Skip to main content

Mechanisms of Inbreeding Avoidance in Nonhuman Primates

  • Chapter
Pedophilia

Abstract

Anthropologists have long noted that there is a universal tendency for humans to avoid and to prohibit sexual activity between various categories of relatives. This universal phenomenon of incest avoidance was regarded by some as a uniquely human characteristic that sets humans apart from animals. Recently, however, it has become clear that many animals also avoid mating with their close relatives, and several anthropologists have pointed to a biological basis for human incest taboos (e.g., Bischof, 197S; van den Berghe, 1982; Durham, in press). In this chapter, this author reviews the evidence that nonhuman primates avoid mating with their relatives and almost never breed with them. “Inbreeding” is used as a general term to describe breeding with consanguineous relatives. Close inbreeding is defined as “mating and breeding with first-degree relatives such as parents or siblings” and is synonymous with incest as it is defined in this volume.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bengtsson, B.O. Avoiding inbreeding: At what cost? Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1978, 73, 439–444.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bischof, N. Comparative ethology of incest avoidance. In R. Fox (Ed.), Biosocial anthropology. New York: Wiley, 1975, pp. 37–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blouin, S.F., and Blouin, M. Inbreeding avoidance behaviors. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1988, 3, 230–233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bramblett, C.A. Incest avoidance in socially living vervet monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1983, 63, 176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulger, J., and Hamilton, WJ., III. Inbreeding and reproductive success in a natural chacma baboon, Papio cynocephalus ursinus, population. Animal Behaviour, 1988, 36, 574–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, T., Davies, N.B., Bruford, M.W., and Hatchwell, B.J. Parental care and mating behavior of polyandrous dunnocks Prunella modularis related to paternity by DNA fingerprinting.Nature, 1989, 338, 249–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., and Bodmer, W.F. The genetics of human populations. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapais, B. Male dominance and reproductive activity in rhesus monkeys. In R.A. Hinde (Ed.), Primate social relationships: An integrated approach. Oxford: Blackwell, 1983, pp. 267–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, C.B. A preliminary report on weaning among chimpanzees of Gombe National Park, Tanzania. In S. Chevalier-Skolnikoff and F.E. Poirier (Eds.), Primate bio-social development. New York: Garland Press, 1977, pp. 235–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clutton-Brock, T.H. Female transfer and inbreeding avoidance in social mammals. Nature, 1989, 337, 70–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coe, C.L., Conolly, A.C., Kraemer, H.C., and Levine, S. Reproductive development and behavior of captive female chimpanzees. Primates, 1979, 20, 571–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colvin, J. Influences of the social situation on male emigration.In R.A. Hinde (Ed.), Primate social relationships. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer, 1983, pp. 160–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dittus, W. The social regulation of populations density and age-sex distribution in the toque monkey. Behaviour, 1977, 63, 281–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobson, F.S., and Jones, W.T. Multiple causes of dispersal. American Naturalist, 1985, 126, 855–858.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durham, W.H. Coevolution: Genes, culture and human diversity. Stanford: Stanford University Press, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enomoto, T. The sexual behavior of Japanese monkeys. Journal of Human Evolution, 1974, 3, 351–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enomoto, T. On social preference in sexual behavior of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). Journal of Human Evolution, 1978, 7, 283–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epple, G., and Katz, Y. Social influences on estrogen excretion and ovarian cyclicity in saddle back tamarins (Saguinus fuscollis). American Journal of Primatology, 1984, 6, 215–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodall, J. The chimpanzees of Gombe. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouzoules, S., and Gouzoules, H. Group life. In B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, and T.T. Struhsaker (Eds.), Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, pp. 299–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, P.T. Mating systems, philopatry, and dispersal in birds and mammals. Animal Behaviour, 1980, 28, 1140–1162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanby, J.P., and Brown, C.E. The development of sociosexual behaviours in Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata. Behaviour, 1974, 49, 152–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harcourt, A.H. Strategies of emigration and transfer by primates, with particular reference to gorillas. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 1978, 48, 401–420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henzi, S.P., and Lucas, J.W. Observations on the inter-troop movement of adult vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Folia Primatologica, 1980, 33, 220–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, W.G., and Sherman, P.W. Kin recognition in animals. American Scientist. 1983, 71, 46–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hrdy, S.B. The langurs of Abu. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imanishi, K. The origin of the human family—a primatological approach. In K. Imanishi and S.A. Altmann (Eds.), Japanese monkeys. Published by the editors, 1965, pp. 113–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Itoigawa, N., Negayama, K., and Kondo, K. Experimental study on sexual behavior between mother and son in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). Primates, 1981, 22, 494–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leighton, D.R. Gibbons, territoriality and monogamy. In B.B. Smuts, DJL. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, and T.T. Struhsaker (Eds.), Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, pp. 135–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maple, TJL. Orang utan behavior. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Missakian, E.A. Genealogical mating activity in free-ranging groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago. Behaviour, 1973, 45, 224–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J., and Ali, R. Are dispersal and inbreeding avoidance related? Animal Behaviour, 1984, 32, 94–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, R.D., and Smith, E.O. The role of dominance and intrafamilial bonding in the avoidance of close inbreeding. Journal of Human Evolution, 1983, 12, 481–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishida, T., and Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M. Chimpanzees and bonobos: Cooperative relationships among males. In B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, and T.T. Struhsaker (Eds.), Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, pp. 165–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Noordwijk, M.A., and van Schaik, C.P. Male migration and rank acquisition in wild long-tailed macaques Macaca fascicularis. Animal Behaviour, 1985, 33, 849–861.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, SJ., Roelke, M.E., Marker, L., Newman, A., Winkler, C.A., Meltzer, D., Colly, L., Evermann, J.F., Bush, M., and Wildt, D.E. A genetic basis for species vulnerability in the cheetah. Science, 1985, 227, 1428–1434.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Packer, C. Inter-troop transfer and inbreeding avoidance in Papio anubis. Animal Behaviour, 1979, 27, 1–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Packer, C. Dispersal and inbreeding avoidance. Animal Behaviour, 1985, 33, 666–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, H., and Parker, S. Father-daughter sexual abuse: An emerging perspective. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1986, 56, 531–549.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, A., and Kuester, J. Intergroup transfer and incest avoidance in semi-free-ranging Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Salem (FRG). American Journal of Primatology, 1985, 8, 317–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pusey, A.E. The physical and social development of wild adolescent chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinjurtchii). Ph.D. dissertation, 1978, Stanford University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pusey, A.E. Inbreeding avoidance in chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour, 1980, 28, 543–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pusey, A.E. Mother-offspring relationships in chimpanzees after weaning. Animal Behaviour, 1983, 31, 363–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pusey, A.E. Sex-biased dispersal and inbreeding avoidance in birds and mammals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1987, 2, 295–299.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pusey, A.E., and Packer, C. Dispersal and philopatry. In B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, and T.T. Struhsaker (Eds.), Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, pp. 250–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralls, K., and Ballou, J. Extinction: Lessons from zoos. In C.M. Schonewald-Cox, S.M. Chambers, B. MacBryde, and L. Thomas (Eds.), Genetics and conservation: A reference for managing wild animal and plant populations. Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin-Cummings, 1983, pp. 164–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralls, K., Harvey, P.H., and Lyles, A.M. Inbreeding in natural populations of birds and mammals. In M. Soule (Ed.), Conservation biology: The science of scarcity and diversity. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates Inc., 1986, pp. 35–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sade, D.S. Inhibition of mother-son mating among free-ranging rhesus monkeys. Science and Psychoanalysis, 1968, 12, 18–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sade, D.S., Rhodes, D.L., Loy, J., Hausfater, G., Breuggeman, J.A., Kaplan, J.R., Chepko-Sade, B.D., and Cushing-Kaplan, K. New findings on incest among free-ranging rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1984, 63, 212–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, L.M. Reproductive behavior of adolescent female baboons (Papio anubis) in Kenya. In M. Small (Ed.), Female primates: Studies by women primatologists. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1984, pp. 77–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepher, J. Mate selection among second generation kibbutz adolescents and adults: Incest avoidance and negative imprinting. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1971, 1, 293–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D.G. Inbreeding in three captive groups of rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1982, 58, 447–451.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smuts, B.B. Sex and friendship in baboons. New York: Aldine, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smuts, B.B., Cheney, D.L., Seyfarth, R.M., Wrangham, R.W., and Struhsaker, T.T. (Eds.), Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, KJ., and Harcourt, A.H. Gorillas: Variation in female relationships. In B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, and T.T. Struhsaker (Eds.), Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, pp. 155–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama, Y. Life history of male Japanese monkeys. In J.S. Rosenblatt, R.A. Hinde, E. Shaw, and C. Beer (Eds.), Advances in the study of behavior, Vol. 7. New York: Academic Press, 1976, pp. 255–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahata, Y. The socio-sexual behavior of Japanese monkeys. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 1982, 59, 89–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tilson, R.L. Family formation strategies of Kloss’s gibbon.Folia Primatologica, 1981, 35, 259–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tokuda, K. A study on the sexual behavior in the Japanese monkey troop. Primates, 1961–2, 3, 1–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tutin, C.E.G. Mating patterns and reproductive strategies in a community of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1979, 6, 29–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van den Berghe, P.L. Human inbreeding avoidance: Culture in nature. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1982, 6, 91–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, J.R. Kin recognition in nonhuman primates. In D.J.C. Fletcher and C.D. Michener (Eds.), Kin recognition in animals. New York: John Wiley, 1987, pp. 359–393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waser, P.M., Austad, S.N., and Keane, B. When should animals tolerate inbreeding? American Naturalist, 1986, 128, 529–537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westermarck, E.A. The history of human marriage. 3 vols. London: Macmillan, 1891.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, A.P., and Huang, C. Marriage and adoption in China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1980

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pusey, A. (1990). Mechanisms of Inbreeding Avoidance in Nonhuman Primates. In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) Pedophilia. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9684-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9682-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics