Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mosquito Spiroplasmas

  • Chapter
Advances in Disease Vector Research

Part of the book series: Advances in Disease Vector Research ((VECTOR,volume 7))

Abstract

Mosquitoes represent the most important group of disease vectors, transmitting to both domestic animals and human beings a variety of pathogens including viruses, rickettsias, protozoas, and helminths. They act as a vector when the female takes a bloodmeal from an infected host and subsequently from a susceptible vertebrate host.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abalain-Colloc, M.L., Le Goff, F., Abalain, J.H., and Chastel, C., 1986, Sensibilité à divers antibiotiques de six souches de spiroplasmes isolées de moustiques en France, Pathol. Biol. 34:360–363.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Abalain-Colloc, M.L., Chastel, C., Tully, J.G., Bové, J.M., Whitcomb, R.F., Gilot, B., and Williamson, D.L., 1987, Spiroplasma sabaudiense sp. nov. from mosquitoes collected in France, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37:260–265.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Abalain-Colloc, M.L., Rosen, L., Tully, J.G., Bové, J.M., Chastel, C., and Williamson, D.L., 1988, Spiroplasma taiwanense sp. nov. from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes collected in Taiwan, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38:103–107.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Andersson, I.H. and Jaenson, T.G.T., 1987, Nectar feeding by mosquitoes in Sweden, with special reference to Culex pipiens and Cx torentium, Med. Vet. Entomol. 1:59–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Anon. p 1988, BSE and scrapie: agents for change, Lancet ii:607–608.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ardô, P., 1958, On the feeding habits of the Scandinavian mosquitoes, Opus. Entomol. 23:171–191.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Barile, M.F. and Grabowski, M.W., 1978, Mycoplasma-cell culture-virus interactions: A brief review, Me Garrity, G.J., Murphy, D.G. and Nichols, W.W., (eds): in Mycoplasma Infection of Cell Cultures, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 135–150.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Barile, M.F., 1979, Mycoplasma-tissue cell interactions, Tully, J.G. and Whitcomb, R.F., (eds): in The Mycoplasmas, Vol. II, Academic Press, New York, pp. 425–474.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bastardo, J.W., Ou, O.D., and Bussell, R.H., 1974, Biological and physical properties of the Suckling Mouse Cataract Agent grown in chick embryos, Infect. Immun., 9:444–451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bastian, F.O., 1979, Spiroplasma-like inclusions in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 103:665–669.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bastian, F.O., 1981, Additional evidence of spiroplasma in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Lancet, i:660.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bastian, F.O., Purneil, D.M., and Tully, J.G., 1984, Neuropathology of spiroplasma infection in the rat brain, Am. J. Pathol 114:496–514.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bastian, F.O., Jennings, R.A., and Hoff, C.J., 1987, Neurotropic response of Spiroplasma mirum following peripheral inoculation in the rat, Ann. Inst. Pasteur Microbiol. 138:651–655.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bastian, F.O., Jennings, R.A., and Gardner, W.A., 1987, Antiserum to scrapie-associated fibril protein cross-reacts with Spiroplasma mirum fibril protein, J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:2430–2431.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Biblingmayer, W.L. and Hem, D.G., 1973, Sugar feeding by Florida mosquitoes, Mosq. News 33:535–538.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bove, J.M., Carle, P., Gamier, M., Laigert, F., Renaudin, J., and Saillard, C., 1989, Molecular and cellular biology of spiroplasmas, Whitcomb, R.F. and Tully, J.G. (eds): in The Mycoplasmas, Vol. V, Academic Press, New York, pp. 244–364.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bowyer, J.W. and Calavan, E.C., 1974, Antibiotic sensitivity in vitro of the mycoplasma-like organism associated with citrus stubborn disease, Phytopathology 64:346–349.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Brinton, L.P. and Burgdorfer, W., 1976, Cellular and subcellular organization of the 277 F agent: a spiroplasma from the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Acari: lxodidae), Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 26:554–560.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Burges, H.D., 1982, Control of insects by bacteria, Parasitology 84:79–117.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Chang, C.J. and Chen, T.A., 1978, Antibiotic spectrum of pathogenic spiroplasmas of plants, insect and vertebrate animals, Phytopathology News. 12:233.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Chastel, C., Gilot, B., Le Goff, F., Gruffaz, R., and Abalain-Colloc, M.L., 1985, Isolement de spiroplasmes en France (Savoie, Alpes du Nord) ä partir de moustiques du genre Aedes, C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris 300:261–266.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Chastel, C., Abalain-Colloc, M.L., Gilot, B., Le Goff, F., Gruffaz, R., and Simitzis, A.M., 1985, Spiroplasmes et arthropodes hematophages: Perspectives en pathologie tropicale, Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 78:769–779.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Chastel, C., Le Goff, F., and Humphery-Smith, I., Multiplication and persistence of Spiroplasma melliferum, strain A 56, in experimentally infected suckling mice. 8th Intern. Cong, of the International Organization for Myco-plasmology, Istanbul, Turkey, July 8–12, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Chastel, C., Devau, B., Le Goff, F., Simitzis-Le Flohic, A.M., Gruffaz, R., Kerdraon, G., and Gilot, B., 1987, Mosquito spiroplasmas from France and their ecology, Israel J. Med. Sci. 23:683–686.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Chastel, C., Gilot, B., Le Goff, F., Devau, B., Kerdraon, G., Humphery-Smith, I., and Simitzis-Le Flohic, A.M., 1990, New developments in the ecology of mosquito spiroplasmas, Zbl. Bakt. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Abt. I. Suppl 20:455–460.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Chastel, C., Le Goff, F., Goas, J.Y., Goasgen, J., Kerdraon, G., and Simitzis-Le Flohic, A.M., 1990, Serosurvey on the possible role of mosquito spiroplasmas in central nervous systems disorders in man, Zbl. Bakt. Mikrob. Hyg.I. Abu Suppl. 20:910–911.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Chen, T.A. and Liao, C.H., 1975, Corn stunt spiroplasma; isolation, cultivation, and proof of pathogenicity, Science 188:1015–1017.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Christiansen, C., Askaa, G., Freundt, E.A., and Whitcomb, R.F., 1979, Nucleic acid hybridization experiments with Spiroplasma citri and the corn stunt and suckling mouse cataract spiroplasmas, Curr. Microbiol. 2:323–326.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Clark, H.F., 1964, Suckling mouse cataract agent, J. Infect. Dis. 114:476–487.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Clark, H.F., 1969, Rat cataract induced by suckling mouse cataract agent, Am. J. Ophtalmol. 68:304–308.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Clark, T.B., Peterson, B.V., Whitcomb, R.F., Henegar, R.B., Hackett, K.J., and Tully, J.G., 1984, Spiroplasmas in the Tabanidae, Israel J. Med. Sci. 20:1002–1005.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Clark, T.B., Whitcomb, R.F., Tully, J.G., Mouches, C., Saillard, C., Bové, J.M., Wroblewski, H., Carle, P., Rose, D.L., Henegar, R.B., and Williamson, D.L., 1985, Spiroplasma melliferum, a new species from the honeybee (Apis mellifera), Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 35:296–308.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Clark, T.B., Henegar, R.B., Rosen, L., Hackett, K.J., Whitcomb, R.F., Lowry, J.E., Saillard, C., Bové, J.M., Tully, J.G., and Williamson, D.L., 1987, New spiroplasmas from insects and flowers: isolation, ecology, and host association. Israel J. Med. Sci., 23:687–690.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Cole, R.M., Tully, J.G., Popkin, T.J., and Bové, J.M., 1973, Ultrastructure of the agent of citrus “stubborn” disease, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 225:471–493.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Daniels, M.J., 1979, Mechanisms of spiroplasma pathogenicity, Whitcomb, R.F. and Tully, J.G. (eds): in The Mycoplasmas, Vol. III, Academic Press, New York, pp. 37–64.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Daniels, M.J., 1979, Mechanisms of spiroplasma pathogenicity, J. Gen. Microbiol. 114:323–328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Daniels, M.J., 1983, Mechanisms of spiroplasma pathogenicity, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 21:29–43.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Davis, R.E., Worley, J.F., Whitcomb, R.F., Ishijima, T., and Steere, R.L., 1972, Helical filaments produced by a mycoplasma-like organism associated with corn stunt disease, Science 176:521–523.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Davis, R.E. and Worley, J.F., 1973, Spiroplasma: motile helical microorganism associated with corn stunt disease, Phytopathology 63:403–408.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Davis, R.E., 1981, Antibiotic sensitivities in vitro of diverse spiroplasma strains associated with plants and insects, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:329–333.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Eskafi, F.M., Mc Coy, R.E., and Norris, R.C., 1987, Pathology of Spiroplasma floricola inGalleria mellonella larvae, J. Invert. Pathol. 49:1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Fields, B.N., 1987, Powerful prions? N. Engl. J. Med. 317:1597–1598.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Fitz-Earle, M., Sakaguchi, B., Horio, M., and Toukamoto, M., 1987, Transfer of Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Sex Ratio spiroplasmas into Toxorhynchites splendens (Diptera: Culicidae). Evidence for transovarial transmission but absence of sex ratio distortion, J. Med. Entomol. 24:448–457.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Efrench-Constant, R.H. and Devonshire, A.L., 1987, A multiple homogenizer for the rapid preparation of samples for immunoassays and electrophoresis, Biochem. Genet. 25:493–499.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Freund, E.A., Whitcomb, R.F., Barile, M.F., Razin, S., and Tully, J.G., 1984, Proposal for elevation of the family Acholeplasmataceae to ordinal rank: Acholeplasmatales, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 34:346–349.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Friedlaender, R.P., Barile, M.F., Kuwabara, T., and Clark, H.F., 1976, Ocular pathology induced by the suckling mouse cataract agent, Invest. Ophthalmol. 15:640–647.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Fudl-Allah, A.A., Calavan, E.C., and Igwegbe, E.C.K., 1972, Culture of a mycoplasm-like organism associated with stubborn disease of citrus, Phytopathology 62:729–731.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Gajdusek, D.C., 1977, Unconventional viruses and the origin and disappearance of Kuru, Science 197:943–960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Gajdusek, D.C., 1985, Unconventional viruses causing subacute spongiform encephalopathies, Fields, B.N., Knipe, D.M., Melnick, J.L., Chanock, R.M., Roiznon, B., and Shope, R.E. (eds): in Virology, Raven Press, New York, pp. 1519–1557.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Gamier, M., Bébéar, C., Latrille, J., and Bové, J.M., 1978, Morphologie et croissance des spiroplasmes, Bordeaux Méd. 11:1781–1786.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Garnier, M., Clerc, M., and Bové, J.M., 1981, Growth and division of spiroplasmas: Morphology of Spiroplasma citri during growth in liquid medium, J. Bacteriol. 147:642–652.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Garnier, M., Clerc, M., and Bové, J.M., 1984, Growth and division of spiroplasmas: elongation of elementary helices, J. Bacteriol. 158:23–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Garnier, M., Steiner, T., Martin, G., and Bové, J.M., 1984, Oxidoreduction with insect cells in culture, Israel J. Med. Sci. 20:840–842.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Giannotti, J. and Giannotti D., 1986, Multiplication de mollicutes in situ et in vitro dans le nectar floral de différentes plantes, C.R. Acad. Sciences, Paris 302:669–674.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Gray, A., Francis, R.J., and Scholtz, C.L., 1980, Spiroplasma and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Lancet ii: 152.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Greig, R.G., Koestler, T.P., Trainer, D.L., Carwin, S.P., Miles, L., Kline, T., Sweet, R., Yokoyuma, S., and Poste, G., 1985, Tumorigenic and metastatic properties of normal and ras-transfected NIH/3T3 cells, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA 82:3698–3701.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Grimstad, P.R. and De Foliart, G.R., 1974, Nectar sources of Wisconsin mosquitoes, J. Med. Entomol. 11:331–341.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Grulet, O., Humphery-Smith, I., and Chastel, C., A spiroplasma specific medium. 8th Intern. Cong, of the International Organisation for Mycoplasmology, Istanbul, Turkey, July 8–12, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Gubler, D.J., 1989, Aedes aegypti and Aedes aegypti-borne disease control in the 1990’s top down or bottom up, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 40:571–579.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hackett, K.J. and Lynn, D.E., 1985, Cell-assisted growth of a fastidious spiroplasma, Science 230:825–827.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Hackett, K.J., Lynn, D.E., Williamson, D.L., Ginsberg, A.S., and Whitcomb, R.F., 1986, Cultivation of the Drosophila sex-ratio spiroplasma, Science 232:1253–1255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Hackett, K.J., Ginsberg, A.S., Rottem, S., Henegar, R.B., and Whitcomb, R.F., 1987, A defined medium for a fastidious spiroplasma, Science 237:525–527

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Hackett, K.J. and Clark, T.B., 1989, Ecology of spiroplasma, Whitcomb, R.F. and Tully, J.G. (eds): in The Mycoplasma, Vol. V, Academic Press, New York, pp. 113–200.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Halstead, S.B., 1987, Dengue hemorrhagic fever: Why can’t we control it? St George, T.D., Kay, B.H. and Blok, J. (eds): in Arbovirus research in Australia. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation and Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, pp. 30–35.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Halstead, S.B., 1988, Pathogenisis of Dengue: Challenges of molecular biology, Science 239:476–481.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Hardy, J.L., Houk, E.J., Kramer, L.D., and Reeves, W.C., 1983, Intrinsic factors affecting vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 28:229–262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Helmuth, R., Stephan, R., Bunge, C., Hoog, B., Steinbeck, A., and Bulling, E., 1985, Epidemiology of virulence-associated plasmids and outer membrane protein patterns within seven common Salmonella serotypes, Infect. Immun. 48:175–182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Holt, T.A. and Phillips, J., 1988, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Brit. Med. J. 296:1581–1582.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Humphery-Smith, I. and Chastel, C., 1988, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, spiroplasmas, and crystalline artifacts, Lancet November 19:1199.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Humphery-Smith, I., Grulet, O., Le Lay, G., and Chastel, C., 1988, Pathogenicity de Spiroplasma sabaudiense (Mollicutes) pour les cellules (C6/36) d’Aedes albopictus (Insecta: Diptera) in vitro, Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 81:752–765.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Humphery-Smith, I., Chastel, C., Grulet, O., and Le Goff, F., 1990, The infective cycle of Spiroplasma sabaudiense in vitro in Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells and its potential for the biological control of Dengue virus, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Abt. I. Suppl.:922–924.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Humphery-Smith, I., Grulet, O., Le Goff, F., and Chastel, C., 1990, Spiroplasma (Mollicutes: Spiroplasmataceae) pathogenic for Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Humphery-Smith, I., Grulet, O., and Chastel, C., Persistence of a mosquito spiroplasma (Class:Mollicutes). Appl. Environ. Microbiol.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Humphery-Smith, I., Grulet, O., and Chastel, C., With press, Pathogenicity of Spiroplasma taiwanense (Class: Mollicutes) for larval Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), J. Invert. Pathol.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Humphery-Smith, I., Grulet, O., Le Goff, F., and Chastel, C., In Prep., Pleomorphism and persistence of Spiroplasma sabaudiense (Class: Mollicutes). Ann. Microbiol.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Humphery-Smith, I., Le Goff, F., Leclercq, M., and Chastel, C., Spiroplasmas from European Tabanidae, Med. Vet. Entomol.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Hung, S.H.Y., Chen, T.A., Whitcomb, R.F., Tully, J.G., and Chen Y.X., 1987, Spiroplasma culicicola sp. no v. from the salt marsh mosquito Aedes sollicitans, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37:365–370.

    Google Scholar 

  78. International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes, 1979, Proposal of minimal standards for descriptions of new species of the class Mollicutes, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 29:172–180.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Itoh, K., Pan, I.J., and Koshimizu, K., 1989, A proposed life cycle model of Spiroplasma mirum based on scanning electron microscopical observations of growth in liquid culture, Microbiol. Immunol. 33:821–832.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Jones, G.W., Rabert, D.K., Svinarich, D.M., and Whitfield, H.J., 1982, Association of adhesive, invasive and virulent phenotypes of Salmonella typhimurium with autonomous 60-megadalton plasmids, Infect. Immun. 38:476–486.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Kirchhoff, H., Heitmann, J. and Trautwein, G., 1981, Pathogenicity of Spiroplasma sp. strain SMC A in rabbits: clinical, microbiological, and histological aspects, Infect. Immun. 33:292–296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kirchhoff, H., Kuwabara, T., and Barile, M.F., 1981, Pathogenicity of Spiroplasma sp. strain SMC A in Syrian hamsters: clinical, microbiological and histological aspects, Infect. Immun. 31:445–452.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Kondo, F. and Maramorosch, K., 1977, Antibiotic spectrum of plant pathogenic spiroplasmas, Ann. Soc. Microbiol., Ann. Meeting Abstract G 19:133.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Kotani, H., Phillips, D., and Me Garrity, G.J., 1986, Malignant transformation of NIH-3T3 and CV-1 cells by a helical mycoplasma, Spiroplasma mirum, strain SMCA, In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 22:756–762.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Kouri, G.P., Guzman, M.G., Bravo, J.R., and Triana, C., 1989, Dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome: lessons from the Cuban epidemic, 1981, Bull. W.H.O. 67:375–380.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Labarere, J. and Barroso, G., 1984, Ultraviolet irradiation mutagenesis and recombination in Spiroplasma citri, Israel J. Med. Sci. 20:826–829.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Laflèche, D. and Bové, J.M., 1970, Mycoplasmes dans les agrumes atteints de “Greening,” de “Stubborn” ou de maladies similaires, Fruits 25:455–465.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Leach, R.H., Matthews, W.B., and Will, R., 1983, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: Failure to detect spiroplasmas by cultivation and serological tests, J. Neurol. Sci. 59:349–353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Le Goff, F., Marjolet, M., Guilloteau, J., Humphery-Smith, I., and Chastel, C., 1990, Characterization and ecology of mosquito spiroplasmas from Atlantic biotops in France. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp., Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Liao, C.H. and Chen, T.A., 1977, Culture of corn stunt spiroplasma in a simple medium. Phytopathology, 67:802–807.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Liao, C.H. and Chen, T.A., 1981, In vitro susceptibility and resistance of two spiroplasmas to antibiotics, Phytopathology 71:442–445.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Mc Garrity, G.J. and Kotani, H., 1984, Use of cell cultures to study spiroplasma infections, Israel J. Med. Sci. 20:924–926.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Mc Garrity, G.J., Megraud, F., and Gamon, L., 1984, Rabbit lens cultures in the characterizarion of Spiroplasma mirum pathogenicity, Annu. Microbiol. 135A:249–254.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Mc Garrity, G.J. and Kotani, H., 1985, Cell culture mycoplasmas, Razin, S. and Barile, M.F., (eds): in The Mycoplasmas, Vol. IV. Academic Press, New York, pp. 353–390.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Mc Garrity, G.J., Gamon, L., Steiner, T., Tully, J.G., and Kotani, H., 1985, Uridine phosphorylase activity among the class Mollicutes, Curr. Microbiol. 12:107–112.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Magnarelli, L.A., 1977, Nectar feeding by Aedes sollicitans and its relation to gonotrophic activity, Environ. Entomol. 6:237–242.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Magnarelli, L.A., 1978, Nectar feeding by female mosquitoes and its relation to follicular development and parity, J. Med. Entomol. 14:527–530.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Mc Garrity, G.J. and Williamson, D.L., 1989, Spiroplasma pathogenicity in vivo and in vitro, Whitcomb, R.F. and Tully, J.G. (eds): in The Mycoplasmas, Vol V, Academic Press, New York, pp. 365–392.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Manson-Bahr, P.E.C. and Bell, D.R., 1987, Manson’s Tropical Diseases. London, Bailliere Tindall, 1557p.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Megraud, F., Gamon, L.B., and Mc Garrity, G.J., 1983, Characterization of Spiroplasma mirum (Suckling Mouse Cataract Agent) in a rabbit lens cell culture, Infect. Immun. 42:1168–1175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Morgan, K.L., 1988, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: time to take scrapie seriously, Vet. Ree 122:445–446.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Mouches, C., Vignault, J.C., Tully, J.G., Whitcomb, R.F., and Bove, J.M., 1979, Characterization of spiroplasma by one- and two-dimensional protein analysis on Polyacrylamide slab gels. Curr. Microbiol. 2:69–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Narang, H.K., Asher, D.M., and Gajdusek, D.C., 1988, Evidence that DNA is present in abnormal tubulofilamentous structures found in scrapie, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA 85:3575–3579.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Pardon, P., Popoff, M.Y., Coynault, C., Marly, J., and Miras, I., 1986, Virulence-associated plasmids ofSalmonella serotype typhimurium in experimental murine infections, Ann. Microbiol. 137B:47–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Pickens, E.G., Gerloff, R.K., and Burgdorfer, W., 1968, Spirochete from the rabbit tick, Haemophysalis leporispalustris (Packard), J. Bacteriol. 95:291–299.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Pollack, J.D., Mc Elwain, M.C., De Santis, D., Manolukas, J.T., Tully, J.G., Chang, C.J., Whitcomb, R.F., Hackett, K.J., and Williams, M.V., 1989, Metabolism of members of the Spiroplasmataceae, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39:406–412.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Prusiner, S.B., 1987, Prions and neurodegenerative diseases, N. Engl. J. Med. 317:1571–1581.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Race, R.E., Caughey, B., Graham, K., Ernst, D., and Chesebro, B., 1988, Analysis of frequency of infection, specific infectivity, and prion protein biosynthesis in scrapie-infected neuroblastoma cell clones, J. Virol. 62:2845–2849.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Razin, S. and Freundt, E.A., 1984, The mycoplasmas, Krieg, N.R. (ed): in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 1, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore/London, pp. 740–793.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Razin, S., 1985, Mycoplasma adherence, Razin, S., and Barile, M.F., (eds): in The Mycoplasmas, Vol. IV, Academic Press, New York, pp. 161–202.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Razin, S., 1988, Cell biology of Mycoplasmas: a synopsis. Antibiot. Monitor, IV:42–43.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Razin, S., 1989, Molecular approach to mycoplasma phylogeny, Whitcomb, R.F. and Tully, J.G., (eds): in The Mycoplasmas, Vol. V, Academic Press, New York, pp. 33–69.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Reeves, W.C., 1989, Concerns about the future of medical entomology in tropical medicine research, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 40:569–570.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Reyes, J.M. and Hoenig, E.M., 1981, Intracellular spiral inclusions in cerebral cell processes in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, J. Neuropath. Exp. Neurol. 40:1–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Rogers, M.J., Simmons, J., Walker, R.T., Weisburg, W.G., Woese, C.R., Tanner, R.S., Robinson, I.M., Stahl, D.A., Olsen, G., Leach, R.H., and Maniloff, J., 1985, Construction of the mycoplasma evolutionary tree from 5S rRNA sequence data, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 82:1160–1164.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Rosen, L., 1988, Further observations on the mechanism of vertical transmission of flaviviruses byAedes mosquitoes, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 39:123–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Sabin, A.B., 1952, Research on Dengue during World War II, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1:30–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Saglio, P., Laflèche, D., Bonnissol, C., and Bové, J.M., 1971, Isolement, culture et observation au microscope électronique des structures de type mycoplasme associées à la maladie du Stubborn des agrumes et leur comparaison avec les structures observées dans le cas de la maladie du greening des agrumes, Physiol. Vég. 9:569–582.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Saglio, P., L’Hospital, M., Laflèche, D., Bové, J.M., Tully, J.G., and Freundt, E.A., 1973, Spiroplasma citri gen. and sp. n: a mycoplasma-like organism associated with “stubborn” disease of citrus. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 23:191–204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Saillard, C., Dunez, J., Garcia-Jurado, O., Nhami, A., and Bové, J.M., 1978, Détection de Spiroplasma citri dans les agrumes et les pervenches par la technique immuno-enzymatique “ELISA”. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 286:1245-1248.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Schatzmayr, H.G., Nogueira, R.M.R., and Travassos da Rosa, A.P.A., 1986, An outbreak of Dengue virus at Rio de Janeiro, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio J. 81:245–246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Schwartz, J. and Elizan, T.S., 1972, Further characterization of Suckling Mouse Cataract Agent (SMCA): a slow, persistent infection of the nervous system, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 141:699–704.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Shaikh, A.A., Johnson, W.E., Stevens, C., and Tang, A.Y., 1987, Isolation of spiroplasmas from mosquitoes in Macon County, Alabama. J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc., 3:289–295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Siler, J.F., Hall, M.W., and Hitchens, A.P., 1925, Results obtained in the transmission of Dengue fever, JAMA 84:1163–1172.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Simitzis-Le Flohic, A.M., Devaux B., Prigent, Y., Gruffaz, R., Le Goff, F., Gilot, B., and Chastel, C., 1988, Etude de l’effet pathogène expérimental des spiroplasmes isolés à partir de moustiques sur l’éclosion d’œufs dAedes aegypti et le devenir des larves issues de ces œufs, Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp., Paris 63:76–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Skripal, I.G., 1974, On improvement of taxonomy of the class Mollicutes and establishment in the order Mycoplasmatales of the new family Spiroplasmataceae Fam. Nova. Mikrobiologii Zh., Kiev, 36:462–467.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Skripal, I.G., 1983, Revival of the name Spiroplasmataceae fam. nov., nom. rev. omitted from the 1980 approved lists of bacterial names. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 33:408.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Slaff, M. and Chen, T.A., 1982, The isolation of a spiroplasma from Aedes sollicitans (Walker) in New Jersey. /. Florida Anti-mosq. Assoc., 53:19–21.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Stanek, G., Hirschl, A., and Laber G., 1981, Sensitivity of various spiroplasma strains against ethanol, formalin, glutaraldehyde, and phenol, Zentralbl Bakteriol Hyg., Abt. I. Orig 174B:348–354.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Steiner, T., Me Garrity, G.J., and Phillips, D.M., 1982, Cultivation and partial characterization of spiroplasmas in cell cultures, Infect. Immun. 35:296–304

    Google Scholar 

  131. Steiner, T., Mc Garrity, G.J., Bove, J.M., Phillips, D.M., and Gamier, M., 1984, Insect cell cultures in the study of attachment and pathogenicity of spiroplasmas and mycoplasmas, Ann. Microbiol. 135A:47–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Tully, J.G., Whitcomb, R.F., Williamson, D.L., and Clark, H.F., 1976, Suckling mouse cataract agent is a helical wall-free prokaryote (Spiroplasma) pathogenic for vertebrates, Nature 259:117–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Tully, J.G., Whitcomb, R.F., Clark, H.F., and Williamson, D.L., 1977, Pathogenic mycoplasmas: cultivation and vertebrate pathogenicity of a new spiroplasma, Science 195:892–894.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Tully, J.G., Rose, D.L., Yunker, C.E., Cory, J., Whitcomb, R.F., and Williamson, D.L., 1981, Helical mycoplasmas (Spiroplasmas) from Ixodes ticks, Science 212:1043–1045.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Tully, J.G. and Whitcomb, R.F., 1981, The genusSpiroplasmas, Starr, M.P., Stolp, H., Trüper, H.G., Balows, A. and Schelgel, H.G., (eds): in The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation and Identification of Bacteria. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 2271–2284.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Tully, J.G., Whitcomb, R.F., Rose, D.L., and Bove, J.M., 1982, Spiroplasma mirum, a new species from the rabbit tick (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris), Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 32:92–100.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Tully, J.G., Rose, D.L., Clark, E., Carle, P., Bove, J.M., Henegar, B., Whitcomb, R.F., Colflesh, D.E., and Williamson, D.L., 1987, Revised group classification of the genusSpiroplasma (Class Mollicutes), with proposed new groups XII to XXIII. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37:357–364.