Abstract
Anthropologists have long noted that there is a universal tendency for humans to avoid and to prohibit sexual activity between various categories of relatives. This universal phenomenon of incest avoidance was regarded by some as a uniquely human characteristic that sets humans apart from animals. Recently, however, it has become clear that many animals also avoid mating with their close relatives, and several anthropologists have pointed to a biological basis for human incest taboos (e.g., Bischof, 197S; van den Berghe, 1982; Durham, in press). In this chapter, this author reviews the evidence that nonhuman primates avoid mating with their relatives and almost never breed with them. “Inbreeding” is used as a general term to describe breeding with consanguineous relatives. Close inbreeding is defined as “mating and breeding with first-degree relatives such as parents or siblings” and is synonymous with incest as it is defined in this volume.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bengtsson, B.O. Avoiding inbreeding: At what cost? Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1978, 73, 439–444.
Bischof, N. Comparative ethology of incest avoidance. In R. Fox (Ed.), Biosocial anthropology. New York: Wiley, 1975, pp. 37–67.
Blouin, S.F., and Blouin, M. Inbreeding avoidance behaviors. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1988, 3, 230–233.
Bramblett, C.A. Incest avoidance in socially living vervet monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1983, 63, 176.
Bulger, J., and Hamilton, WJ., III. Inbreeding and reproductive success in a natural chacma baboon, Papio cynocephalus ursinus, population. Animal Behaviour, 1988, 36, 574–578.
Burke, T., Davies, N.B., Bruford, M.W., and Hatchwell, B.J. Parental care and mating behavior of polyandrous dunnocks Prunella modularis related to paternity by DNA fingerprinting.Nature, 1989, 338, 249–251.
Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., and Bodmer, W.F. The genetics of human populations. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1971.
Chapais, B. Male dominance and reproductive activity in rhesus monkeys. In R.A. Hinde (Ed.), Primate social relationships: An integrated approach. Oxford: Blackwell, 1983, pp. 267–271.
Clark, C.B. A preliminary report on weaning among chimpanzees of Gombe National Park, Tanzania. In S. Chevalier-Skolnikoff and F.E. Poirier (Eds.), Primate bio-social development. New York: Garland Press, 1977, pp. 235–260.
Clutton-Brock, T.H. Female transfer and inbreeding avoidance in social mammals. Nature, 1989, 337, 70–72.
Coe, C.L., Conolly, A.C., Kraemer, H.C., and Levine, S. Reproductive development and behavior of captive female chimpanzees. Primates, 1979, 20, 571–582.
Colvin, J. Influences of the social situation on male emigration.In R.A. Hinde (Ed.), Primate social relationships. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer, 1983, pp. 160–171.
Dittus, W. The social regulation of populations density and age-sex distribution in the toque monkey. Behaviour, 1977, 63, 281–322.
Dobson, F.S., and Jones, W.T. Multiple causes of dispersal. American Naturalist, 1985, 126, 855–858.
Durham, W.H. Coevolution: Genes, culture and human diversity. Stanford: Stanford University Press, in press.
Enomoto, T. The sexual behavior of Japanese monkeys. Journal of Human Evolution, 1974, 3, 351–372.
Enomoto, T. On social preference in sexual behavior of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). Journal of Human Evolution, 1978, 7, 283–293.
Epple, G., and Katz, Y. Social influences on estrogen excretion and ovarian cyclicity in saddle back tamarins (Saguinus fuscollis). American Journal of Primatology, 1984, 6, 215–227.
Goodall, J. The chimpanzees of Gombe. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1986.
Gouzoules, S., and Gouzoules, H. Group life. In B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, and T.T. Struhsaker (Eds.), Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, pp. 299–305.
Greenwood, P.T. Mating systems, philopatry, and dispersal in birds and mammals. Animal Behaviour, 1980, 28, 1140–1162.
Hanby, J.P., and Brown, C.E. The development of sociosexual behaviours in Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata. Behaviour, 1974, 49, 152–196.
Harcourt, A.H. Strategies of emigration and transfer by primates, with particular reference to gorillas. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 1978, 48, 401–420.
Henzi, S.P., and Lucas, J.W. Observations on the inter-troop movement of adult vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Folia Primatologica, 1980, 33, 220–235.
Holmes, W.G., and Sherman, P.W. Kin recognition in animals. American Scientist. 1983, 71, 46–55.
Hrdy, S.B. The langurs of Abu. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.
Imanishi, K. The origin of the human family—a primatological approach. In K. Imanishi and S.A. Altmann (Eds.), Japanese monkeys. Published by the editors, 1965, pp. 113–140.
Itoigawa, N., Negayama, K., and Kondo, K. Experimental study on sexual behavior between mother and son in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). Primates, 1981, 22, 494–502.
Leighton, D.R. Gibbons, territoriality and monogamy. In B.B. Smuts, DJL. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, and T.T. Struhsaker (Eds.), Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, pp. 135–145.
Maple, TJL. Orang utan behavior. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1980.
Missakian, E.A. Genealogical mating activity in free-ranging groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago. Behaviour, 1973, 45, 224–240.
Moore, J., and Ali, R. Are dispersal and inbreeding avoidance related? Animal Behaviour, 1984, 32, 94–112.
Murray, R.D., and Smith, E.O. The role of dominance and intrafamilial bonding in the avoidance of close inbreeding. Journal of Human Evolution, 1983, 12, 481–486.
Nishida, T., and Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M. Chimpanzees and bonobos: Cooperative relationships among males. In B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, and T.T. Struhsaker (Eds.), Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, pp. 165–177.
van Noordwijk, M.A., and van Schaik, C.P. Male migration and rank acquisition in wild long-tailed macaques Macaca fascicularis. Animal Behaviour, 1985, 33, 849–861.
O’Brien, SJ., Roelke, M.E., Marker, L., Newman, A., Winkler, C.A., Meltzer, D., Colly, L., Evermann, J.F., Bush, M., and Wildt, D.E. A genetic basis for species vulnerability in the cheetah. Science, 1985, 227, 1428–1434.
Packer, C. Inter-troop transfer and inbreeding avoidance in Papio anubis. Animal Behaviour, 1979, 27, 1–36.
Packer, C. Dispersal and inbreeding avoidance. Animal Behaviour, 1985, 33, 666–668.
Parker, H., and Parker, S. Father-daughter sexual abuse: An emerging perspective. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1986, 56, 531–549.
Paul, A., and Kuester, J. Intergroup transfer and incest avoidance in semi-free-ranging Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Salem (FRG). American Journal of Primatology, 1985, 8, 317–322.
Pusey, A.E. The physical and social development of wild adolescent chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinjurtchii). Ph.D. dissertation, 1978, Stanford University.
Pusey, A.E. Inbreeding avoidance in chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour, 1980, 28, 543–582.
Pusey, A.E. Mother-offspring relationships in chimpanzees after weaning. Animal Behaviour, 1983, 31, 363–377.
Pusey, A.E. Sex-biased dispersal and inbreeding avoidance in birds and mammals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1987, 2, 295–299.
Pusey, A.E., and Packer, C. Dispersal and philopatry. In B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, and T.T. Struhsaker (Eds.), Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, pp. 250–266.
Ralls, K., and Ballou, J. Extinction: Lessons from zoos. In C.M. Schonewald-Cox, S.M. Chambers, B. MacBryde, and L. Thomas (Eds.), Genetics and conservation: A reference for managing wild animal and plant populations. Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin-Cummings, 1983, pp. 164–184.
Ralls, K., Harvey, P.H., and Lyles, A.M. Inbreeding in natural populations of birds and mammals. In M. Soule (Ed.), Conservation biology: The science of scarcity and diversity. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates Inc., 1986, pp. 35–56.
Sade, D.S. Inhibition of mother-son mating among free-ranging rhesus monkeys. Science and Psychoanalysis, 1968, 12, 18–38.
Sade, D.S., Rhodes, D.L., Loy, J., Hausfater, G., Breuggeman, J.A., Kaplan, J.R., Chepko-Sade, B.D., and Cushing-Kaplan, K. New findings on incest among free-ranging rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1984, 63, 212–213.
Scott, L.M. Reproductive behavior of adolescent female baboons (Papio anubis) in Kenya. In M. Small (Ed.), Female primates: Studies by women primatologists. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1984, pp. 77–100.
Shepher, J. Mate selection among second generation kibbutz adolescents and adults: Incest avoidance and negative imprinting. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1971, 1, 293–307.
Smith, D.G. Inbreeding in three captive groups of rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1982, 58, 447–451.
Smuts, B.B. Sex and friendship in baboons. New York: Aldine, 1985.
Smuts, B.B., Cheney, D.L., Seyfarth, R.M., Wrangham, R.W., and Struhsaker, T.T. (Eds.), Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Stewart, KJ., and Harcourt, A.H. Gorillas: Variation in female relationships. In B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, and T.T. Struhsaker (Eds.), Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, pp. 155–164.
Sugiyama, Y. Life history of male Japanese monkeys. In J.S. Rosenblatt, R.A. Hinde, E. Shaw, and C. Beer (Eds.), Advances in the study of behavior, Vol. 7. New York: Academic Press, 1976, pp. 255–284.
Takahata, Y. The socio-sexual behavior of Japanese monkeys. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 1982, 59, 89–108.
Tilson, R.L. Family formation strategies of Kloss’s gibbon.Folia Primatologica, 1981, 35, 259–287.
Tokuda, K. A study on the sexual behavior in the Japanese monkey troop. Primates, 1961–2, 3, 1–40.
Tutin, C.E.G. Mating patterns and reproductive strategies in a community of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1979, 6, 29–38.
van den Berghe, P.L. Human inbreeding avoidance: Culture in nature. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1982, 6, 91–124.
Walters, J.R. Kin recognition in nonhuman primates. In D.J.C. Fletcher and C.D. Michener (Eds.), Kin recognition in animals. New York: John Wiley, 1987, pp. 359–393.
Waser, P.M., Austad, S.N., and Keane, B. When should animals tolerate inbreeding? American Naturalist, 1986, 128, 529–537.
Westermarck, E.A. The history of human marriage. 3 vols. London: Macmillan, 1891.
Wolf, A.P., and Huang, C. Marriage and adoption in China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1980
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pusey, A. (1990). Mechanisms of Inbreeding Avoidance in Nonhuman Primates. In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) Pedophilia. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_8
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9684-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9682-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive