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External Control of Limb Movements Involving Environmental Interactions

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Book cover Multiple Muscle Systems

Abstract

External control of both upper and lower limbs can be achieved by electrical stimulation of muscles, allowing paralyzed patients to regain useful function. External control by Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation (FNS) has been achieved for restoration of hand grasp (Peckham et al., 1988; Keith et al., 1989; Handa et al., 1986), arm and elbow control (Allin and Inbar, 1986; Hoshimiya et al., 1989; Miller et al., 1989), standing (Kralj et al., 1986; Jaeger et al., 1989), and locomotion (Kralj et al., 1983; Marsolais and Kobetic, 1986). All of these systems are open loop in the sense that no automatic corrections are made for errors in the output. It is well recognized that incorporation of feedback control into these systems can improve the repeatability of performance by automatically compensating for internal disturbances (particularly the nonlinear and time varying properties of muscles) as well as external disturbances due to interaction with objects in the environment.

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Authors
  1. Patrick E. Crago
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  2. Michel A. Lemay
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  3. Like Liu
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Department of Chemical, Bio., and Materials Engineering, Arizona State University, 85287-6006, Tempe, Arizona, USA

    Jack M. Winters

  2. Department of Surgery Division of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 92093, La Jolla, California, USA

    Savio L-Y. Woo

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© 1990 Springer-Verlag

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Crago, P.E., Lemay, M.A., Liu, L. (1990). External Control of Limb Movements Involving Environmental Interactions. In: Winters, J.M., Woo, S.LY. (eds) Multiple Muscle Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9030-5_21

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9030-5_21

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9032-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9030-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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