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Tully, J.G., 1989, Class Mollicutes: new perspectives from plant and arthropod studies, Whitcomb, R.F. and Tully, J.G. (eds): in The Mycoplasmas, Vol V., Academic Press., New York, pp. 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Van Handel, E., 1972, The detection of nectar in mosquitoes, Mosq. News. 32:458.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Vargo, A.M. and Foster, W.A., 1984, Gonotrophic state and parity of nectar-feeding mosquitoes, Mosq. News 44:6–10.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Wallace, D.C. and Morowitz, H.J., 1973, Genome size and evolution. Chromosoma, 40:121–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Wells, G.A.H., Scott, A.C., Johnson, C.T., Gunning, R.F., Hancock, R.D., Jeffrey, M., Dawson, M., and Bradley, R., 1987, A novel progressive spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, Vet. Ree. 121:415–420.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Whitcomb, R.F., Tully, J.G., Mc Cawley, P., and Rose, D.L., 1982, Application of the growth inhibition test to Spiroplasma taxonomy, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 32:387–394.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Whitcomb, R.F., Clark, T.B., Tully, J.G., Chen, T.A., and Bove, J.M., 1983, Serological classification of spiroplasmas: current status. Yale. J. Biol. Med., 56:453–459.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Whitcomb, R.F., Chen, T.A., Williamson, D.L., Liao, C., Tully, J.G., Bove, J.M., Mouches, C., Rose, D.L. Coan, M.E., and Clark, T.B., 1986, Spiroplasma kunkelii sp. nov., the etiological agent of corn stunt disease, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 36:170–178.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Whitmore, S.C., Rissler, J.F., and Davis, R.E., 1983, In vitro susceptibility of spiroplasmas to heavy-metal salts, Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 23:22–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Williamson, D.L. and Whitcomb, R.F., 1975, Plant mycoplasmas: Cultivable spiroplasma causes corn stunt disease, Science 188:1018–1020.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Williamson, D.L., Whitcomb, R.F., and Tully, J.G., 1978, The spiroplasma deformation test, a new serological method, Curr. Microbiol. 1:203–207.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Williamson, D.L. and Poulson, D.F., 1979, Sex Ratio Organisms (Spiroplasmas) of Drosophila, Whitcomb, R.F., and Tully, J.G., (eds): in The Mycoplasmas, Vol. III, Academic Press, New York, pp. 175–208.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Williamson, D.L., Tully, J.G., and Whitcomb, R.F., 1989, The genus Spiroplasmas, Whitcomb, R.F. and Tully, J.G., (eds): in The Mycoplasmas, Vol. V, Academic Press, New York, pp. 71–111.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Woese, C.R., Maniloff, J., and Zahlen, L.B., 1980, Phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 76:381–385.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Woese, C.R., Stackebrandt, E., and Ludwig, W., 1985, What are mycoplasmas: the relationship of tempo and mode in bacterial evolution, J. Mol. Evol., 21:305–316.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Woese, C.R., 1987, Bacterial evolution, Microbiol. Rev., 51:221–271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Wroblewski, H., Robic, D., Thomas, D., and Blanchard A., 1984, Comparison of the amino-acid compositions and antigenic properties of spiralins purified from the plasma membranes of different spiroplasmas, Ann. Microbiol. 135A:73–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Yunker, C.E., Tully, J.G., and Cory, J., 1987, Arthropod cell lines in the isolation and propagation of tick-borne spiroplasmas, Curr. Microbiol. 15:45–50

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department de Microbiologie et Santé Publique, Faculté de Médecine, 29285, Brest, France

    Claude Chastel & Ian Humphery-Smith

Authors
  1. Claude Chastel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ian Humphery-Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Virus-Vector Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 77843, College Station, Texas, USA

    Kerry F. Harris

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chastel, C., Humphery-Smith, I. (1991). Mosquito Spiroplasmas. In: Harris, K.F. (eds) Advances in Disease Vector Research. Advances in Disease Vector Research, vol 7. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9044-2_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9044-2_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9046-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9044-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation