Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The Care and Management of Spinal Cord Injuries pp 109–162Cite as

Medical Management

  • Chapter

  • 121 Accesses

Abstract

Detrusor Urine Muscle. The bladder is a receptacle for holding urine as it is excreted by the kidneys until it is convenient to void. The wall of this hollow organ consists of bundles of smooth muscle cells that form a meshwork called the detrusor urinae muscle (Hunter 1954).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Selected Readings

  • Ascoli RR (1967) Radiological study of the vesical neck in paraplegia secondary to spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 4:235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashbaugh DG, Bigelow DB, Petty TL, Levine BE (1967) Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet ii:319–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashbaugh DG, Petty TL, (1973) Positive end-expiratory pressure: Physiology indications, and contraindications. J Thorac Cardio Vase Surg 65:165–170

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Astrup P, Jorgenson K, Siggard-Anderson OS, Engel K (1960) The acid base metabolism: A new approach. Lancet 1:1035

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey RR, Roberts AP, Gower PE, De Wardener HE (1971) Prevention of urinary-tract infection with low-dose nitrofurantoin. Lancet 2:1112

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergofsky EH, Turine GM, Fishman AP (1959) Cardiorespiratory failure in kyphoscoliosis. Medicine 38:263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bors E (1957) Neurogenic bladder. Urol Surv 7:177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bors E, Comarr AE (1960) Neurological disturbances of sexual function with special reference to 529 patients with spinal cord injury. Urol Surv 10:191–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown M, Wickham JEA (1969) The urethral pressure profile. Br J Urol 41:211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell EJM (1974) In: Campbell EJM, Dickinson CJ, Slater JDH (eds) Clinical Physiology, 4th ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandhary NA, Truelove SC (1961) Human colonic mobility. Gastroenterology 40:1

    Google Scholar 

  • Civetta JM, Barnes TA, Smith LO (1975) “Optimal PEEP” and intermittent mandatory ventilation in the treatment of acute respiratory failure. Resp. Care. 20 551–557

    Google Scholar 

  • Comarr AE (1954) Transurethral vesical neck resection; an adjunct in the management of the neurogenic bladder. J Urol 72:849

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comarr AE (1958) Management of defaecation for the patient with spinal cord injury. J Indian Med Prof 5:2150–2152

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell AM (1965) The mobility of the pelvic colon. Gut 2:175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connell AM, Frankel H, Guttmann L (1963) Mobility of the pelvic colon following complete lesions of the spinal cord. Paraplegia 1:98

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crosby EC, Humphrey T, Laver EW (1962) Correlative Anatomy of the Nervous System. Macmillan, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Damanski M (1967) The paraplegic bladder. Hosp Med 2:39

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson A, Morales P, Becker M (1966) Micturition patterns in paraplegia: a cinefluorographic study. J Urol 96:189

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson A, Sleisenger MH, Almy TD, Levine AM (1956) Studies on distal colon mobility in children. Paediatrics 17:807–820

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denny-Brown D, Robertson EG (1933) On the physiology of micturition. Brain 56:149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus P, Mole L (1969) The treatment of the paralysed bladder after spinal injury in the Accident Unit of Colmar. Paraplegia 7:204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duca CJ, Scudi JV (1947) Some antibacterial properties of Mandelamine (methenamine mande- late). Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 66:123

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dultire HC, Watts JM (1965) Contribution of external anal sphincter to the pressure zone in the anal canal. Gut 6:64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • England EJ, Pearman JW (1976) Urological surgery in 99 spinal cord injured patients initially managed by intermittent catheterization. Br J Urol Paper read at 18th Congress of International Society of Urology Johannesburg. Rep. of South Africa, July 25–30, 1976. Abstract published in Proceedings p. 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick WF (1974) Sexual function in the paraplegic patient. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 55:221–227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman RB, Bromer L, Brancato F, Cohen SI, Garfield CF, Griep RJ, Hinman EJ, Richardson JA, Thurm RH, Urner C, Smith WM (1968) Prevention of recurrent bacteriuria with continuous chemotherapy. Ann Intern Med 69:655

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gandelman AL (1967) Methenamine mandelate: antimicrobial activity in urine and correlation with formaldehyde levels. J Urol 97:533

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garry RC (1934) The movements of the large intestine. Physiol Rev 14:103

    Google Scholar 

  • Garry RC, Roberts TDM, Todd JK (1959) Reflexes involving the external urethral sphincter in the cat. J Physiol 149:653

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbon NOK, Ross JC, Damanski M (1965) Bladder-neck resection in the paraplegic—report on over 100 cases. Paraplegia 2:264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glen WWL, Holcomb WG, Shaw RK, Hogan J, Holschuk KR (1976) Long-term ventilatory support by diaphragm pacing in quadriplegia. Ann Surg 183:566–577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman LS, Gilman A (1970) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 4th edn. Macmillan, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Govan DE, Butler ED, Engelsjerd GL (1968) Pathogenesis of urinary tract infections in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Urol Digest 7:16

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths J (1895) Observations on the urinary bladder and urethra. Part II. The nerves. J Anat Physiol 29:61

    Google Scholar 

  • Gucker T (1962) Changes in vital capacity in scoliosis. Preliminary report on effects of treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 44, 3:469

    Google Scholar 

  • Guttmann L (1949) Paralysis-management of. Br Surg Pract 6:445

    Google Scholar 

  • Guttmann L (1973) Spinal Cord Injuries. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Guttmann L, Frandel H (1966) The value of intermittent catheterisation in the early management of traumatic paraplegia and tetraplegia. Paraplegia 4:63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton F, Thomas MP, Peralta MM (1970) Ventilation effects of the Harrington procedure for the treatment of scoliosis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 130:1067–1072

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy AG (1966) Experiences with intermittent catheterization in acute paraplegia. Med Serv J Can 22:538

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinman F Jr, Miller GM, Nickel E, Miller ER (1954) Vesical physiology demonstrated by cineradiography and serial roentgenography. Radiology 62:713

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, De Witt T Jr (1954) A new concept of urinary bladder musculature. J Urol 71:695

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hutch JA (1966) A new theory of the anatomy of the internal urinary sphincter and the physiology of micturition. II. The base plate. J Urol 96:182

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutch J A (1967) A new theory of the anatomy of the internal urinary sphincter and the physiology of micturition. IV. The urinary sphincteric mechanism. J Urol 97:705

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo A (1955) Tension receptors in the stomach and the urinary bladder. J Physiol (London) 128:593

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RF, Burke D, Marosszeky JE, Gillies JD (1970) A new agent for the control of spasticity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 33:464

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kass EH (1957) Bacteriuria and the diagnosis of infections of the urinary tract. Arch Intern Med 100:709

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleeman FJ (1970) The physiology of the internal urinary sphincter. J Urol 104:549

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleyntjens F, Langworthy OR (1937) Sensory nerve endings on the smooth muscle of the urinary bladder. J Comp Neurol 67:367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krane RJ, Olsson CA (1973) Phenoxybenzamine in neurogenic bladder dysfunction. 1. A theory of micturition. J Urol 110:650

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuru M, Yamamoto H (1964) Fiber connections of the pontine detrusor nucleus (Barrington). J Comp Neurol 123:161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb DW, Landry RM (1972) The hand in quadri-plegia. Paraplegia 9:204–212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lapides J (1958) Structure and function of the internal vesical sphincter. J Urol 80:341

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lapides J, Ajemian EP, Stewart BH, Breakey BA, Lichtwardt JR (1960) Further observations on the kinetics of the urethrovesical sphincter. J Urol 84:86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lapides J, Friend CR, Ajemian EP, Sonda LP (1963) Comparison of action of oral and parenteral bethanechol chloride upon the urinary bladder. Invest Urol 1:94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lapides J, Sweet RB, Lewis LW (1957) Role of striated muscle in urination. J Urol 77:247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurence DR (1973) Clinical Pharmacology, 4th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee LW (1949) The clinical use of urecholine in dysfunctions of the bladder. J Urol 62:300

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindan R, Keane AT (1964) The catheter team. AmJ Nurs 64:128

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindan R (1969) The prevention of ascending, catheter-induced infections of the urinary tract. J Chronic Dis 22:321

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindan R, Bellomy V (1971) The use of intermittent catheterization in a bladder training program; preliminary report. J Chronic Dis 24:727

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindan R (1972) Sources of urinary sepsis in urethral catheterization. Symposium International Sobre Infeccion Del Tracto Urinario. Ji- minez Diaz Foundation, Madrid

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd-Davies RW, Clark AE, Prout WG, Shuttle-worth RED, Tighe JR (1970) The effects of stretching the rabbit bladder. Invest Urol 8:145

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marosszeky JE, Farnsworth RH, Jones RF (1973) The indwelling urethral catheter in patients with acute spinal cord trauma. Med J Aust 2:62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell CL, Moberg EA, Smith AG (1979) International conference on surgical rehabilitation of the upper limb in tetraplegia. J Hand Surg 4:387–390

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod JW, Mason JM, Neill RWK (1965) Survey of the different urinary infections which develop in the paraplegic and their relative significance. Paraplegia 3:124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNabb TG, Hall SV (1976) Weaning from respirator support. Int Anesthesiol Clin 14:214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNeal JE (1972) The prostate and prostatic urethra: a morphological synthesis. J Urol 107:1008

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller H, Phillips E (1970) Antibacterial correlates of urine drug levels of hexamethylenetetramine and formaldehyde. Invest Urol 8:21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell JH, Wildenthal K, Johnson RL (1972) The effects of acid-base disturbances on cardiovascular and pulmonary function. Kidney Int 1:375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moberg E (1975) Surgical treatment for absent single-hand grip and elbow extension in quadri- plegia. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 57:196–206

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moberg E (1978) The upper limb in tetraplegia. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Mooney TO, Cole TM, Chilgren RA (1975) Sexual Options for Paraplegics and Quadriplegics. Little, Brown and Co, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Nathan PW, Smith MC (1951) The centripetal pathway from the bladder and urethra within the spinal cord. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 14:262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nathan PW, Smith MC (1958) The centrifugal pathway for micturition within the spinal cord. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 21:177

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolaier A (1895) Uber die therapeutische Verwendung des Urotropin (Hexamethylentetramin) Dtsch Med Wochenschr 21:541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Grady F, Cattell WR (1966) Kinetics of urinary tract infection 11. The bladder. Br J Urol 38:156

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Grady F, Chamberlain DA, Stark JE, Cattell WR, Sardeson JM, Fry IK, Spiro FI, Waters AH (1969) Long-term, low-dosage, trimethoprim- sulphonamide in the control of chronic bacteriuria. Postgrad Med J 45 (Suppl Nov): 61

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ott R, Rossier AB (1971) The importance of intermittent catheterization in bladder re-education of acute traumatic spinal cord lesions. Proc. Eighteenth Veterans Administration Spinal Cord Injury Conference, pp 139–148, Boston, Massachusetts

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearman JW (1971a) Prevention of urinary tract infection following spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 9:95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearman JW (1971b) Urological results of all traumatic cases admitted to the Royal Perth Hospital Spinal Unit during the period February 1, 1968 through December 31, 1969. In: Proc. Eighteenth Veterans Administration Spinal Cord Injury Conference, pp 115–124, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearman JW (1976a) A combined clinical and laboratory approach to the prevention and control of urinary tract infection in paraplegics and tet- raplegics. Doctor of Medicine Thesis, University of Western Australia

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearman J W (1976b) Urological follow-up of 99 spinal cord injured patients initially managed by intermittent catheterization. Br J Urol 48:297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearman JW, England EJ (1973) The Urological Management of the Patient Following Spinal Cord Injury. Charles C Thomas, Springfield 111

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearman JW, Low Al, Fisher A A (1974) The iced cystogram—a new technique for distinguishing obstruction at the level of the external sphincter from obstruction at the bladder neck. Paraplegia 12:153

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearman JW, Shah SK (1973) A new adaptor which obviates problems associated with condom external urinary drainage of male patients. Paraplegia 11:25

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearman JW (1977) The catheter team: An essential service for rehabilitating neurogenic bladders. Aust N Z J Surg 47:339

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips SF, Edwards DA (1965) Some aspects of anal continence and defaecation. Gut 6:386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pontoppidan H, Geffin B, Lowenstein E (1972) Acute respiratory failure in the adult. N Engl J Med 287:690, 743, 799

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinke DA, Rosenbaum AH, Bennett DR (1967) Patterns of dog gastro-intestinal contracile activity. Am J Dig Dis 12:113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie JA, Ardran GM, Truelove S (1962) Motor activity of the sigmoid colon of humans. Gastroenterology 43:642

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross JC, Gibbon NOK, Damanski M (1967) Division of the external sphincter in the treatment of the neurogenic bladder. Br J Surg 54:627

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Safar P, Grenvik A (1975) Speaking cuffed tracheostomy tube. Crit Care Med. 3:23–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuster MM, Hookman P, Hendrix RT, Mendeloff Al (1965) Simultaneous manometric recordings of internal and external anal sphincter reflexes. Bull Hopkins Hos 116:79

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott FB, Bradley WE, Timm GW (1973) Management of erectile impotence. Use of implantable inflatable prosthesis. Urology 2:80–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seddon HJ (ed) (1954) Peripheral Nerve Injuries. Medical Research Council Special Report Series,No. 282. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Shannon DC, Riseborough EJ, Kazemi H (1971) Ventilation perfusion relationship following correction of kyphoscoliosis. JAMA 217:579–584

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro SR, Santamarina A, Harrison JH (1974) Catheter-associated urinary tract infections; incidence and a new approach to prevention. J Urol 112:659

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JC (1968) Urethral resistance to micturition. Br J Urol 40:125

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamey TA (1972) Urinary Infections. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Suter PM, Fairley HB, Isenberg MD (1975) Optimum end-expiratory airway pressure in patients with acute pulmonary failure. N Engl J Med 292:284–289

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanagho EA, Smith DR (1966) The anatomy and function of the bladder neck. Br J Urol 38:54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanagho EA, Smith DR (1968) Mechanism of urinary continence. 1. Embryologic, anatomic and pathologic considerations. J Urol 100:640

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang PC, Ruch TC (1955) Non-neurogenic basis of bladder tonus. Am J Physiol 181:249

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Texter EC, Chou CC, Laruella HC, Van Trappen GR (1968) Physiology of the gastro-intestinal tract. Annals of NY Acad Sci 734–743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas DG, Smallwood R, Graham D (1975) Urodynamic observations following spinal cord trauma. Br J Urol 47:161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson IM, Dingsor ET (1963) Management of the neurogenic bladder. Geriatrics 18:85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Truelove SC (1966) Movements of the large intestine. Physiol Rev 46:457

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner-Warwick R (1975) Urodynamics. J Urol 113:539

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh JJ (1968) Further experience with intermittent catheterisation. Paraplegia 6:74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waterworth PM (1962) A misapplication of the sensitivity test: mandelamine discs. J Med Lab Tech- nol 19:163

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winter PM, Smith G (1972) The toxicity of oxygen. Anesthesiology 37:210

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodburne RT (1960) Structure and function of the urinary bladder. J Urol 84:79

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodburne RT (1967) Anatomy of the bladder. In: Boyarsky S (ed) The Neurogenic Bladder. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore W

    Google Scholar 

  • orthley LIG (1976) A diagram to facilitate the understanding and therapy of mixed acid base disorders. Anaesth Intensive Care 4:245

    Google Scholar 

  • Zancolli E (1975) Surgery for the quadriplegic hand with active, strong wrist extension preserved. Clin Orthopaed 112:101–113

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Australia

    George M. Bedbrook Kt., O.B.E., O.ST.J. Hon. M.D. (W.A.), M.S.(Melb.), D.P.R.M. (Syd.), F.R.C.S., F.R.A.C.S. (Senior Surgeon, Spinal Unit, Chairman, Clinical Staff, Vice President, Australian Council for Rehabilitation of the Disabled, Vice Chairman, National Advisory Council for the Handicapped (Australia)

  2. Royal Perth Rehabilitation Hospital, Shenton Park, Western Australia

    George M. Bedbrook Kt., O.B.E., O.ST.J. Hon. M.D. (W.A.), M.S.(Melb.), D.P.R.M. (Syd.), F.R.C.S., F.R.A.C.S. (Senior Surgeon, Spinal Unit, Chairman, Clinical Staff, Vice President, Australian Council for Rehabilitation of the Disabled, Vice Chairman, National Advisory Council for the Handicapped (Australia)

Authors
  1. George M. Bedbrook Kt., O.B.E., O.ST.J. Hon. M.D. (W.A.), M.S.(Melb.), D.P.R.M. (Syd.), F.R.C.S., F.R.A.C.S.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bedbrook, G.M. (1981). Medical Management. In: The Care and Management of Spinal Cord Injuries. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8087-0_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8087-0_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-8089-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-8087-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation