Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Transient Gene Expression of Chimeric Genes in Cells and Tissues of Crops

  • Chapter
Plant Genetic Engineering

Part of the book series: Subcellular Biochemistry ((SCBI,volume 17))

Abstract

The recent progress in understanding plant biology at the molecular level has been due, in part, to the development of efficient gene transfer systems for many plant species. Without doubt, the most efficient way to transfer genes to crops is with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Fraley et al. (1984) found that nopaline synthase gene expression could be detected as early as 12 hr after cocultivation of Agrobacterium and Petunia protoplasts. Whether the state of the introduced DNA is extrachromosomal or integrated was not pertinent, but clearly, rapid analysis of gene expression is possible soon after gene transfer (Janssen and Gardner, 1989; Vancanneyt et al., 1990).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abdullah, R., Cocking, E. C., and Thompson, J. A., 1986, Efficient plant regeneration from rice protoplasts through somatic embryogenesis, Bio/Technology 4:1087–1090.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahlquist, R, French, R., and Bujarski, J. J., 1987, Molecular studies of brome mosaic virus using infectious transcripts from cloned cDNA, Adv. Virus Res. 32:188–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahokas, H., 1989, Transfection of germinating barley seeds electrophoretically with exogenous DNA, Theor. Appl. Genet. 77:469–472.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Shawi, R., Kinnaird, J., Burke, J., and Bishop, J. O., 1990, Expression of a foreign gene in a line of transgenic mice is modulated by a chromosomal position effect, Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:1192–1198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballas, N., Zakai, N., and Loyter, A., 1987, Transient expression of the plasmid pCaMVCAT in plant protoplasts following transformation with PEG, Exp. Cell. Res. 170:228–234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballas, N., Zakai, N., Friedberg, D., and Loyter, A., 1988, Linear forms of plasmid DNA are superior to supercoiled structures as active templates for gene expression in plant protoplasts, Plant Mol. Biol. 11:517–527.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, G. W., Piastuch, W., Riggs, C. D., and Rabussay, D., 1988, Electroporation for DNA delivery to plant protoplasts, Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 12:213–218.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bekkaoui, F., Pilon, M., Laine, E., Raju, D. S. S., Crosby, W. L., and Dunstan, D. I., 1988, Transient gene expression in electroporated Picea glauca protoplasts, Plant Cell Rep. 7:481–484.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bekkaoui, F., Datla, R. S. S., Pilon, M., Tautorus, T. E., Crosby, W. L., and Dunstan, D. I., 1990, The effects of promoter on transient expression in conifer cell lines, Theor. Appl. Genet. 79:353–359.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bevan, M. W., Flavell, R. B., and Chilton, M. D., 1983, A chimaeric antibiotic resistance gene as a selectable marker for plant cell transformations, Nature 304:184–187.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blowers, A. D., Bogorad, L., Shark, K., and Sanford, J. C., 1989, Studies on Chlamydomonas chloroplast transformation: Foreign DNA can be stably maintained in the chromosome, Plant Cell 1:123–132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boston, R. S., Bee war, M. R., Ryan, R. D., Goldsbrough, P. B., Larkins, B. A., and Hodges, T. K., 1987, Expression from heterologous promoters in electroporated carrot protoplasts, Plant Physiol. 83:742–746.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boynton, J. E., Gillham, N. W., Harris, E. H., Hoster, J. P., Johnson, A. M., Jones, A. R., Randolph-Anderson, B. L., Robertson, D., Klein, T. M., and Shark, K. B., 1988, Chloroplast transformation inChlamydomonas with high velocity microprojectiles, Science 240:1534–1538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brasier, A. R., Tate, J. E., and Habener, J. F., 1989, Optimized use of the firefly luciferase assay as a reporter gene in mammalian cell lines, Bio/Techniques 7:1116–1122.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruce, W. B., Christensen, A. H., Klein, T., Fromm, M., and Quail, P. H., 1989, Photoregulation of a phytochrome gene promoter from oat transferred into rice by particle bombardment, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:9692–9696.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabanes-Bastos, E., Day, A. G., and Lichtenstein, C. P., 1989, A sensitive and simple assay for neomycin phosphotransferase II activity in transgenic tissue, Gene 77:169–176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai, Q-G., Kuo, C-S, Quian, Y-Q., Jiong, R-X., and Zhou, Y-L., 1987, Plant regeneration from protoplasts of corn (Zea mays), Acta Bot. Sin. 29:453–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callis, J., Fromm, M., and Walbot, V., 1987a, Introns increase gene expression in cultured maize cells, Genes Dev. 1:1183–1200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callis, J., Fromm, M., and Walbot, V., 1987b, Expression of mRNA electroporated into plant and animal cells, Nucleic Acids Res. 15:5823–5831.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callis, J., Fromm, M., and Walbot, V., 1988, Heat inducible expression of a chimeric maize hsp70CAT gene in maize protoplasts, Plant Physiol. 88:965–968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, J., Wang, Y-C., Klein, T. M., Sanford, J., and Wu, R., 1990, Transformation of rice and maize using the biolistic process, in Plant Gene Transfer (C. J. Lamb and R. N. Beachy, eds.), pp. 21–33, Wiley-Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charest, P. J., Iyer, V. N., and Miki, B. L., 1989, Factors affecting the use of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase as a marker for Brassica genetic transformation, Plant Cell Rep. 7:628–631.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chee, P. P., Klassy, C., and Slightom, J., 1986, Expression of a bean storage protein “phaseolin minigene” in foreign plant tissues, Gene 41:47–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheon, C-I., Delauney, A. J., and Verma, D. P. S., 1990, Maintenance of a plant line containing an antisense gene and silencing of the target gene following sexual crosses,Plant Sci. 66:231–236.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christou, P., McCabe, D., and Swain, W. F., 1988, Stable transformation of soybean callus by DNA-coated gold particles, Plant Physiol. 87:671–674.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coker, G. T., Vinnedge, L., and O’Malley, K. L., 1989, 8-Br-cAMP inhibits the transient expression of firefly luciferase, FEBS Lett. 249:183–185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornelissen, M. J., De Block, M., Van Montagu, M., Leemans, J., Schreier, P. H., and Schell, J., 1987, Plastid transformation: a progress report, in Plant DNA Infectious Agents (Th. Hohn and J. Schell, eds.), pp. 311–320, Springer Verlag, Vienna, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creissen, G., Smith, C., Francis, R., Reynolds, H., and Mullineaux, P., 1990, Agrobacterium- and microprojectile mediated viral DNA delivery into barley microspore-derived cultures, Plant Cell Rep. 8:680–683.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, A. J., and Saleem, M., 1987, Permeabilizing soybean protoplasts to macromolecules using electroporation and hypotonic shock, Plant Physiol. 83:24–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Czernilofsky, A. P., Hain, R., Baker, B., and Wirtz, U., 1986, Studies on the structure and functional organization of foreign DNA integrated into the genome of Nicotiana tabacum, DNA 5:473–482.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dangl, J., Hauffe, K., Lipphardt, S., Hahlbrock, K., and Scheel, D., 1987, Parsley protoplasts retain differential responsiveness to U.V. light and fungal elicitor,EMBO J 4:2731–2737.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniell, H., and McFadden, B. A., 1987, Uptake and expression of bacterial and cyanobacterial genes by isolated cucumber etioplasts, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6349–6353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniell, H., Vivekananda, J., Nielsen, B. L., Ye, G. N., Tewari, K. K., and Sanford, J. C., 1990, Transient foreign gene expression in chloroplasts of cultured tobacco cells after biolistic delivery of chloroplast vectors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:88–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Cleene, M., 1985, The susceptibility of monocotyledons to Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Phy- topathol. Z. 113:81–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deshayes, A., Herrera-Estrella, L., and Caboche, M., 1985, Liposome-mediated transformation of tobacco mesophyll protoplasts by an Escherichia coli plasmid, EMBO J. 4:2731–2737.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Wet, J. R., Wood, J. V., De Luca, M., Helinski, D. R., and Subramani, S., 1987, The firefly luciferase gene: Structure and expression in mammalian cells, Mol. Cell Biol. 7:725–737.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebert, P. R., Ha, S. B., and An, G., 1987, Identification of an essential upstream element in the nopaline synthase promoter by stable and transient assays, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:5745–5749.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ecker, J., and Davis, R., 1986, Inhibition of gene expression in plant cells by expression of antisense RNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5372–5376.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, J. G., Llewellyn, D. J., Dennis, E. J., and Peacock, W. J., 1987a, Maize Adh-I promoter sequences control anaeobic regulation: addition of upstream promoter elements from constitutive genes is necessary for expression in tobacco, EMBO J. 6:11–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, J. G., Llewellyn, D. J., Walker, J. C., Dennis, E. S., and Peacock, W. J., 1987b, The ocs element: a 16 base pair palindrome essential for activity of the octopine synthase enhancer, EMBO J. 6:3203–3208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D. A., 1989, Somaclonal variation—Genetic basis and breeding applications, Trends in Genetics 5:46–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, T. D., Sanford, J. C., and McMullin, T. W., 1988, Plasmids can stably transform yeast mitochondria lacking endogenous mt DNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:7288–7292.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraley, R. T., Rogers, S. G., Horsch, R. B., Sanders, P. R., Flick, J. S., Adams, S. P., Bittner, M. L., Brans, L. A., Fink, C. L., Fry, J. S., Galuppi, G. R., Goldberg, S. B., Hoffman, N. L., and Woo, S. C., 1983, Expression of bacterial genes in plant cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:4803–4807.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraley, R. T., Horsch, R. B., Matzke, A., Chilton, M. D., and Sanders, P. R., 1984, In vitro transformation ofPetunia cells by an improved method of co-cultivation with A. tumefaciens, Plant Mol. Biol. 3:371–378.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • French, R., Janda, M., and Ahlquist, P., 1986, Bacterial gene inserted in an engineered RNA virus: efficient expression in monocotyledonous plant cells, Science 231:1294–1297.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fromm, M. E., Taylor, L. P., and Walbot, V., 1985, Expression of genes transferred into monocot and dicot plant cells by electroporation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:5824–5828.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fromm, M., Callis, J., Taylor, L. P., and Walbot, V., 1987, Electroporation of DNA and RNA into plant protoplasts, Methods Enzymol. 153:351–366.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallie, D. R., Lucas, W. J., and Walbot, V., 1989, Visualizing mRNA expression in plant protoplasts: Factors influencing efficient mRNA uptake and translation, Plant Cell 1:301–311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goddall, G. J., and Filipowicz, W., 1990, The minimum functional length of pre-mRNA introns in monocots and dicots, Plant Mol. Biol. 14:727–733.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorman, C., Moffat, L. F., and Howard, B. H., 1982, Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells, Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:1044–1051.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gronenborn, B., and Matzeit, V., 1989, Plant gene vectors and genetic transformation: Plant viruses as vectors, Cell Cult. Somatic Cell Genet. Plants 6:69–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, P. K., Dandekar, A. M., and Durzan, D. J., 1988, Somatic proembryo formation and transient expression of a luciferase gene in douglas fir and loblolly pine protoplasts, Plant Sci. 58:85–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurdon, J. B., and Melton, D. A., 1981, Gene transfer in amphibian eggs and oocytes, Annu. Rev. Genet. 15:189–218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ha, S-B., and An, G., 1989, Cis-acting regulatory elements controlling temporal and organ specific activity of nopaline synthase promoter, Nucleic Acids Res. 17:215–223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hain, R., Stabel, P., Czernilofsky, A. P., Steinbiss, H. H., Herrera-Estrella, L., and Schell, J., 1985, Uptake, integration and genetic transmission of a selectable chimaeric gene by plant protoplasts, Mol. Gen. Genet. 199:161–168.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanley-Bowdoin, L., Elmer, J. S., and Rogers, S. G., 1988, Transient expression of heterologous RNAs using tomato golden mosaic virus, Nucleic Acids Res. 16:10511–10528.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harkins, K. R., Jefferson, R. A., Kavanagh, T. A., Bevan, M. W., and Galbraith, D. W., 1990, Expression of photosynthesis-related gene fusions is restricted by cell type in transgenic plants and in transfected protoplasts, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:816–820.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harland, R. M., Weintraub, H., and McKnight, S. L., 1983, Transcription of DNA injected into Xenopus oocytes is influenced by template topology, Nature 302:38–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann, R. M., Ozias-Akins, P., Vasil, V., Tabaeizadeh, Z., Rogers, S. G., Horsch, R. B., Vasil, I. K., and Fraley, R. T., 1987, Transient gene expression of electroporated DNA in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species, Plant Cell Rep. 6:265–270.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann, R. M., Ashraf, M., Vasil, V., Hannah, L. C., Vasil, I. K., and Ferl, R., 1988a, Promoter strength comparisons of maize shrunken 1 and alcohol dehydrogenase 1 and 2 promoters in mono- and dicotyledonous species,Plant Physiol. 88:1063–1066.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann, R. M., Vasil, V., Ozias-Akins, P., Tabaeizadeh, Z., Rogers, S. G., Fraley, R. T., Horsch, R. B., and Vasil, I. K., 1988b, Evaluation of selectable markers for obtaining stable transformants in the Gramineae, Plant Physiol. 86:602–606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera-Estrella, L., Depicker, A., Van Montagu, M., and Schell, J., 1983, Expression of chimaeric genes transferred into plant cells using a Ti-plasmid-derived vector, Nature 303:209–213.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera-Estrella, L., Teeri, T. H., and Simpson, J., 1988, Use of reporter genes to study gene expression in plant cells, Plant Mol. Biol. Manual Bl:1422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hibi, T., Kano, H., Sugiura, M., Kazami, T., and Kimura, S., 1986, High efficiency electro- transfection of tobacco mesophyll protoplasts with tobacco mosaic virus RNA,J. Gen. Virol. 67:2037–2042.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilson, P., Dewulf, J., Delporte, F., Installe, P., Jacquemin, J-M., Jacobs, M., and Negrutiu, J., 1990, Yeast RAS2 affects cell viability, mitotic division and transient gene expression in Nico- tiana species, Plant Mol. Biol. 14:669–685.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs, S. L. A., Jackson, J. A., Baliski, D. S., Delong, C. M. O., and Mahon, J. D., 1990, Genotype- and promoter-induced variability in transient β-glucuronidase expression in pea protoplasts, Plant Cell Rep. 9:17–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horth, M., Negrutiu, I., Burny, A., Van Montagu, M., and Herrera-Estrella, L., 1987, Cloning of a Nicotiana plumbaginifolia protoplast-specific enhancer-like sequence, EMBO J. 6:2525–2530.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, E. A., Walker, J. C., Dennis, E. S., and Peacock, W. J., 1987, Regulated expression of an alcohol dehydrogenase 1 chimeric gene introduced into maize protoplasts, Planta 170:535–540.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, C-Y., Chee, P. P., Chesney, R. H., Zhou, J. H., Miller, P. D., and O’Brien, W. T., 1990, Intrinsic GUS-like activities in seed plants, Plant Cell Rep. 9:1–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huttly, A. K., and Baulcombe, D. C., 1989, A wheat (alpha)-Amy 2 promoter is regulated by gibberellin in transformed oat aleurone protoplasts, EMBO J. 8:1907–1913.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Izant, J. G., and Weintraub, 1985, Constitutive and conditional suppression of exogenous and endogenous genes by anti-sense RNA, Science 229:345–352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, J. V., and Beach, L. R., 1985, Control of transcription of alpha-amylase and rRNA genes in barley aleurone protoplasts by gibberellin and abscisic acid, Nature 316:275–277.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, B-J., and Gardner, R. C., 1989, Localized transient expression of GUS in leaf discs following cocultivation withAgrobacterium, Plant Mol. Biol. 14:61–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson, R. A., 1987, Assaying chimeric genes in plants: The GUS gene fusion system, Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 5:387–405.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson, R. A., Burgess, S. M., and Hirsch, D., 1986, β-Glucuronidase from Escherichia coli as a gene fusion marker, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:8447–8451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson, R. A., Kavanagh, T. A., and Bevan, M. W., 1987, Gus fusions: β-Glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants, EMBO J. 6:3901–3907.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joersbo, M., and Brunstedt, J., 1990, Direct gene transfer to plant protoplasts by electroporation by alternating, rectangular and exponentially decaying pulses, Plant Cell Rep. 8:701–705.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, S. A., Anziano, P. Q., Shark, K. B., Sanford, J. C., and Butow, R. A., 1988, Mitochondria transformation of yeast by bombardment with microprojectiles, Science 240:1538–1541.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, H., Ooms, G., and Jones, M. G. K., 1989, Transient gene expression in electroporated Solanum protoplasts, Plant Mol. Biol. 13:503–511.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Junker, B., Zimny, J., Lührs, R., and Lörz, H., 1987, Transient expression of chimaeric genes in dividing and non dividing cereal protoplasts after PEG induced DNA uptake, Plant Cell Rep. 6:329–332.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kartha, K. K., Chibbar, R. N., Georges, F., Leung, N., Caswell, K., Kendall, E., and Qureshi, J., 1989, Transient expression of chloramphenicol acetytransferase (CAT) gene in barley cell cultures and immature embryos, Plant Cell Rep. 8:429–432.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kartzke, S., Saedler, H., and Meyer, P., 1990, Molecular analysis of transgenic plants derived from transformations of protoplasts at various stages of the cell cycle, Plant Sci. 67:63–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, R., Chan, A., Daly, M., and McPherson, J., 1987, Duplication of CaMV 35S promoter sequences creates a strong enhancer for plant genes, Science 236:1299–1302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, T. M., Wolf, E. D., Wu, R., and Sanford, J. C., 1987, High-velocity microprojectiles for delivering nucleic acids into living cells, Nature 327:70–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, T. M., Fromm, M., Weissinger, A., Tomes, D., Schaaf, S., Sletten, M., and Sanford, J. C., 1988a, Transfer of foreign genes into intact maize.cells with high-velocity microprojectiles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4305–4309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, T. M., Gradziel, T., Fromm, M. E., and Sanford, J. C., 1988b, Factors influencing gene delivery into Zea mays cells by high-velocity microprojectiles, Bio/Technology 6:559–563.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, T. M., Harper, E. C., Svab, Z., Sanford, J. C., and Fromm, M. E., 1988c, Stable genetic transformation of intact Nicotiana cells by the particle bombardment process,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8502–8505.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, T. M., Roth, B. A., and Fromm, M. E., 1989, Regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes introduced into intact maize tissues by microprojectiles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 86:6681–6685.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, S., and Uchimiya, H., 1989, Expression and integration of a foreign gene in orange (Citrus sinensis Osb.) protoplasts by direct gene transfer, Jpn. J. Genet. 64:91–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, F., Cardon, G., Pöhlman, M., Gill, R., and Schieder, O., 1989, Enhancement of transformation rates in higher plants by low dose irradiation: Are DNA repair systems involved in the incorporation of exogenous DNA into the plant genome? Plant Mol. Biol. 12:189–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, F., Benediktsson, I., Cardon, G., Andreo, C. S., and Schieder, O., 1990, Effect of various irradiation treatments of plant protoplasts on the transformation rates after direct gene transfer, Theor. Appl. Genet. 79:679–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koncz, C., Olsson, O., Langridge, W. H. R., Schell, J., and Szalay, A. A., 1987, Expression and assembly of functional bacterial luciferase in plants, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 84:131–135.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koncz, C., Langridge, W. H. R., Olsson, O., Schell, J., and Szalay, A. A., 1990, Bacterial and firefly luciferase genes in transgenic plants: Advantages and disadvantages of a reporter gene, Dev. Genet. 11:224–232.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krens, F. H., Molendijk, L., Wullems, G. J., and Schilperoort, R. A., 1982, In vitro transformation of plant protoplasts with Ti-plasmid DNA, Nature 296:72–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krüger-Lebus, S., and Potrykus, I., 1987, Direct gene transfer to Petunia hybrida without electroporation, Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 5:289–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyozuka, J., Hayashi, Y., and Shimamoto, K., 1987, High frequency plant regeneration from rice protoplasts by novel nurse culture methods, Mol. Gen. Genet. 206:408–413.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kyozuka, J., Otoo, E., and Shimamoto, K., 1988, Plant regeneration from protoplasts of indica rice: Genotypic differences in culture response, Theor, Appl. Genet. 76:887–890.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laufs, J., Wirtz, U., Kamann, M., Matzeit, V., Schaefer, S., Schell, J., Czernilofsky, A. P., Baker, B., and Gronenborn, B., 1990, WDV-Ac/Ds: Expression and excision of transposable elements introduced into various cereals by a viral replicon, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 87:7752–7756.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazzeri, P. A., and Lörz, H., 1990, Regenerable suspension and protoplast cultures of barley and stable transformation via DNA uptake into protoplasts, in Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants (G. W. Lycett and D. Grierson, eds.), pp. 231–238, Butterworths, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebeurier, G., Hirth, L., Hohn, B., and Hohn, T., 1982, In vivo recombination of cauliflower mosaic virus DNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 79:2932–2936.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, B., Murdoch, K., Topping, J., Kreis, M., and Jones, G. K., 1989, Transient gene expression in aleurone protoplasts isolated from developing caryopses of barley and wheat, Plant Mol. Biol. 13:21–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M., and Phillips, R. L., 1988, The chromosomal basis of somaclonal variation, Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol. 39:413–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Legocki, R., Legocki, M., Baldwin, T. O., and Szalay, A. A., 1986, Bioluminescence in soybean root nodules: Demonstration of a general approach to assay gene expression in vivo by using bacterial luciferase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 83:9080–9084.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsey, K., and Jones, M. G. K., 1987, Transient gene expression in electroporated protoplasts and intact cells of sugar beet, Plant Mol. Biol. 10:43–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipphardt, S., Brettschneider, R., Kreuzaler, F., Schell, J., änd Dangl, J. L., 1988, UV-inducible transient expression in parsley protoplasts identifies regulatory cw-elements of a chimeric Antirrhinum majus chalcone synthase gene, EMBO J. 7:4027–4033.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lörz, H., Göbel, E., and Brown, P., 1988, Advances in tissue culture and progress towards genetic transformation of cereals, Plant Breeding 100:1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loyter, A., Scangos, G. A., and Ruddle, F. H., 1982, Mechanisms of DNA uptake by mammalian cells: Fate of exogenously added DNA monitored by the use of fluorescent dyes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 79:422–426.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig, S. R., Bowen, B., Beach, L., and Wessler, S. R., 1990, A regulatory gene as a novel visible marker for maize transformation, Science 247:449–450.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maas, C., and Werr, W., 1989, Mechanisms and optimized conditions for PEG mediated DNA transfection into plant protoplasts, Plant Cell Rep. 8:148–151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcotte, W. R., Bayley, C. C., and Quatrano, R. S., 1988, Regulation of a wheat promoter by abscisic acid in rice protoplasts, Nature 335:454–457.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, I. H., and Maxwell, F., 1988, Electroporation of mammalian cells with a firefly luciferase expression plasmid: kinetics of transient expression differ markedly among cell types, DNA 7:557–562.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe, D. E., Swain, W. F., Martinell, B. J., and Christou, P., 1988, Stable transformation of soybean (Glycine max) by particle acceleration, Bio/Technology 6:923–926.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonnell, R. E., Clark, R. D., Smith, W. A., and Hinchee, M. A., 1987, A simplified method for the detection of neomycin phosphotransferase II activity in transformed plant tissue, Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 5:380–386.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McElroy, D., Zhang, W., Cao, J., and Wu, R., 1990, Isolation of an efficient actin promoter for use in rice transformation, Plant Cell 2:163–171.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendel, R. R., Müller, B., Schulze, J., Kolesnikov, V., and Zelenin, A., 1989, Delivery of foreign genes to intact barley cells by high-velocity microprojectiles, Theor. Appl. Genet. 78:31–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, P., Walgenbach, E., Bussmann, K., Hombrecher, G., and Saedler, H., 1985, Synchronized tobacco protoplasts are efficiently transformed by DNA, Mol. Gen. Genet. 201:513–518.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morikawa, H., Iida, A., and Yamada, Y., 1989, Transient expression of foreign genes in plant cells and tissues obtained by a simple biolistic device (particle gun), Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 31:320–322.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagata, T., Okada, K., Kawazu, T., and Takebe, I., 1987, Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter directs S phase specific expression in plant cells, Mol. Gen. Genet. 207:242–244.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Negrutiu, I., Shillito, R., Potrykus, I., Biasini, G., and Sala, F., 1987, Hybrid genes in the analysis of transformation conditions I. Setting up a simple method for direct gene transfer in plant protoplasts, Plant Mol. Biol. 8:363–373.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, E., Schaefer-Ridder, M., Wang, Y., and Hofschneider, P. H., 1982, Gene transfer into mouse lyoma cells by electroporation in high electric fields, EMBO J. 1:841–845.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, V. T., Morange, M., and Bensaude, O., 1988, Firefly luciferase luminescence assays using scintillation counters for quantitation in transfected mammalian cells, Analyt. Biochem. 171:404–408.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishiguchi, M., Langridge, W. H. R., Szalay, A. A., and Zaitlin, M., 1986, Electroporation-mediated infection of tobacco leaf mesophyll protoplasts with tobacco mosaic virus RNA and cucumber mosaic virus RNA, Plant Cell Rep. 5:57–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishiguchi, M., Sato, T., and Motoyoshi, F., 1987a, An improved method for electroporation into plant protoplasts: Infection of tobacco protoplasts by tobacco mosaic virus particles, Plant Cell Rep. 6:90–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishiguchi, M., Sato, T., and Motoyoshi, F., 1987b, Factors influencing the transfer of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene by electroporation and its transient expression in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts, Bull. Natl. Inst. Agrobiol. 3:105–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishigughi, M., Kohno, M., and Motoyoshi, F., 1988, Electroporation-mediated gene transfer into melon mesophyll protoplasts: transient expression; of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, Bull. Natl. Inst. Agrobiol. 4:177–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • North, G., 1985, Eukaryotic topoisomerases come into the limelight, Nature 316:394–396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oard, J. H., Paige, D., and Dvorak, J., 1989, Chimeric gene expression using maize intron in cultured cells of breadwheat, Plant Cell Rep. 8:156–160.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oard, J. H., Paige, D. F., Simmonds, J. A., and Gradziel, T. M., 1990, Transient gene expression in maize, rice, and wheat cells using an airgun apparatus, Plant Physiol. 92:334–339.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odell, J. T., Nagy, F., and Chua, N-H., 1985, Identification of DNA sequences required for the activity of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, Nature 313:810–812.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okada, K., Nagata, T., and Takebe, I., 1986a, Introduction of functional RNA into plant protoplasts by electroporation, Plant Cell Physiol 27:619–626.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okada, K., Takebe, I., and Nagata, T., 1986b, Expression and integration of genes introduced into highly synchronized plant protoplasts, Mol. Gen. Genet. 205:398–403.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Kane, D. J., Lingle, W. L., Wampler, J. E., Legocki, M., and Szalay, A. A., 1988, Visualization of bioluminescence as a marker of gene expression in rhizobium-infected soybean root nodules, Plant Mol. Biol. 10:387–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsson, O., Koncz, C., and Szalay, A. A., 1988, The use of the luxA gene of the bacterial luciferase operon as a reporter gene, Mol. Gen. Genet. 215:1–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson, O., Escher, A., Sandberg, G., Schell, J., Koncz, C., and Szalay, A. A., 1989, Engineering of monomelic bacterial luciferases by fusion of LuxA and LuxB genes in Vibrio harveyi, Gene 81:335–347.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ou-Lee, T-M., Turgeon, R., and Wu, R., 1986, Expression of a foreign gene linked to either a plant- virus or a Drosophila promoter, after electroporation of protoplasts of rice, wheat, and sorghum, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:6815–6819.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ow, D. W., Wood, K. V., DeLuca, M., deWet, J. R., Helsinki, D. R., and Howell, S. H., 1986, Transient and stable expression of the firefly luciferase gene in plant cells and transgenic plants, Science 234:856–859.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ow, D. W., Jacobs, J., and Howell, S. H., 1987, Functional regions of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter determined by the use of the firefly luciferase gene as a reporter of promoter activity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:4870–4874.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pietrzak, M., Shillito, R. D., Hohn, Th., and Potrykus, I., 1986, Expression in plants of two bacterial antibiotic resistance genes after protoplast transformation with a new plant expression vector, Nucleic Acid Res. 14:5857–5868.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pina, B., Hache, R. J. G., Arnemann, J., Chalepakis, G., Slater, E. P., and Beato, M., 1990, Hormonal induction of transfected genes depends on DNA topology, Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:625–633.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Planckaert, F., and Walbot, V., 1989, Transient gene expression after electroporation of protoplasts derived from embryogenic maize callus,Plant Cell Rep. 8:144–147.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Platt, S. G., and Young, N. S., 1987, Dot assay for neomycin phosphotransferase II activity in crude cell extracts, Anal. Biochem. 162:529–535.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potrykus, I., Saul, M. W., Petruska, J., Paszkowski, J., and Shillito, R. D., 1985, Direct gene transfer to cells of a graminaceous monocot, Mol. Gen. Genet. 199:183–188.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potter, H., Weir, L., and Leder, P., 1984, Enhancer-dependent expression of human K immunoglobulin genes introduced into mouse pre-B lymphocytes by electroporation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:7161–7165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pröls, M., Topfer, R., Schell, J., and Steinbiss, H-H., 1988, Transient gene expression in tobacco protoplasts. I. Time course of CAT appearance, Plant Cell Rep. 7:221–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pröls, M., Schell, J., and Steinbiss, H-H., 1989, Critical evaluation of electromediated gene transfer and transient expression in plant cells, in Electroporation and Electrofusion in Cell Biology (E. Neumann, A. E. Sowers, and C. A. Jordan, eds.), pp. 367–375, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, B., Sprengel, R., and Schaller, H., 1984a, Protein fusions with the kanamycin resistance gene from transposon Tn5, EMBO J. 3:3317–3322.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, B., Sprengel, R., Will, H., and Schaller, H., 1984b, A new and sensitive method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of neomycinphosphotransferase in crude cell extracts, Gene 30:211–218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynaerts, A., DeBlock, M., Hernalsteens, J-P., and Van Montagu, M., 1988, Selectable and screenable markers, Plant Mol. Biol. Manual A9:l-16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, C. A., Lowe, K. S., and Ruby, K. L., 1988a, Plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from embryogenic maize cell cultures, Bio/Technology 6:56–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, C. A., Pierce, D. A., Mettler, I. J., Mascarenhas, D., andDetmer, J. J., 1988b, Genetically transformed maize plants from protoplasts, Science 240:204–207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, C. D., and,.Bates, G. W., 1986, Stable transformation of tobacco by electroporation: Evidence for plasmid concatenation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5602–5606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, C. D., and Chrispeels, M. J., 1987, Luciferase reporter cassettes for plant gene expression studies, Nucleic Acids Res. 15:8115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, S. G., Klee, H. J., Horsch, R. B., and Fraley, R. T., 1987, Improved vectors for plant transformation: Expression cassette vectors and new selectable markers, Methods Enzymol. 113:253–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, N., Gad, A. E., Altaian, A., Navot, N., and Czosnek, H., 1988, Liposome-mediated introduction of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene and its expression in tobacco protoplasts, Plant Mol. Biol. 10:185–191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein, S. J., and Lagrimini, L. M., 1989, Silencing gene expression in plants, 1989, Oxford Surv. Plant Mol. Cell Biol. 6:221–246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, P., and Sahasradbudke, N., 1990, A sensitive and simple paper chromatographic procedure for detecting neomycin phosphotransferase II(NPT 13) gene expression, Plant Mol. Biol. 14:873–876.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryoji, M., and Worcel, A., 1985, Structure of the two distinct types of minichromosomes that are assembled on DNA injected inXenopus oocytes, Cell 40:923–932.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sala, F., Galli, M. G., Pedrali-Noy, G., and Spadari, S., 1986, Synchronization of plant cells in culture and in meristems by aphidicolin, Methods Enzymol. 118:87–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, P. R., Winter, J. A., Barnason, A. R., Rogers, S. G., and Fraley, R. T., 1987, Comparison of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S and nopaline synthase promoters in transgenic plants, Nucleic Acid Res. 15:1543–1558.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanford, J. C., 1988, The biolistic process, Trends Biotechnol. 6:299–302.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanford, J. C., Klein, T. M., Wolf, E. D., and Allen, N., 1987, Delivery of substances into cells and tissues using a particle bombardment process, Particulate Sci. Technol. 5:27–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanger, M., Daubert, S., and Goodman, R. M., 1990, Characteristics of a strong promoter from figwort mosaic virus: Comparison with the analogous 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus and the regulated mannopine synthase promoter,Plant Mol. Biol. 14:433–443.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, J. A., Rhodes Smith, C., and Kaper, J. M., 1989, Effects of electroporation pulse wave on the incorporation of viral RNA into tobacco protoplasts, Bio/Techniques 7:1124–1131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schauer, A. T., 1988, Visualizing gene expression with luciferase fusions, Tibtech 6:2327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwall, M., and Feix, G., 1988, Zein promoter activity in transiently transformed protoplasts from maize, Plant Sci. 56:161–166.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scowcroft, W. R., and Larkin, P. J., 1988, Somaclonal variation, in Application of Plant Cell and Tissue Culture, CIBA Foundation Symposium 137, pp. 21–35, Wiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seguin, A., and Lalonde, M., 1988, Gene transfer by electroporation in Betulaceae protoplasts: Alnus incana, Plant Cell Rep. 7:367–370.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, J. J., Rogowsky, P., Close, T. J., and Kado, C. I., 1987, Working with bacterial biolumines-cence, Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 5:225–236.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shigekawa, K., and Dower, W. J., 1988, Electroporation of eucaryotes and procaryotes: a general approach to the introduction of macromolecules into cells, BioTechniques 6:742–751.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shillito, R. D., Saul, M. W., Paszkowski, S. J., Muller, M., and Potrykus, I., 1985, High efficiency direct gene transfer to plants,Bio/Technology 3:1099–1103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimamoto, K., Terada, R., Izawa, T., and Fujimoto, H., 1988, Fertile transgenic rice plants regenerated from transformed protoplasts, Nature 338:274–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. R., 1981, DNA supercoiling: Another level for regulating gene expression, Cell 24:599–600.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. J., and Paterson, M. C., 1983, Effect of aphidicolin on de novo DNA synthesis, DNA repair and cytotoxicity in gamma-irradiated human fibroblasts, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 739:17–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staebell, M., Tomes, D., Weissinger, A., Maddock, S., Marsh, W., Huffman, G., Bauer, R., Ross, M., and Howard, J., 1990, A quantitative assay for neomycin phosphotransferase activity in plants, Analyt. BiOchem. 185:319–323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinbiss, H-H., and Davidson, A., 1989, Genetic manipulation of plants: from tools to agronomical applications, Sci. Prog. (Oxf.) 73:147–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takamatsu, N., Ishikawa, M., Meshi, T., and Okada, Y., 1987, Expression of bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in tobacco plants mediated by TMV-RNA, EMBO J. 6:307–311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, N., Ikesami, M., Hohn, T., Matsui, C., and Watanabe, I., 1984, E. coli spheroplast- mediated transfer of cloned cauliflower mosaic virus DNA into plant protoplasts, Mol. Gen. Genet. 195:378–380.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tautorus, T. E., Bekkaoui, F., Pilon, M., Datla, R. S. S., Crosby, W. L., Fowke, L. C., and Dunstan, D. I., 1989, Factors affecting transient gene expression in electroporated black spruce (Picea mariana) and jack pine(Pinus banksiana) protoplasts, Theor. Appl. Genet. 78:531–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, B. H., and Larkin, P. J., 1988, Analysis of electroporation efficiency in plant protoplasts, Aust. J. Biotechnol. 1:52–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teeri, T. H., Patel, G. K., Aspegren, K., and Kauppinen, V., 1989, Chloroplast targeting of neomycin phosphotransferase II with a pea transit peptide in electroporated barley mesophyll protoplasts, Plant Cell Rep. 8:187–190.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terada, R., Kyozuka, J., Nishibayashi, S., and Shimamoto, K., 1987, Plantlet regeneration from somatic hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing), Mol. Gen. Genet. 210:39–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Töpfer, R., Matzeit, V., Gronenborn, B., Schell, J., and H-H. Steinbiss, 1987, A set of plant expression vectors for transcriptional and translational fusions, Nucleic Acid Res. 14:5890.

    Google Scholar 

  • Töpfer, R., Schell, J., and Steinbiss, H-H., 1988a, Versatile cloning vectors for transient gene expression and direct gene transfer, Nucleic Acids Res. 16:8725.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Töpfer, R., Pröls, M., Schell, J., and Steinbiss, H-H., 1988b, Transient gene expression in tobacco protoplasts: II. Comparison of the reporter gene system for CAT, NPTU, and GUS, Plant Cell Rep. 7:225–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Töpfer, R., Gronenborn, B., Schell, J., and Steinbiss, H-H., 1989, Uptake and transient expression of chimeric genes in seed-derived embryos, Plant Cell 1:133–139.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Töpfer, R., Gronenborn, B., Schafer, S., Schell, J., and Steinbiss, H-H., 1990, Expression of engineered wheat dwarf virus in seed-derived embroys, Physiol. Plant 79:158–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toriyama, K., Arimoto, Y., Uchimiya, H., and Hinata, K., 1988, Transgenic rice plants after direct gene transfer into protoplasts, Bio/Technology 6:1072–1074.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Twell, D., Klein, T. M., Fromm, M. E., and McCormick, S., 1989, Transient expression of chimeric genes delivered into pollen by microprojectile bombardment, Plant Physiol. 91:1270–1274.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyagi, S., Spörlein, B., Tyagi, A. K., Herrmann, R. G., and Koop, H. U., 1989, PEG- and electroporation-induced transformation inNicotiana tabacum: Influence of genotype on frequencies, Theor. Appl. Genet. 78:287–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vancanneyt, G., Schmidt, R., O’Connor-Sanchez, Willmitzer, L., and Rocha-Sosa, M., 1990, Construction of an intron containing marker gene: Splicing of the intron in transgenic plants and its use in monitoring early events in Agrobacterium-mediaited plant transformation, Mol. Gen. Genet. 220:245–250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Elzen, P. J. M., Townsend, J., Lee, K. Y., and Bedbrook, J. R., 1985, A chimeric hygromycin resistance gene as a selectable marker in plant cells, Plant Mol. Biol. 5:299–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Krol, A. R., Mol, J. N. M., and Stuitje, A. R., 1988, Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression by complementary RNA or DNA sequences: An overview, Bio/Techniques 6:958–976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasil, I. K., 1988, Progress in regenerating and genetic manipulation of cereal crops, Bio/Technology 6:397–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasil, V., Hauptmann, R. M., Morrish, F. M., and Vasil, I. K., 1988, Comparative analysis of free DNA delivery and expression into protoplasts of Panicum maximum Jacq. (guinea grass) by electroporation and polyethylene glycol, Plant Cell Rep. 7:499–503.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasil, V., Clancy, M., Ferl, R. J., Vasil, I. K., and Hannah, L. C., 1989, Increased gene expression by the first intron of maize shrunken-1 locus in grass species, Plant Physiol. 91:1575–1579.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasil, V., Redway, F., and Vasil, I. K., 1990, Regeneration of plants from embryogenic suspension culture protoplasts of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Bio/Technology 8:429–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velten, J., Velten, L., Hain, R., and Schell, J., 1984, Isolation of a dual promoter fragment from Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, EMBO J. 3:2723–2730.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walden, R. M., and Howell, S. H., 1983, Uncut recombination plasmids bearing nested cauliflower mosaic virus genomes infect plants by intragenomic recombinations, Plant Mol. Biol. 2:27–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waldron, C., Murphy, E. B., Roberts, J. L., Gustafson, G. D., Armour, S. L., and Malcom, S. K., 1985, Resistance to hygromycin B, Plant Mol. Biol. 5:103–108.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., 1985, Topoisomerase, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 54:685–699.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y-C., Klein, T. M., Fromm, M., Cao, J., Sanford, J. C., and Wu, R., 1988, Transient expression of foreign genes in rice, wheat and soybean cells following particle bombardment, Plant Mol. Biol. 11:433–439.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watts, J. W., King, I. M., and Stacey, N. J., 1987, Inoculation of protoplasts with viruses by electroporation, Virology 157:40–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, Z-M., and Xu, Z-H., 1990, Regeneration of fertile plants from embryogenic suspension culture protoplasts of Sorghum vulgare, Plant Cell Rep. 9:51–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weide, R., Koorneef, M., and Zabel, P., 1989, A simple, nondestructive spraying assay for the detection of an active kanamycin resistance gene in transgenic tomato plants,Theor. Appl. Genet. 78:169–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weintraub, H., 1985, Assembly and propagation of repressed and derepressed chromosomal states, Cell 42:705–711.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weintraub, H., Chang, P. F., and Conrad, K., 1986, Expression of transfected DNA depends on DNA topology, Cell 46:115–122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werr, W., and Lörz, W., 1986, Transient gene expression in a Gramineae cell line, Mol. Gen. Genet. 202:471–475.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, S. M., Thorpe, T. A., and Moloney, M. M., 1989, PEG-mediated expression of GUS and CAT genes in protoplasts from embryogenic suspension cultures of Picea glauca, Plant Cell Rep. 7:704–707.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wirtz, U., Schell, J., and Czernilowsky, A. P., 1987, Recombination of selectable marker DNA in Nicotiana tabacum, DNA 6:245–253.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, E. A., and Capecchi, M. R., 1985, Effect of cell cycle position on transformation by microinjection, Somatic Cell Mol. Genet. 11:43–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada, Y., Zhi-Qi, Y., and Ding-Tai, T., 1986, Plant regeneration from protoplast-derived callus of rice (Oryza sativa L.), Plant Cell Rep. 5:85–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Z. Q., Shikanai, T., Moriu, K., and Yamada, Y., 1989, Plant regeneration from cytoplasmic hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.), Theor. Appl Gmet. 77:305–310.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, W., and Wu, R., 1988, Efficient regeneration of transgenic plants from rice protoplasts and correctly regulated expression of the foreign gene in the plants, Theor, Appl Genet. 76:835–840.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, H. M., Yang, H., Rech, E. L., Golds, T. J., Davis, A. S., and Mulligan, B. J., 1988, Transgenic rice plants produced by electroporation-mediated plasmid uptake into protoplasts, Plant Cell Rep. 7:379–384.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Abt. Genetische Grundlagen der Pflanzenzüchtung, Max-Planck Institut für Züchtungsforschung, 5000, Köln-30, Germany

    Hans-Henning Steinbiss & Andrew Davidson

Authors
  1. Hans-Henning Steinbiss
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Andrew Davidson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Bose Institute, Centenary Building, Calcutta, 700 054, India

    B. B. Biswas

  2. Institute for Cell and Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany

    J. R. Harris

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Steinbiss, HH., Davidson, A. (1991). Transient Gene Expression of Chimeric Genes in Cells and Tissues of Crops. In: Biswas, B.B., Harris, J.R. (eds) Plant Genetic Engineering. Subcellular Biochemistry, vol 17. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9365-8_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9365-8_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9367-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9365-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation