Skip to main content

Resistance to Affirmative Action: The Implications of Aversive Racism

  • Chapter
Affirmative Action in Perspective

Part of the book series: Recent Research in Psychology ((PSYCHOLOGY))

Abstract

America is a country of paradoxes. The American ideology is strongly egalitarian, and yet the history of our country includes centuries of institutionalized inequality. Even today, persistent racial in justice in the face of democratic ideals truly remains the “American Dilemma” (Myrdal, 1944).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aronson, E., Blaney, N., Stephan, C. W., Sikes, J., & Snapp, M. (1978). The jigsaw classroom. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benokraitis, N. V., & Feagin, J. R. (1978). Affirmative action and equal opportunity: Action, inaction, reaction. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, M. B. (1979). In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chacko, T. T. (1982). Women and equal employment opportunity: Some unintended effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 119–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, S. D., & Tangri, S. S. (1989). The justice of affirmative action. In F. A. Blanchard & F. J. Crosby (Ed.), Affirmative Action in Perspective (pp. 177–192). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, J., & Park, B. (in press). The consequences of social stereotypes. In R. Cardy, J. M. Newman, & S. Puffer (Eds.), Advances in information processing in organizations (Vol. 3). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosby, F., Bromley, S., & Saxe, L. (1980). Recent unobtrusive studies of Black and white discrimination and prejudice: A literature review. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 546–563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, M. (1975). Equity, equality, and need: What determines which value will be used as a basis for distributive justice? Journal of Social Issues, 31, 137–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dipboye, R. L. (1985). Some neglected variables in research on discrimination in appraisals. Academy of Management Review, 10, 116–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1981). The effects of race, status, and ability on helping behavior. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 192–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1983). The effects of sex, status, and ability on helping behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 191–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1986). Prejudice, discrimination, and racism: Historical trends and contemporary approaches. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 1–34). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, D. G. (1976). Tokenism, reverse discrimination and egalitarianism in interracial behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 32(2), 93–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feagin, J. B., & Feagin, L. B. (1978). Discrimination American style: Institutional racism and sexism. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaertner, S. L. (1976). Nonreactive measures in racial attitude research: A focus on “Liberals.” In P. Katz (Ed.), Toward the elimination of racism (pp. 183–211). New York: Pergamon Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gaertner, S. L. (1985, March). When groups merge: Reducing the salience of group boundaries. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1977). The subtlety of white racism, arousal, and helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 691–707.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986a). The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 61–89). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986b). Prejudice, discrimination, and racism: Problems, progress, and promise. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 315–332). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J., Murrell, A., & Dovidio, J. F. (1988). Reduction of intergroup bias: The benefits of perceiving the memberships as one group or as separate individuals. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaertner, S. L., & McLaughlin, J. P. (1983). Racial stereotypes: Associations and ascriptions of positive and negative characteristics. Social Psychology Quarterly, 46, 23–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, L. T., Erskine, N., Hawn, & Casmay, S. R. (1981). The effect of affirmative action on attributions about minority group members. Journal of Personality, 49, 427–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goddard, R. W. (1986). Post-employment: The changing current in discrimination charges. Personnel Journal, 65, 34–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, D. L., & Trolier, T. K. (1986). Stereotypes and stereotyping: An overview of the cognitive approach. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 1–34). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heilman, M. E. (1984). Information as a deterrent against sex discrimination: The effects of applicant sex and information type on preliminary employment decisions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 33, 174–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heilman, M. E., Simon, M. C., & Repper, D. P. (1987). Intentionally favored, unintentionally harmed? Impact of sex-based preferential selection on selfperceptions and self-evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 62–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hitt, M. A., & Keats, B. W. (1984). Empirical identification of the criteria for effective affirmative action programs. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 20, 203–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, F. A. (1989). What is affirmative action? In F. A. Blanchard & F.J. Crosby (Ed.), Affirmative Action in Perspective (pp. 9–19). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hornstein, H. A. (1976). Cruelty and kindness: A new look at aggression and altruism. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackman, M. R. (1978). Generaland applied tolerance: Does education increase commitment to racial integration? American Journal of Political Science, 22, 302–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackman, M. R., & Muha, M. J. (1984). Education and intergroup attitudes: Moral enlightenment, superficial democratic commitment, or ideological refinement? American Sociological Review, 49, 751–769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, C. K. (1985). Resistance to affirmative action: Self-interest or racism? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 29, 306–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, M. B., & Koch, W. (1977). Women as leaders: Performance evaluation as a function of leader selection. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 20, 149–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, I., & Hass, R. G. (in press). Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinder, D. R. (1986). The continuing American dilemma: White resistance to racial change 40 years after Myrdal. Journal of Social Issues, 42(2), 151–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinder, D. R., & Sears, D. O. (1981). Symbolic racism versus threats to “the good life.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 414–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, B. B., & Dovidio, J. F. (1982, April). Effects of race, sex, and qualifications on predictions of a college applicant’s performance. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kluegel, J. R., & Smith, E. R. (1983). Affirmative action attitudes: Effects of self-interest, racial affect, and stratification beliefs on whites’ beliefs. Social Forces, 61, 797–824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kluegel, J. R., & Smith, E. R. (1986). Beliefs about inequality: American’s views of what is and what ought to be. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovel, J. (1970). White racism: A psychohistory. New York: Pantheon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraiger, K., & Ford, J. K. (1985). A meta-analysis of ratee effects in performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 56–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, R. M., & Brewer, M. B. (1984). Effects of group identity on resource use in a simulated commons dilemma. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1044–1057.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lind, E. A., Kurtz, S., Musante, L., & Thibaut, J. W. (1980). Procedure and outcome effects on reactions to adjudicated resolution of conflicts of interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 643–653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linville, P. W., Salovey, P., & Fischer, G. W. (1986). Stereotyping and perceived distributions of social characteristics: An application to ingroup-outgroup perception. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 165–208). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipset, S. M., & Schneider, W. (1978). The Bakke case: How would it be decided at the bar of public opinion? Public Opinion, 1, 38–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marino, K. E. (1980). A preliminary investigation into behavioral dimensions of affirmative action compliance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 346–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messick, D. M., & Mackie, D. M. (in press). Intergroup relations. In M. R. Rosenweig & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual Review of Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • McConahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91–125). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McConahay, J. B., & Hough, J. C., Jr. (1976). Symbolic racism. Journal of Social Issues, 32(2), 23–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meindl, J. R., & Lerner, M. J. (1983). The heroic motive: Some experimental demonstrations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, D. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90, 227–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, NL, & Brewer, M. B. (1984). The psychology of desegregation: An introduction. In N. Miller & M. B. Brewer (Eds.), Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation (pp. 1–8). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Myrdal, G. (1944). The American dilemma: The Negro problem and modern democracy. New York: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nacoste, R. W. (1987). But do they care about fairness? The dynamics of preferential treatment and minority influence. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 8, 77–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nacoste, R. W. (1989). Affirmative action and self-evaluation. In F. A. Blanchard & F. J. Crosby (Ed.), Affirmative Action in Perspective (pp. 103–109). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Newsweek, (1988, March 7).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Martin, J. (1987). Shaping the organizational context for black American inclusion. Journal of Social Issues, 43(1), 41–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piliavin, J. A., Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Clark, R. D., III. (1981). Emergency intervention. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poskocil, A. (1977). Encounters between black and white liberals: The collision of stereotypes. Social Forces, 55, 715–727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978). U. S. Law Weekly, 46, 4896.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosch, E. (1975). Cognitive representations of semantic categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 192–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuman, H., Steeh, C., & Bobo, L. (1985). Racial attitudes in America: Trends and interpretations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears, D. O., & Allen, H. M., Jr. (1984). The trajectory of local desegregation controversies and whites’ opposition to busing. In M. B. Brewer & N. Miller (Eds.), Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation (pp. 123–151). New York: Academic Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sears, D. O., Hensler, C. P., & Speer, L. K. (1979). Whites’ opposition to “busing”: Self-interest or symbolic politics? American Political Science Review, 73, 369–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sigall, H., & Page, R. (1971). Current stereotypes: A little fading, a little faking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18, 247–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slavin, R. E. (1985). Cooperative learning: Applying contact theory in desegregated schools. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 45–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slavin, R. E., & Madden, N. A. (1979). School practices that improve social relations. American Educational Research Journal, 16, 169–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sniderman, P. M., & Hagen, M. G. (1985). Race and inequality: A study in American values. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephan, W. G. (1985). Intergroup relations. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 599–658). New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–48). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terborg, J. R., & Ilgen, D. R. (1975). A theoretical approach to sex discrimination in traditionally masculine occupations. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13, 352–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. C. (1981). The experimental social psychology of intergroup behavior. In J. C. Turner & H. Giles (Eds.), Intergroup behavior (pp. 1–21). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. C. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. New York: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilder, D. A. (1978). Reduction of intergroup discrimination through individuation of the out-group. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1361–1374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worchel, S. (1979). Cooperation and the reduction of intergroup conflict: Some determining factors. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 262–273). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dovidio, J.F., Mann, J., Gaertner, S.L. (1989). Resistance to Affirmative Action: The Implications of Aversive Racism. In: Affirmative Action in Perspective. Recent Research in Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9639-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9639-0_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-96971-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9639-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics