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Acidic Precipitation Research in Italy

  • Chapter
Acidic Precipitation

Part of the book series: Advances in Environmental Science ((2311,volume 5))

Abstract

A concise scenario of the emissions and the main environmental problems in Italy are discussed together with the measures programmed by the National Energy Plan. The aims and characteristics of the main monitoring networks, past and present, are illustrated.

In addition to the emissions, meteorological and climatic factors are of considerable importance in determining the acidity of precipitation. A meteorological analysis has shown that, for every weather type, the observed acidity is a result of acidic emissions (mainly anthropogenic) and natural buffering factors originating on the local and mesoscale. The Sirocco and other Bora-type winds are associated with natural buffering agents. These reduce the acidic impact, especially on the eastern side of northern Italy and in southern Italy and Sicily.

In order to gain insight into the dynamics of acidic precipitation and its effects, real-time measurements of free acidity were carried out. Dry deposition contributes in two different ways: at times anthropogenic acidic particles with higher solubility increased the acidity at the beginning of rainfall; buffering particles with lower solubility tended, eventually, to decrease the acidity. For this reason deferred measurements of the bulk deposition often showed neutral or slightly alkaline rainfall, notwithstanding the actual effects on the environment.

The spring thaw of the Alpine snowpack does not result in increased acidity as it does in northern Europe or Canada, because during the winter some snow frequently melts, and the more mobile acidic ions are progressively removed by percolation.

The state of forests and vegetation is less worrying than in central and northern Europe. Here, the damage is more likely related to soil characteristics and climatology. Some arid periods and modification the seasonal distribution of rainfall in past decades seem to be responsible for the main part of the damage.

The subalpine lakes are subjected to highly acidic precipitation. However, the rock is mainly calcareous and therefore provides for their natural liming. Several alpine lakes are characterized by granitic and metamorphic crystalline rocks, risking acidification. Extensive fields tests have shown that only 3% of them had pH ranging between 5.5 and 6.0. Acidification is attenuated by some factors: (1) the low ratio between catchment area and water body volume; (2) the lower amount of precipitation and (3) the less acidic precipitation at the higher altitude; (4) the wind-borne Saharan dust or dolomitic particles.

The deterioration of monuments is a very serious problem in Italy, due to the high density of the monuments, their great artistic value, and observed weathering rate. This problem has been studied extensively both in terms of atmospheric pollutants and meteorological factors. For marble and limestone, the deterioration patterns (distinguishable in black, gray, and white areas) are related to the way the rainwater wets the surface. Dry deposition, and especially oil-fired carbonaceous particles, play a very important role.

Other activities undertaken and future research needs (especially for taking measurements in the homogeneous and heterogeneous phases) are also discussed.

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  1. National Research Council (CNR-ICTR), Corso Stati Uniti 4, I-35020, Padova, Italy

    D. Camuffo

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  1. National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, NL-3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands

    A. H. M. Bresser

  2. Delft Hydraulics Laboratory, Institute for Soil Fertility, NL-9750 RA, Haren (GR), The Netherlands

    W. Salomons

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Camuffo, D. (1990). Acidic Precipitation Research in Italy. In: Bresser, A.H.M., Salomons, W. (eds) Acidic Precipitation. Advances in Environmental Science, vol 5. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8941-5_9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8941-5_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-8943-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-8941-5

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