Abstract
As increasing numbers of knowledge-based systems are developed for operational use, the importance of effective knowledge acquisition becomes more evident. Knowledge acquisition, the process of eliciting and representing (i.e., in computers) expertise from domain experts into a system, consumes the single largest block of development time (Feigenbaum, 1977; Hayes-Roth, Waterman, & Lenat, 1983; McGraw & Harbison-Briggs, 1989). To reduce the time required for this process, numerous tools have been developed that automate or systematize the elicitation and transfer of knowledge from expert to knowledge base. Among these advances are developments in machine learning that enable an expert system to acquire knowledge from “experience” (Michalski, 1980; Michie, 1982); expert system shells that allow domain experts to write their own rules (e.g., MacSMARTS, NEXPERT); and knowledge engineering tools that assist the knowledge engineer (e.g., McGraw & Harbison-Briggs, 1989, chap. 10).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akscyn, R., Yoder, E., & McCracken, D. (1988). The data model is the heart of interface design. Proceedings of CHI ‘88 (pp. 138–244). New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
Boose, J. (1985). A knowledge acquisition program for expert systems based on personal construct psychology. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 23, 495–525.
Boose, J., & Bradshaw, J. (1987). Expertise transfer and Complex Problems: Using AQUINAS as a knowledge acquisition workbench for expert systems. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 26, 495–525.
Conklin, J (1987). Hypertext: An introduction and survey. Computer, 20, 17–41.
Feigenbaum, E. (1977). The art of AI. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 281–285). Los Altos, CA: William Kaufmann.
Gammack, J., & Young, R. (1985). Psychological techniques for eliciting expert knowledge. In M. Bramer (Ed.), Research and development in expert systems (pp. 57–69). London: Cambridge University Press.
Garrett, N. L., Smith, K. E., & Meyrowitz, N. (1986). Intermedia: Issues, strategies, and tactics in the design of a hypermedia document system. In Proceedings of the 1986 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. (pp. 163–174), Austin TX: MCC Software Technology Program.
Halasz, F. G. (1988, July). Reflections on Note-Cards: Seven issues for the next generation of Hypermedia systems. Communications of the ACM, 31, 10–18.
Halasz, F. G., Moran, T. P., & Trigg, T. (1987). NoteCards in a nutshell. In Proceedings of the 1987 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 45–52). Toronto, Canada: Association for Computing Machinery.
Hart, A. (1986). Knowledge acquisition for expert systems. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hayes-Roth, F., Waterman, F. D., & Lenat, D. (Eds.). (1983). Building expert systems. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Hoffman, R. R. (1984). Methodological preliminaries to the development of an expert system for aerial photo interpretation (Report No. ETL0342). Ft. Belvoir, VA: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Topographic Laboratories.
Hoffman, R. R. (1987, Summer). The problem of extracting the knowledge of experts from the perspective of experimental psychology. AI Magazine, 8, 53–64.
Jensen, R., & Tonies, C. (1979). Software engineering. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kidd, A. (1985). Human factors in the design and use of expert systems. In A. Monk (Ed.), Fundamentals of human-computer interaction (pp. 210–233). New York: Academic Press.
Lancaster, J. (1990). Cognitively based knowledge acquisition: Capturing categorical, temporal, and causal knowledge. In K. McGraw & C. Westphal (Eds.), Readings in knowledge acquisition: Current practices and trends. Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood.
Liebowitz, J., & DeSalvo, D. (Eds.). (1989). Structuring expert systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Yourdan Press.
McGraw, K. (1989). Communication techniques for software support specialists. Training seminar material. Annapolis, MD: Cognitive Technologies.
McGraw, K., & Harbison-Briggs, K. (1989). Knowledge acquisition: Principles and guidelines. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
McGraw, K., & Seale, M. (1986). Pilot’s Associate program knowledge acquisition guidelines and procedures. DSEG Artificial Intelligence Lab document. Dallas, TX: Texas Instruments.
McGraw, K., & Seale, M. (1987). Structured knowledge acquisition techniques for combat aviation. In Proceedings of NAECON ‘87, 4, 1340–1348. Dayton, OH.
McGraw, K., & Seale, M. (1988). Knowledge elicitation with multiple experts: Considerations and techniques. Artificial Intelligence Review, 2, 2431.
McGraw, K., & Westphal, C. (Eds.). (1990). Readings in knowledge acquisition: Current practices and trends. Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood.
Means, B., & Gott, S. (1988). Cognitive task analysis as a basis for tutor development: Articulating abstract knowledge representations. In J. Psotka, L. D. Massey, & S. A. Mutter (Eds.), Intelligent tutoring systems: Lessons learned (pp. 35–58). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Michalski, R. (1980). Knowledge acquisition through conceptual clustering: A theoretical framework and algorithm for partitioning data into conjunctive concepts. International Journal of Policy Analysis and Information Systems, 4(3), 219–243.
Michie, D. (1982). The state of the art in machine learning. In D. Michie (Ed.), Introductory readings in expert systems (pp. 208–228). Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press.
Partridge, D. (1986). Artificial intelligence: Applications in the future of software engineering. New York: Ellis Horwood.
Prerau, D. (1986). Knowledge acquisition in the development of a large expert system. (Report, Computer and Intelligent Systems Laboratory). Waltham, MA: GT&E Laboratories.
Rolandi, W. G. (1986). Knowledge engineering in practice. AI Expert, 1, 58–62.
Shadbolt, N. R., & Burton, A. M. (1989, April). A survey of methods for eliciting the knowledge of experts. In C. Westphal & K. McGraw (Eds.), SIGART Newsletter (pp. 15–18). New York:
Sowa, J. (1984). Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
Stefik, M., Foster, G., Bobrow, D., Kahn, K., Lanning, S., & Suchman, L. (1987). Beyond the chalkboard: Computer support for collaboration and problem solving in meetings. Communications of the ACM, 30(1), 32–47.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McGraw, K.L. (1992). Managing and Documenting the Knowledge Acquisition Process. In: Hoffman, R.R. (eds) The Psychology of Expertise. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9733-5_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9733-5_9
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9735-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9733-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive