Abstract
With the increasing concern over the effect of the persistent organochlorine insecticides on the living environment, alternative pesticides have been increasingly used, notably the organophosphates and the carbamates. There are two main groups of insecticidal carbamates, the N-methyl- and the N,N-dimethylcarbamates. The latter are used only to a limited extent, especially in the United States, because of the greater insecticidal spectrum and potency exhibited by the N-methylcarbamates (O’Brien 1967). The N-methylcarbamates can be further subdivided, according to the nature of the functional group attached to the carbamyl moiety, into the aryl and the oxime N-methylcarbamates; the aryl N-methylearbamates are the most important from the standpoint of number and tonnage used in pest-control work.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aly, O. M., and M. A. El-Dib: Studies in the persistence of some carbamate insecticides in the aquatic environment. I. Hydrolysis of Sevin, Baygon, Pyrolan, and Dimetilan in waters. Water Res. 5, 1191 (1971).
Andrawes, N. R., W. P. Bagley, and R. A. Herrett: Fate and carry over properties of Temik aldicarb pesticide [2-methyl-2-(methylthio) propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl)oxime] in soil. J. Agr. Food Chem. 19, 727 (1971 a).
Andrawes, N. R., W. P. Bagley, and R. A. Herrett: Metabolism of 2-methyl-2-(methylthjo) propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl)oxime (Temik Aldicarb Pesticide) in potato plants. J. Agr. Food Chem. 19, 731 (1971b).
Argauer, R. J.: Rapid procedure for the chloroacetylation of microgram quantities of phenols and detection by electron capture gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 40, 122(1968).
Argauer, R. J.: Determination of residues of Banol and other carbamate pesticides after hydrolysis and chloroacetylation. J. Agr. Food Chem. 17, 888 (1969).
Argauer, R. J., and R. E. Webb: Rapid fluorometric evaluation of the deposition and persistence of carbaryl in the presence of an adjuvant on bean and tomato leaves. J. Agr. Food Chem. 20, 732 (1972).
Argauer, R. J., H. Shimanuki, and C. C. Alvarez: Fluorometric determination of carbaryl and 1-naphthol in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) with confirmation by gas chromatography. J. Agr. Food Chem. 18, 688 (1970).
Asai, R. K., F. A. Gunther, and W. E. Westlake: Influence of some soil characteristics on the dissipation rate of Landrin insecticide. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11, 352 (1974).
Aue, W. A.: Flame detectors for residue analysis by GLC. In R. F. Gould (ed.): Pesticides identification at the residue level. Adv. Chem. Series 104, Chapt. 4 (1971).
Aue, W. A., G. W. Gehrke, R. C. Tindle, D. L. Stalling, and C. D. Ruyle: Application of the alkali flame detector to nitrogen containing compounds. J. Gas Chromatog. 5, 381 (1967).
Bache, C. A., and D. J. Lisk: Microwave emission residue analysis of carbamate and triazine pesticides. J. Gas Chromatog. 6, 301 (1968 a).
Bache, C. A., and D. J. Lisk: Note on the versatility of OV-17 substrate for gas chromatography of pesticides. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 51, 1270 (1968 b).
Bache, C. A., L. E. St. John Jr., and D. J. Lisk: Gas chromatographic analysis of insensitive pesticides as their halomethyldimethylsilyl derivatives. Anal. Chem. 40, 1241 (1968).
Bartley, W. J., N. R. Andrawes, E. L. Chancey, W. P. Bagley, and H. W. Spurr: The metabolism of Temik aldicarb pesticide [2-methyl-2-(methylthio) propionaldehyde O- (methylcarbamoyl) oxime] in the cotton plant. J. Agr. Food Chem. 18, 446 (1970).
Beckman, H., and W. O. Gauer: The characteristic and operation parameters of a thermionic emission detector selective and sensitive to phosphorus. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1, 149 (1966).
Beckman, H., B. Y. Giang, and J. Qualia: Preparation and detection of derivatives of Temik and its metabolites as residues. J. Agr. Food Chem. 17, 70 (1969).
Benson, W. R.: Report on carbamate pesticides. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 52, 266 (1969).
Benson, W. R.: Report on carbamate pesticides. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 53, 351 (1970).
Benson, W. R., and J. N. Damico: Mass spectra of some carbamates and related ureas. II. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 51, 347 (1968).
Benson, W. R., and J. M. Finocchiaro: Rapid procedure for carbaryl residues: Modification of the official colorimetric method. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 48, 676 (1965).
Benville, P., Jr., and R. C. Tindle: Dry Ice homogenization procedure for fish samples in pesticide residue analysis. J. Agr. Food Chem. 18, 948 (1970).
Beroza, M., and M. C. Bowman: Correlation of pesticide polarities with efficiencies of milk extraction procedures. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 49, 1007 (1966).
Beroza, M., and R. A. Coad: Reaction gas chromatography. J. Gas Chromatog. 4, 199 (1966).
Beroza, M., N. Inscoe, and M. C. Bowman: Distribution of pesticides in immiscible binary solvent systems for cleanup and identification and its application in the extraction of pesticides from milk. Residue Reviews 30, 1 (1969).
Bevenue, A.: Gas chromatography. In G. Zweig (ed.): Analytical methods for pesticides, plant growth regulators, and food additives. Chapt. 9, vol. I. New York: Academic Press (1963).
Bevenue, A.: Gas chromatography—Application and general limitations in pesticide residue analysis. In G. Zweig (ed.): Analytical methods for pesticides, plant growth regulators, and food additives. Chapt. 1, vol. V. New York: Academic Press (1967).
Biros, F. J.: Applications of combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to pesticide residue identifications. In R. F. Gould (ed.): Pesticides identification at the residue level. Adv. Chem. Series 104, chapt. 9 (1971 a).
Biros, F. J.: Recent applications of mass spectrometry and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to pesticide residue analysis. Residue Reviews 40, 1 (1971 b).
Blagg, A. EL, and J. L. Rawls: GLC analysis of carbamate pesticides and phenolic compounds in water. Amer. Lab. 17, Dec. (1972).
Blinn, R. C.: Infrared microtechniques useful for identification of pesticides at the microgram level. In R. F. Gould (ed.): Pesticides identification at the residue level. Adv. Chem. Series 104, chapt. 6 (1971).
Boulton, J. J. K., B. C. Boyce, P. J. Jewess, and R. F. Jones: Comparative properties of N-acetyl derivatives of oxime N-methylcarbamates and aryl N-methyl-carbamates as insecticides and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Pestic. Sci. 2, 10 (1971).
Bowman, M. C., and M. Beroza: Determination of residues of Mobil MC-A 600 [benzo(b)thien-4-yl methylcarbamate] and its hydrolysis product [benzo(b)-thiopene-4-ol] in coastal Bermuda grass and milk. J. Agr. Food Chem. 15, 894 (1967 a).
Bowman, M. C., and M. Beroza: Determination of Niagara NIA-10242 and its phenol degradation product in corn, silage, and milk and determination of other carbamates by GLC of their thiophosphoryl derivatives. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 50, 926 (1967 b).
Bowman, M. C., and M. Beroza: Spectroflourescent and spectrophosphorescent data on insecticidal carbamates and the analysis of five carbamates in milk by spectrofluorometry. Residue Reviews 17, 23 (1967 c).
Bowman, M. C., and M. Beroza: Apparatus combining gas chromatography with spectrofluorometry by means of a flowing liquid interface. Anal. Ghem. 40, 535 (1968).
Bowman, M. C., and M. Beroza: Determination of Mesurol and five of its metabolites in apples, pears, and corn by gas chromatography. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 52, 1054 (1969).
Bowman, M. C., and M. Beroza: GLC retention times of pesticides and metabolites containing phosphorus and sulfur on four thermally stable columns. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 53, 499 (1970).
Bowman, M. C., and M. Beroza: Use of Dexsil 300 on a specially washed Chromosorb W for multicom-ponent residue determinations of phosphorus- and sulfur-containing pesticides by flame photometric GLC. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 54, 1086 (1971).
Bowman, M. C., M. Beroza, and G. Nickless: An indium-sensitized flame photometric detector for gas chromatography of halogen compounds. J. Chromatog. Sci. 9, 44 (1971).
Bowman, M. C., R. S. Lowrey, D. B. Leuck, and M. Beroza: Effects of feeding cattle forage treated with Mobam. J. Econ. Entomol. 61, 1495 (1968).
Boyack, G. A.: Banol. In G. Zweig (ed.): Analytical methods for pesticides, plant growth regulators, and food additives. Chapt. 8, vol. V. New York: Academic Press (1967).
Brody, S. S., and J. E. Chaney: Flame photometric detector: The application of a specific detector for phosphorus and for sulfur compounds sensitive to sub-nanogram quantities. J. Gas Chromatog. 4, 42 (1966).
Bull, D. L.: Metabolism of UC-21149 [2-methyl-2-(methylthio) propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl) oxime] in cotton plant and soil in the field. J. Econ. Entomol. 61, 1598 (1968).
Bull, D. L., R. A. Stokes, J. R. Coppedge, and R. L. Ridgway: Further studies of the fate of aldicarb in soils. J. Econ. Entomol. 63, 1283 (1970).
Burchfield, H. P., H. W. Rhoades, and R. J. Wheeler: Simultaneous and selective detection of phosphorus, sulfur, and halogen in pesticides by microcoulo-metric gas chromatography. J. Agr. Food Chem. 13, 511 (1965).
Burke, J. A.: Development of the Food and Drug Administration’s method of analysis for multiple residues of organochlorine pesticides in foods and feeds. Residue Reviews 34, 59 (1971).
Burke, J. A., and M. L. Porter: A study in the effectiveness of some extraction procedures for pesticide residues in vegetables. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 49, 1157 (1966).
Burke, J. A., and M. L. Porter: Note on the effect of sample moisture content on extraction of TDE from kale. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 50, 1260 (1967).
Burke, J. A., P. A. Mills, and D. C. Bostwick: Experiments with evaporation of solutions of chlorinated pesticides. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 49, 999 (1966).
Butler, L. I., and L. M. McDonough: Method of the determination of residues of carbamate insecticides by electron capture gas chromatography. J. Agr. Food Chem. 16, 403 (1968).
Butler, L. I., and L. M. McDonough: Specific GLC method for determining residues of carbaryl by electron capture detection after derivative formation. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 53, 495(1970).
Butler, L. I., and L. M. McDonough: Determination of residues of carbofuran and its toxic metabolites by electron capture gas chromatography after derivative formation. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 54, 1357 (1971).
Carey, W. F., and K. Helrich: Improved quantitative method for the determination of aldicarb and its oxidation products in plant materials. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 53, 1296 (1970).
Cassel, C. C., R. P. Stanovick, and R. F. Cook: A specific gas chromatographic method for residues of organic nitrogen pesticides. Residue Reviews 23, 63 (1969).
Chasar, A. G., and C. A. Lucchesi: Methods for the determination of Mobam (4-benzothienyl N-methylcarbamate). J. Agr. Food Chem. 15, 1030 (1967).
Chen, J. T., and W. R. Benson: Characteristic infrared absorption spectra and frequencies of carbamate pesticides. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 49, 412 (1966).
Chiba, M.: Factors affecting the extraction of organochlorine insecticides from soil. Residue Reviews 30, 63 (1969).
Claborn, H. V., R. H. Roberts, H. D. Mann, M. C. Bowman, M. C. Ivey, C. P. Werdenbach, and R. D. Radeleff: Residues in body tissues of livestock sprayed with Sevin or given Sevin in the diet J. Agr. Food Chem. 11, 73 (1963).
Clarke, D. D., S. Wilk, and S. Gitlow: Electron capture properties of halogenated amine derivatives. J. Gas Chromatog. 4, 310 (1966).
Cochrane, W. P., B. P. Wilson, and R. Greenhalgh: Determination of sulfur-and chlorine-containing pesticides with an electrolytic conductivity detector. J. Chromatog. 75, 207 (1973).
Cohen, I. C., J. Norcup, J. H. A. Ruzicka, and B. B. Wheals: Trace determination of phenols by gas chromatography as their 2,4-dinitrophenyl ethers. J. Chromatog. 44, 251 (1969).
Cohen, I. C., J. Norcup, J. H. A. Ruzicka, and B. B. Wheals: An electron capture gas chromatographic method for the determination of some carbamate insecticide as 2,4-dinitrophenyl derivatives of their phenol moieties. J. Chromatog. 49, 215 (1970).
Cook, R. F., R. P. Stanovick, and C. C. Cassil: Determination of carbofuran and its carbamate metabolite residues in corn using a nitrogen-specific gas chromatographic detector. J. Agr. Food Chem. 17, 277 (1969).
Coppedge, J. R., D. A. Lindquist, D. L. Bull, and H. W. Dorough: Fate of 2-methyl-2-(methylthio) propionaldehye O- (methylcarbamoyl) oxime (Temik) in cotton plants and soil. J. Agr. Food Chem. 15, 902 (1967).
Coulson, D. M.: Electrolytic conductivity detector for gas chromatography. J. Gas Chromatog. 3, 134 (1965).
Coulson, D. M.: Selective detection of nitrogen compounds in electrolytic conductivity gas chromatography. J. Gas Chromatog. 4, 285 (1966).
Coulson, D. M.: Electrochemical detector for trace determination of nitrogen, halide, sulfur, and carbon with gas chromatography. Amer. Lab., May 22 (1969).
Coulson, D. M., L. A. Cavanagh, J. E. Devries, and B. Walther: Microcoulometric gas chromatography of pesticides. J. Agr. Food Chem. 8, 399 (1960).
Craven, D. A.: Simplified version of the alkali flame detector for nitrogen mode operation. Anal. Chem. 42, 1679 (1970).
Crosby, D. G., and J. B. Bowers: Amine derivatives for pesticide residue analysis. J. Agr. Food Chem. 16, 839 (1968).
Damico, J. N., and W. R. Benson: The mass spectra of some carbamate pesticides. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 48, 344 (1965).
de Riveros, M. H. C. K., and E. E. Vonesch: Colorimetric determination of carbaryl and apple, lettuce, chard, and tomato. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 54, 1083 (1971).
Dorough, H. W.: Metabolism of insecticidal methylcarbamates in animals. J. Agr. Food Chem. 18, 1015 (1970).
Dorough, H. W., and J. E. Casida: Nature of certain carbamate metabolites of the insecticide Sevin. J. Agr. Food Chem. 12, 294 (1964).
Dorough, H. W., R. B. Davis, and G. W. Ivie: Fate of Temik carbon 14 in lactating cows during a 14-day feeding period. J. Agr. Food Chem. 18, 135 (1970).
Douch, P. G. C., and J. N. Smith: Metabolism of m-tert.-butylphenyl N-methyl-carbamate in insects and mice. Biochem. J. 125, 385 (1971 a).
Douch, P. G. C., and J. N. Smith: The metabolism of 3,5-di-tert.-butylphenyl N-methylearbamate in insects and by mouse liver enzymes. Biochem. J. 125, 395 (1971 b).
Dressler, M., and J. Janak: Detection of sulphur compounds with an alkali flame ionization detector. J. Gas Chromatog. 7, 451 (1969).
Eberle, D. O., and F. A. Gunther: Chromatographic, spectrophotometric, and irradiation behavior of 5 carbamate insecticides. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 48, 927 (1965).
Ebing, W.: Gas chromatographische Analyse insectizider Carbamate. Chimia 19, 501 (1965).
Epstein, A. J., D. R. Gaskill, and C. A. Lucchesi: Gas chromatographic determination of 4-benzothienyl N-methylcarbamate. Anal. Chem. 39, 721 (1967).
Faust, S. D., and H. M. Gomaa: Chemical hydrolysis of some organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides in aquatic environments. Environ. Letters 3, 171 (1972).
Fahey, J. E., M. C. Wilson, and E. J. Armbrust: Residues of Supracide and carbo-furan in green and dehydrated alfalfa. J. Econ. Entomol. 63, 589 (1970).
Fahmy, M. A. H., T. R. Fukuto, R. O. Myers, and R. B. March: The selective toxicity of new N-phosphorothioyl carbamate esters. J. Agr. Food Chem. 18, 793 (1970).
Faucheux, L. J., Jr.: Rapid cleanup for carbaryl using channel layer chromatography. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 51, 676 (1968).
Finocchiaro, J. M., and W. R. Benson: Thin layer chromatography of some carbamate and phenylurea pesticides. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 50, 888 (1967).
Fishbein, K., and W. L. Zielinski: Gas chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives. I. Pesticidal carbamates and ureas. J. Chromatog. 20, 9 (1965).
Fishbein, K., and W. L. Zielinski: Chromatography of carbamates. Chromatog. Reviews 9, 37 (1967).
Fishbein, K., and W. L. Zielinski: Structural transformations during the gas chromatography of carbamates. Chromatographia 2, 38 (1969).
Fraser, J., P. C. Clinch, and R. C. Reay: ZV-Acylation of IV-methylcarbamate insecticides and its effect on biological activity. J. Sci. Food Agr. 16, 615 (1965).
Friestad, H. O., D. E. Ott, and F. A. Gunther: Automated colorimetric micro-determination of phenols by oxidative coupling with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone. Anal. Chem. 41, 1750 (1969).
Fukuto, T. R., and R. G. Metcalf: Metabolism of insecticides in plants and animals. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 160, 97 (1969).
Gajan, R. G., W. R. Benson, and J. M. Finocchiaro: Determination of carbaryl in crops by oscillographic polarography. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 48, 958 (1965).
Gerhardt, K. O., and W. A. Aue: The negative alkali flame detector response. J. Chromatog. 52, 49 (1970).
Gudzinowicz, B. J.: Gas chromatographic analysis of drugs and pesticides, p. 605. New York: Dekker (1967).
Gunther, F. A., and R. C. Blinn: Analysis of insecticides and acaricides. New York: Interscience (1955).
Gunther, F. A., and R. C. Blinn, and G. E. Carman: Residues of Sevin on and in lemons and oranges. J. Agr. Food Chem. 10, 222 (1962).
Gunther, F. A., and R. C. Blinn, and D. E. Ott: Forced volatilization cleanup for gas chromatographic assay of pesticide residues. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1, 237 (1966).
Gunther, F. A., and R. C. Blinn, A. Lopez-Roman, R. I. Asai, and W. E. Westlake: Expanded utility of the Beilstein flame test for organically bound halogens as a sensitive and specific flame photometric detector in the gas chromatographic determination of R-X compounds as illustrated with organochlorine pesticides. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 4, 202 (1969).
Gutenmann, W. H., and D. J. Lisk: Gas chromatographic residue determination of Sevin as brominated 1-naphthyl acetate. J. Agr. Food Chem. 13, 48 (1965).
Gutenmann, W. H., and D. J. Lisk, D. G. Wagner, and D. J. Lisk: Gas chromatographic analysis of the fate of N-methyl-2,3-substituted phenyl carbamate in the dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci. 47, 821 (1964).
Gyrisco, G. G., D. J. Lisk, S. N. Fertig, E. W. Huddleston, F. J. Fox, R. F. Holland, and G. W. Trimberger: The effects of feeding high levels of Sevin on residue, flavor, and odor of the milk of dairy cattle. J. Agr. Food Chem. 8, 409 (1960).
Hall, R. G.: A highly sensitive and selective microelectrolytic conductivity detector for gas chromatography. J. Chromatog. Sci. 12, 152 (1974).
Hartmann, C. J.: Phosphorus detector for pesticide analysis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1, 159 (1966).
Hartmann, C. J.: Alkali flame detector for organic nitrogen compounds. J. Chromatog. Sci. 7, 163(1969).
Hernandez, R., R. Hernandez, Jr., and L. R. Axelrod: Standardization of silicic acid for chromatography. Anal. Chem. 33, 370 (1961).
Hetherington, R. M., and C. Parouchais: Channel layer chromatography, with a rapid spotting technique, for one-stage cleanup in pesticide residue analysis. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 53, 146 (1970).
Holden, E. R.: Gas chromatographic determination of residues of methylcarbamate insecticides in crops as their 2,4-dinitrophenyl ether derivatives. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 56, 713 (1973).
Holden, E. R., W. M. Jones, and M. Beroza: Determination of methyl and dimethyl carbamate insecticides by gas chromatography of their 2,4-dinitroaniline derivatives. J. Agr. Food Chem. 17, 56 (1969).
Hugunin, A. G., and R. L. Bradley Jr.: Distribution of organochlorine pesticides among some milk components. J. Dairy Sci. 54, 355 (1971).
Ives, N. F., and L. Giuffrtda: Investigation of thermionic detector response for the gas chromatography of P, N, As, and Cl organic compounds. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 50, 1, (1967).
Johns, T., and C. H. Braithwaite Jr.: Selective detection and identification of pesticide residues. Residue Reviews 5, 45 (1964).
Johnson, D. P., and H. A. Stansbury: Adaptation of Sevin insecticide (carbaryl) residue method to various crops. J. Agr. Food Chem. 13, 235 (1965 a).
Johnson, D. P., and H. A. Stansbury: Determination of carbaryl residues in honey bees. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 48, 771 (1965 b).
Johnson, D. P., F. E. Critchfield, and B. W. Arthur: Determination of Sevin insecticide and its metabolites in poultry tissues and eggs. J. Agr. Food Chem. 11, 77 (1963).
Jones, L. R., and J. A. Riddick: Separation of organic insecticides from plant and animal tissues. Anal. Chem. 24, 569 (1952).
Karinen, J. F., J. G. Lamrerton, N. E. Stewart, and L. C. Terriere: Persistence of carbaryl in the marine estuarine environment. Chemical and biological stability in aquarium systems. J. Agr. Food Chem. 15, 148 (1967).
Karmen, A.: Differential specificity in detecting phosphorus, nitrogen, and halogens with alkali flames. J. Chromatog. Sci. 7, 541 (1969).
Kawahara, F. K.: Microdetermination of derivatives of phenols and mercaptans by means of electron capture gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 40, 1009 (1968).
Kawahara, F. K.: Gas chromatographic analysis of mercaptans, phenols, and organic acids in surface waters with use of perfluorobenzyl derivatives. Environ. Sci. Technol. 5, 235 (1971).
Kawahara, T., and T. Kashiwa: Gas-liquid chromatography of phenyl N-methyl-carbamates. Japan Analyst 17, 925 (1968).
Kearby, W. H., C. D. Ercegovich, and M. Bliss, Jr.: Residue studies on aldicarb in soil and scotch pine. J. Econ. Entomol. 63, 1317 (1970).
Keith, L. H., and A. L. Alford: The high resolution NMR spectra of pesticides. III. The carbamates. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 53, 157 (1970).
Khalifa, S., and R. O. Mumma: Gas chromatographic separation of the aglycone metabolites of carbaryl J. Agr. Food Chem. 20, 632 (1972).
Klein, A. K.: Report on extraction procedures for chloro-organic insecticides. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 41, 551 (1958).
Klein, A. K., E. P. Laug, and J. D. Sheehan Jr.: Report on extraction procedures for chloro-organic insecticides. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 42, 539 (1959).
Klein, M., J. Tallant, and L. J. Sullivan: The metabolism of 2-(methylthio)pro-pionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl)oxime in the rat. J. Agr. Food Chem. 14, 573 (1966).
Knaak, J. B., D. M. Munger, and J. F. McCarthy: Metabolism of carbofuran and alfalfa and bean plants. J. Agr. Food Chem. 18, 827 (1970).
Krishna, J. G., H. W. Dorough, and J. E. Casida: Synthesis of N-methyl carbamates via methyl isocyanate-C14 and chromatographic purification. J. Agr. Food Chem. 10, 462 (1962).
Kuhr, R. J.: Metabolism of carbamate insecticide chemicals in plants and insects. J. Agr. Food Chem. 18, 1023 (1970).
Kuhr, R. J., and J. E. Casida: Persistent plycosides of metabolites of methylcarbamate insecticide chemicals formed by hydroxylation in bean plants. J. Agr. Food Chem. 15, 814 (1967).
Landowne, R. A., and S. R. Lipsky: The electron capture spectrometry of halo-acetates: A means of detecting ultramicro quantities of sterols by gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 35, 532 (1963).
Laski, R. R., and R. R. Watts: Gas chromatography of organonitrogen pesticides, using a nitrogen-specific detection system. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 56, 328 (1973).
Lau, S. C., and R. L. Marxmiller: Residue determination of Landrin insecticide by fluoroacetylation and electron capture gas chromatography. J. Agr. Food Chem. 18, 413 (1970).
Law, L. M., and D. F. Goerlitz: Microcolumn chromatographic cleanup for the nalysis of pesticides in water. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 53, 1276 (1970).
Lawrence, J. F., and R. W. Frei: Fluorigenic labeling of IV-methyl- and N,N-dimethylcarbamates with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2,1,3-oxadiazole. Anal. Chem. 44, 2046(1972).
Leuck, D. B., M. C. Bowman, J. C. Johnson Jr., E. W. Beck, and R. S. Lowery: Niagara NIA-10242 insecticide residues: Their persistence in coastal Bermuda grass, corn, and silages, and their effect, fed in silage, on lactating cows. J. Econ. Entomol. 61, 1349 (1968).
Lloyd, J. E., and J. G. Matthysse: Residues of dichlorvos, diazinon, and Dimetilan in milk of cows fed PVC-insecticide feed additives. J. Econ. Entomol. 64, 821 (1971).
Magallona, E. D.: ZV-Derivatization for the gas chromatographic detection of insecticidal aryl N-methylcarbamates. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Calif., Riverside (1973).
Maitlen, J. C., L. M. McDonough, and M. Beroza: Determination of residues of 2-methyl-2(methylthio) propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl) oxime (UC 21149, Temik) and its sulfoxide and its sulfone by gas chromatography. J. Agr. Food Chem. 16, 549 (1968).
Maitlen, J. C., L. M. McDonough, and M. Beroza: Rapid method for the extraction, cleanup, and GC determination of toxic residues of Temik. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 52, 786 (1969).
Maitlen, J. C., L. M. McDonough, F. Dean, B. A. Butt, and B. J. Landis: Aldicarb residues in apples, pears, sugarbeets, and cottonseed; performance in apples and pears. U.S. Department of Agriculture ARS-33–135. Mar. (1970).
Martin, R. L.: Fast and sensitive method for determination of nitrogen-selective nitrogen detector for gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 9, 1209 (1966).
Matherne, M. J. Jr., and W. M. Bathalter: Channel layer chromatography (CLC): A cleanup procedure for pesticide residue analysis. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 49, 1012 (1966).
Meikle, R. W.: Metabolism of 4-dimethylamino-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate (Mexa-carbate, active ingredient of Zectron insecticide): A unified picture. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 10, 29 (1973).
Mendoza, C. E.: Analysis of pesticides by the thin-layer chromatographic-enzyme inhibition technique. Residue Reviews 43, 105 (1972).
Mendoza, C. E., and J. B. Shields: Esterase specificity and sensitivity to organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides: Factors affecting determination by thin layer chromatography. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 54, 507 (1971).
Mendoza, C. E., and J. B. Shields: Determination of some carbamates by enzyme inhibition techniques using thin-layer chromatography and colorimetry. J. Agr. Food Chem. 21, 178 (1973).
Metcalf, R. L., T. R. Fukuto, C. Collins, K. Borck, S. Abd El-Aziz, R. Muñoz, and C. C. Cassil: Metabolism of 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl-7 N-methylcarbamate (Furadan) in plants, insects, and mammals. J. Agr. Food Chem. 16, 300 (1968).
Mills, P. A., J. H. Onley, and R. A. Gaither: Rapid method for chlorinated pesticide residues in non-fatty foods. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 46, 186 (1963).
Miskus, R. P., M. Look, T. L. Andrews, and R. L. Lyon: Biological activity as an effect of structural changes in aryl N-methylcarbamates. J. Agr. Food Chem. 16, 605 (1968).
Miyamoto, J., K. Yamamoto, and T. Matsumoto: Metabolism of 3,4-dimethylphenyl N-methylcarbamate in white rats. Agr. Biol. Chem. 33, 1060 (1969).
Moats, W. A.: One-step cleanup of chlorinated insecticide residues by chromatography in carbon-Celite mixtures. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 47, 587 (1964).
Moffitt, R. A.: Residue analysis in the dairy industry. In G. Zweig (ed.): Analytical methods for pesticides, plant growth regulators, and food additives. Chapt. 21, vol. I. New York: Academic Press (1963).
Morley, H. V.: Adsorbents and their application to column cleanup of pesticide residues. Residue Reviews 16, 1 (1966).
Moye, H. A.: Reaction gas chromatographic analysis of pesticides. I. On-column transesterification of N-methylcarbamates by methanol. J. Agr. Food Chem. 19, 452(1971).
Moye, H. A.: Esters of sulfonyl chlorides as derivatives for the gas chromatographic analysis of carbamate pesticides. Presented Amer. Chem. Soc. Meeting, Dallas, Texas, Apr. (1973).
O’Brien, R. D.: Insecticides, action and metabolism. New York: Academic Press (1967).
Oonnithan, E. S., and J. E. Casida: Oxidation of methyl- and dimethylcarbamate insecticide chemicals by microsomal enzymes and anticholinesterase activity of the metabolites. J. Agr. Food Chem. 16, 28 (1968).
Ott, D. E., M. Ittig, and H. O. Friestad: Automated steam distillation and fluo-rometry for screening of carbaryl as 1-naphthol in fruits and vegetables. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 54, 160 (1971).
Overfield, C. V., and J. D. Winefordner: The selective indiumhalide detector— A potentially useful detector for gas chromatography. J. Chromatog. Sci. 8, 233 (1970).
Patchett, G. G.: Evaluation of the electrolytic conductivity detector for residue analysis of nitrogen-containing pesticides. J. Chromatog. Sci. 8, 155 (1970).
Paulson, G. D., and C. E. Portnoy: Sulfate ester conjugates—a one-step method for replacing the sulfate with an acetyl group. J. Agr, Food Chem. 18, 160 (1970).
Paulson, G. D., R. G. Zaylskie, M. V. Zehr, C. E. Portnoy, and V. J. Feil: Metabolites of carbaryl(l-naphthyl methylcarbamate) in chicken urine. J. Agr. Food Chem. 18, 110 (1970).
Pease, H. L., and J. J. Kirkland: Determination of methomyl residues using microcoulometric gas chromatography. J. Agr. Food Chem. 16, 554 (1968).
Peck, J. M., and K. J. Harkiss: Gas chromatographic analysis of some carbamate derivatives. J. Chromatog. Sci. 9, 370 (1971).
Pieper, G. R., and R. P. Miskus: Determination of Zectran residues in aerial forest spraying. J. Agr. Food Chem. 15, 915 (1967).
Pol, E. W. V. D.: Note on the determination of carbaryl residues in hen skin. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 51, 901 (1968).
Porter, M. L., R. J. Gajan, and J. A. Burke: Acetonitrile extraction and determination of carbaryl in fruits and vegetables. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 52, 177 (1969).
Ralls, J. W., and A. Cortes: Determination of Sevin in green beans by bromina-tion and electron capture gas chromatography. J. Gas Chromatog. 2, 132 (1964).
Riva, M., and A. Carisano: Compact dual-channel flame ionization-cum-thermionic detector for high specificity chromatographic analysis. J. Chromatog. 36, 269 (1968).
Riva, M., and A. Carisano: Direct gas chromatographic determination of carbaryl. J. Chromatog. 42, 464 (1969).
Roberts, R. H., J. B. Jackson, W. E. Westlake, A. J. Ackerman, and H. V. Claiborn: Residue studies of livestock sprays containing Sevin. J. Econ. Entomol. 53, 326 (1960).
Roberts, R. B., R. P. Miskus, C. K. Duckles, and T. T. Sakai: In vivo fate of the insecticide Zectran in spruce budworm, tobacco budworm, and housefly larvae. J. Agr. Food Chem. 17, 107 (1969).
Saunders, J. H., and K. C. Frisch: Polyurethanes. Chemistry and technology. Part I. Chemistry, pp. 118–119. New York: Interscience (1967).
Seiber, J. N.: N-Perfluoroacyl derivatives for methylcarbamate analysis by gas chromatography. J. Agr. Food Chem. 20, 443 (1972).
Seiber, J. N., D. G. Crosby, H. Fouda, and C. J. Soderquist: Ether derivatives for the determination of phenols and phenol-generating pesticides by electron capture gas chromatography. J. Chromatog. 73, 89 (1972).
Selucky, M. L.: Specific gas chromatography detectors. Part II: Electrolytic conductivity detector. Chromatographia 5, 359 (1972).
Shafik, M. T., H. C. Sullivan, and H. F. Enos: A method for the determination of 1-naphthol in urine. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6, 34 (1971).
Shaw, F. R., D. Miller, and C. P. S. Yadava: Persistence of carbofuran and 3-hy-droxycarbofuran on alfalfa. J. Econ. Entomol. 62, 953 (1969).
Shrivastava, S. P., M. Tsukamoto, and J. E. Casida: Oxidative metabolism of C14-labeled Baygon by living house flies and by house fly enzyme preparations. J. Econ. Entomol. 62, 483 (1969).
Slade, M., and J. E. Casida: Metabolic fate of 3,4,5- and 2,3,5-trimethylphenyl methylcarbamates, the major constituents in Landrin insecticide. J. Agr. Food Chem. 18, 467 (1970).
Stanley, C. W., and J. S. Thornton: Gas chromatographic method for residues of Baygon and its major metabolite in animal tissues and milk. J. Agr. Food Chem. 20, 1269 (1972).
Stanley, C. W., and J. S. Thornton, and D. B. Katague: Gas chromatographic method for residues of Baygon and metabolites in plant tissues. J. Agr. Food Chem. 20, 1265 (1972).
Storherr, R. W.: Reports on carbamate pesticides and on fumigants and miscellaneous pesticides. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 54, 324 (1971).
Storherr, R. W.: Reports on carbamate pesticides and on fumigants and miscellaneous pesticides. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 55, 283 (1972).
Storherr, R. W.: Reports on carbamate pesticides, fumigants, and miscellaneous. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 56, 296 (1973).
Storherr, R. W.: pesticides. I. Recoveries from fortified crops. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 48, 1154 (1965).
Storherr, R. W., P. Ott, and R. R. Watts: A general method for organophosphorus pesticide residues in nonfatty foods. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 54, 513 (1971).
Strother, A.: Gas chromatography of various phenyl ZV-methylcarbamates. J. Gas Chromatog. 6, 110 (1968).
Sullivan, L. J., J. M. Eldridge, and J. B. Knaak: Determination of carbaryl and some other carbamates by gas chromatography. J. Agr. Food Chem. 15, 927 (1967).
Sumida, S., M. Takaki, and T. Miyamoto: Rapid gas chromatographic determination of microquantities of N-methylcarbamates as their 2,4-dinitrophenyl derivatives. Agr. Biol. Chem. 34, 1576 (1970 a).
Sumida, S., M. Takaki, and T. Miyamoto: Method for the determination of residue of Meobal(3,4-dimethyl phenyl N-methylcarbamate) in rice grains. Botyu-Kagaku 35, 72 (1970 b).
Suzuki, K., H. Nagayoshi, and T. Kashtwa: Systematic separation and identification of 13 carbamate pesticides in their mixture. Agr. Biol. Chem. 37, 218 (1973).
Tappan, W. B., W. B. Wheeler, and H. W. Lundy: Methomyl residues on cigar-wrapper and flue-cured tobaccos in Florida. J. Econ. Entomol. 66, 197 (1972).
Thornburg, W. W.: Preparation and extraction of samples prior to pesticide residue analysis. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 48, 1023 (1965).
Thornburg, W. W.: Pesticide residues. Anal. Chem. 43, 145R (1971).
Thornburg, W. W.: Pesticide residues. Anal. Chem. 45, 151R (1973).
Thornburg, W. W., and H. Beckman: Pesticide residues. Anal. Chem. 41, 140R (1969).
Tilden, R. L., and C. H. van Middelem: Determination of carbaryl as an amide derivative by electron capture gas chromatography. J. Agr. Food Chem. 18, 154 (1970).
Timmerman, J. A. Jr., H. W. Dorough, J. R. Buttram, and B. W. Arthur: In vitro stability and recovery of insecticides from milk. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 441 (1961).
Uejt, M., and J. Kanazawa: Method for the determination of carbamate insecticide residues. Japan Anal. 22, 16 (1973).
van Middelem, C. H., and A. J. Peplow: Evaluation of extraction procedures for the removal of 14C-carbofuran and its toxic metabolites from cabbage leaves. J. Agr. Food Chem. 21, 100 (1973).
Thornburg, W. W.:, T. L. Norwood, and R. W. Waites: Residue determination of Sevin and other carbamates following hydrolysis and bromination. J. Gas Chromatog. 3, 310 (1965).
Thornburg, W. W.:, H. A. Moye, and M. J. Janes: Carbofuran and 3-hydroxy-carbofuran determination in lettuce by alkali flame gas chromatography. J. Agr. Food Chem. 19, 459 (1971).
Vonesch, E. E., and M. H. C. K. de Riveros: Colorimetric determination of carbaryl in wettable formulations. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 54, 128 (1971).
Wales, P. J., H. A. McLeod, and W. P. McKinley: TLC-Enzyme inhibition procedure to detect some carbamate standards and carbaryl in food extracts. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 51, 1239 (1968).
Watts, R. R.: Extraction efficiency study-examination of three procedures for extracting 14C-labeled and unlabeled residues of organophorus pesticides and carbaryl from bean leaves and kale. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chem. 54, 953 (1971).
Watts, R. R., and R. W. Storherr: II. Rapid extraction method for crops. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 48, 1158 (1965).
Watts, R. R., and R. W. Storherr: Sweep co-distillation cleanup of milk for determination of organophos-phate and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 50, 581 (1967).
Westlake, W. E.: Gas chromatographic measurement and identification of pesticide residues with electron capture, microcoulometric, and electrical conductivity detectors. In R. F. Gould (ed.): Pesticides identification at the residue level. Adv. Chem. Series 104, chapt. 5 (1971).
Westlake, W. E., and F. A. Gunther: Advances in gas chromatographic detectors illustrated from applications to pesticide residue evaluations. Residue Reviews 18, 175 (1967).
Westlake, W. E., M. Ittig, and F. A. Gunther: Determination of m-sec-butylphenyl N-methyl-N-thiophenylcarbamate(RE-11775) in water, soil, and vegetation. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 8, 109 (1972).
Wheeler, L., and A. Strother: Chromatography of N-methylcarbamates in the gaseous phase. J. Chromatog. 45, 362 (1969).
Whitehurst, W. E., E. T. Bishop, F. E. Critchfield, G. Gyrisco, E. W. Huddles-ton, H. Arnold, and D. J. Lisk: The metabolism of Sevin in dairy cows. J. Agr. Food Chem. 11, 167 (1963).
Whitlock, L. R., S. Siggia, and J. E. Smola: Spectrophotometric analysis of phenols and of sulfonates by formation of an azo dye. Anal. Chem. 44, 532 (1972).
Williams, I. H.: Carbamate insecticide residues in plant materials: Determination by gas chromatography. Residue Reviews 38, 1 (1971).
Williams, I. H., and M. J. Brown: Determination of carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran residues in small fruits. J. Agr. Food Chem. 21, 399 (1973).
Williams, S., and S. W. Cook: Pesticide residues. Anal. Chem. 39, 142R (1967).
Wisniewski, J. V.: Sample decomposition during analysis. Gas chromatography of aromatic carbamates. Facts and Methods Sci. Res. 7, 5 (1966).
Woodham, D. W., R. G. Reeves, and R. R. Edwards: Total toxic aldicarb residues in weeds, grasses, and wildlife from the Texas high plains following a soil treatment with the insecticide. J. Agr. Food Chem. 21, 604 (1973).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1975 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Magallona, E.D. (1975). Gas chromatographic determination of residues of insecticidal carbamates. In: Gunther, F.A. (eds) Residue Reviews. Residue Reviews, vol 56. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9388-7_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9388-7_1
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9390-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9388-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive