of reactive magnetron sputter deposited ZnSe for solar cell application, a Final Subcontract Report, SERI/STR-211–2750, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolt, L., J. Hedstrom, M. Jargelius, D. Sigurd (1985), CuInSe 2 for thin film solar cells, presented at the Sixth E. C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, London, England, 15–19 April 1985, Reidel, xxxv+1104 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolt, L., J. Hedstrom, D. Sigurd (1985), Co-evaporationwith a rate control system based on a quadrupole mass spectrometer, J. Vac. Sci. & Technol. 3, No. 2, pp. 403–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szot, J., D. Haneman (1984), Preparation and characterization of CuInSe2 and CdS films, Sch. of Phys., New South Wales Univ., Kensington, NSW, Australia,

    Google Scholar 

  • Szot, J., D. Haneman (1984) Sol. Energy Mater. (Netherlands) 11, No. 4 289–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tempel, A., B. Schumann, K. Kolb, G. Kuhn (1981), Structural investigations of CuInSe 2 epitaxial layers on (100)- and (100)-oriented GaAs substrates, J. Cryst. Growth 54, No. 3, pp. 534–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, J.A. (1986), Recent advances in sputter deposition, Dept. of Mater. Sci., Illinois Univ., Urbana, IL. Surf. Eng. 2, No. 4, pp. 283–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, J.A., D.G. Cornog (1984), CuInSe 2 solar cell research by sputter deposition. Semiannual report, February 2, 1983-March 31, 1984, SERI/STR-211–2203, TELIC Corp., Santa Monica, CA, 56 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, J.A., D.G. Cornog, R.B. Hall, J.D. Meakin, S.P. Shea (1983), Preparation of CuInSe 2 films by reactive co-sputtering, Conference on Materials and New Processing Technologies for Photovoltaics, San Francisco, CA, Proceedings -Electrochem. Soc, Vol. 83–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, J.A., D.G. Cornog, R.B. Hall, S.P. Shea, J.D. Meakin (1984), An investigation of reactive sputtering for depositing copper indium diselenide films for photovoltaic applications, Conference Record of the Seventeenth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1–4 May 1984, Kissimmee, FL, New York: IEEE, pp. 781–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, J.A., D.G. Cornog, R.B. Hall, S.P. Shea, J.D. Meakin (1984), Reactive sputtered copper indium diselenide films for photovoltaic applications, J. Vac.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sci. and Technol. 2, No. 2, Pt. 1, pp. 307–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, J.A., D.G. Cornog, R.B. Hall, S.P. Shea, J.D. Meakin (1984) Proceedings of the 30th National Symposium of The American Vacuum Society, 31 Oct.-4 Nov. 1983, Boston, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, J.A. (1987), Fundamental processes in sputtering of relevance to the fabrication of thin him solar cells. Dept. of Mater. Sci., Illinois Univ., Urbana, IL. Sol. Cells 21, pp. 41–54. 7th Photovoltaic Advanced Research and Development Project Review Meeting, 13 May 1986, Denver, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, J.A., T.C. Lommasson, A.F. Burnett (1986), CuInSe 2 solar cell research by sputter deposition. Annual Subcontract Report, 1 December 1984–31 December 1985, SERI/STR-211–2923, 75 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, J.A., T.C. Lommasson, D.G. Cornog (1986), In-line sputtering systems for depositing CuInSei/CdS heterojunctions, Trans, ASME, J. Sol. Energy Eng. 108, No. 4, pp. 259–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, J.A., T.C. Lommasson, H. Talieh (1987), CuInSe 2 solar cell research by sputter deposition: Annual subcontract report, 1 January 1986–31 December 1986, SERI/STR-211–3174, 87 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, J.A., T.C. Lommasson (1986), Magnetron reactive sputtering of copper-indium- selenide, Solar Cells (Switzerland) 16, pp. 165–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomar, M.S., F.J. Garcia (1982), A ZnO/P-CuInSe 2 thin him solar cell prepared entirely by spray pyrolysis, Dept. de Fisica, Univ. Simon Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela, Thin Solid Films (Switzerland) 90, No. 4 419–23 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, R.D., D. Omezi, J. Parkes, M.J. Hampshire (1980), Some observations on the effect of evaporation source temperature on the composition of CuInSe 2 thin films, Thin Solid Film 65, No. 2, pp. L3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Touzel, J., A. Foucaran, V. Chen, S. Duchemin, J. Bougnot, M. Savelli (1985), Fabrication and characterization of sprayed CuInSe4 2 thin layers, Sixth E. C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 15–19 April 1985, London, England, edited by W. Palz and F. C. Treble, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel, pp. 836–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trykozko, R., R. Bacewicz, J. Filipowicz (1984), Photoelectrical properties of CuInSe 2 thin films, presented at the Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Ternary and Multinary Compounds, Caracas, Venezuela, 15–17 Aug. 1984,

    Google Scholar 

  • Trykozko, R., R. Bacewicz, J. Filipowicz (1984) Prog. Cryst. Growth and Charact. 10, pp. 361–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trykozko, R., R. Bacewicz, J. Filipowicz (1986), Photoelectrical properties of CuInSe 2 thin films, Sol. Cells 16, pp. 351–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyan, Y.S. (1988), Topics on thin film CdS/CdTe solar cells, Solar Cells 23, # 1–2,

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyan, Y.S. (1988), Topics on thin film CdS/CdTe solar cells, Solar Cells 23, 19–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyan, Y.S. (1980), Poly crystalline thin film CdS/CdTe PV cell, # 4,207,119; assignee Eastman Kodak Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyan, Y.S., E.A. Perez-Albuerne (1982), Efficient thin film CdS/CdTe solar cells, Proceedings 16th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, San Diego, pp. 794.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varela, M., E. Bertran, J. Esteve, J.L. Morenza (1985), Crystalline properties of co-evaporated CuInSe 2 thin films, Thin Solid Films 130, No. 1–2, pp. 155–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varela, M., E. Bertran, M. Machon, J. Esteve, J.L. Morenza (1986), Optical properties of co-evaporate d CuInSe 2 thin films, J. Phys. D (GB) 19, No. 1, pp. 127–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varma, S., K.V. Rao, S. Kar (1984), Electrical characteristics of Si-tin oxide het-erojunctions prepared by chemical vapor deposition, J. Appl. Phys. 56 (10), 2812.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vigil, O., D. Seuret, F. Leccabue, L. Hernandex (1987), Sintered p-CuInSe 2 /n-CdS photovoltaic heterojunction, La Habana Univ., Cuba., Mater. Lett. (Netherlands) 6, No. 3 85–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, S. et al. (1974), CuInSe 2 /CdS Heterojunction photovoltaic detectors, Appl. Phys. Letts. 25, pp. 434–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, D., G. Zhao (1986), Properties of copper indium selenide (CuInSe 2 ) films deposited by spray pyrolysis and copper indium selenide (CuInSe2)/cadmium sulfide solar cells, Chinese Journal of Solar Energy, 7(1), pp. 114–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, J.B., D.F. Williams, M. Buchanan (1981), Transparent and highly conductive films of ZnO prepared by R. F. reactive magnetron sputtering, Appl. Phys. Lett. 39, pp. 640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weng, T.H. (1979), J. Electrochem. Soc. 126, No. 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, E.W., K. Jones, A.J. Griffiths, D.J. Roughley, J.M. Bell, J. H. Stevens, M. J. Huson, M. Rhodes, T. Costic (1979), Proc. 2nd EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Berlin, 874.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, C.S., R.S. Fiegelson, R.H. Bube (1972), J. Appl. Phys., 43, 756.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zweibel, K. (1985), Post-deposition heat treatments of CdS/CuInSe2 solar cells, SERI/PR-211–2468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zweibel, K., A. Hermann (1985), CdTe solar cells, Photovoltaics-SPIE 543,119–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zweibel, K., B. Jackson, Hermann (1986), Comments on ‘Critical Materials Assessment Program’, Solar Cells 16, pp. 631–634.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zweibel, K., Mitchell, R. (1990). CuInSe2 and CdTe Scale-up for Manufacturing. In: Böer, K.W. (eds) Advances in Solar Energy. Advances in Solar Energy, vol 6. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9948-3_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9948-3_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9950-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9948-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics