Abstract
Two of the major conceptual advances in chemical carcinogenesis made during the past several years have been the discovery of (1) the enzymatic activation of procarcinogens to reactive ultimate carcinogens and (2) the chemical interactions of the active metabolites of many carcinogens with a variety of tissue nucleophils including RNA, DNA, and protein. This chapter is concerned with the interactions of chemical carcinogens and their activated metabolites, proximate and ultimate carcinogens, with nucleic acids, both DNA and RNA.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abanobi, S. E., and Sarma, D. S. R., 1973, Unpublished observations.
Abanobi, S. E., Cox, R., Damjanov, L, and Sarma, D. S. R., 1973, Unpublished observations.
Abanobi, S. E., Mulivor, R. A., and Sarma, D. S. R., 1974, Unpublished observations.
Agarwal, M. K., and Weinstein, I. B., 1970, Modifications of ribonucleic acid by chemical carcinogens. II. In vivo reaction of N-2-acetylaminofluorene with rat liver ribonucleic acid. Biochemistry 9: 503.
Alexander, P., 1952, Interference with the formation of a nucleoprotein complex by radiomimetic compounds. Nature (Lond.) 169: 226.
Alexander, P., 1969, Comparison of the mode of action by which some alkylating agents and ionizing radiations kill mammalian cells, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 163: 652.
Alexandrov, K., Vendrely, C., and Vendrely, R., 1970, A comparative study of the action of carcinogenic substances on the RNA synthesis in mouse skin. Cancer Res. 30: 1192.
Anderson, R. A., Enomoto, M., Miller, E. C., and Miller, J. A., 1964, Carcinogenesis and inhibition of the Walker 256 tumor in the rat by trans-4-acetylaminostilbene its N-hydroxy metabolite and related compounds. Cancer Res. 24: 128.
Andoh, T., and Ide, T., 1972, Strand scission and rejoining of DNA in cultured mammalian cells induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Cancer Res. 32: 1230.
Andoh, T., Kato, K., Takaoka, T., and Katsuta, H., 1971, Carcinogenesis in tissue culture. XIII. Binding of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-3H to nucleic acids and proteins of L-P3 and JTC 25-P3 cells, Int. J. Cancer 7: 455.
Araki, M., Kawazoe, Y., and Nagata, C., 1969, Chemical carcinogens. IX. Homolytic degradation of O,O-diacetyl-4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (1-acetoxy-4-acetyloxyamino-1, 4-dihydro- quinoline), Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 17: 1344.
Arcos, J. C., and Argus, M. F., 1968, Molecular geometry and carcinogenic activity of aromatic compounds: New perspectives, Advan. Cancer Res. 11: 305.
Axel, R., Weinstein, I. B., and Farber, E., 1967, Patterns of transfer RNA in normal rat liver during hepatic carcinogenesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 58: 1255.
Bacchetti, S., van der Plas, A., and Veldhuisen, G., 1972, A UV-specific endonucleolytic activity present in human cell, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 48: 662.
Banerjee, M. R., 1965, Mitotic blockage of G2 after partial hepatectomy during 4-dimethyl- aminoazobenzene hepatocarcinogenesis, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 35: 585.
Bannon, P., and Verly, W., 1972, Alkylation of phosphates and stability of phosphate triesters in DNA, Europ. J. Biochem. 31: 103.
Bartsch, H., Miller, J. A., and Miller, E. C., 1972, Activation of carcinogenic aromatic hydroxylamines by enzymatic o-acetylation, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 13: 12.
Beach, D. J., and Sunderman, F. W., JR., 1970 Nickel carbonyl inhibition of RNA synthesis by a chromatin-RNA polymerase complex from hepatic nuclei. Cancer Res. 30: 48.
Beers, R. F., Jr., Herriott, R. M., and Tilghman, R. C., eds., 1972, Molecular and Cellular Repair Processes, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Benfey, O. T., 1970, Introduction to Organic Reaction Mechanisms, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Berenblum, L, and Trainin, N., 1960, Possible two-stage mechanism in experimental leukemogenesis, Science 132: 40.
Bergmann, F., 1942, On the mechanism of tumor production by chemical agents. Cancer Res. 2: 660.
Black, H. S., and Jirgensons, B., 1967, Interactions of aflatoxin with histones and DNA, Plant Physiol. 42: 731.
Blackburn, G. M., Fenwick, R. G., and Thompson, M. W., 1972, Structure of the thymine-3,4- benzopyrene photoproduct, Tetrahedron Letters 7: 589.
Bonser, G. M., Clayson, D. B., Tull, J. W., and Pyrah, L. N., 1952, The carcinogenic properties of 2-amino-l-naphthal hydrochloride and its parent amine 2-naphthylamine, Brit. J. Cancer 6: 412.
Borchert, P., Wislocki, P. G., Miller, J. A., and Miller, E. C., 1973, The metabolism of the naturally occurring hepatocarcinogen safrole to I′-acetoxy safrole and the electrophilic reactivity of I′-acetoxy-safrole, Cancer Res. 33: 575.
Boutwell, R. K., Colburn, N. H., and Muckerman,C.C., 1969, In vivo reactions of β-propiolactone, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 163: 751.
Bowden, G. T., and Boutwell, R. K., 1973, The binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) to replicating and non-replicating DNA in vivo, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 14: 28.
Boyland, E., 1969, The biochemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons, amines and urethane, in: Physicochemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis (E. D. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds.), p. 25, Vol. 1 of The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.
Boyland, E., and Green, B., 1962, The interaction of polycyclic hydrocarbons and nucleic acids, Brit. J. Cancer 16: 507.
Boyland, E., and Nery, R., 1965, The metabolism of urethane and related compounds, Biochem. J. 94: 198.
Boyland, E., and Sims, P., 1965, Metabolism of polycyclic compounds: The metabolism of 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene by rat liver homogenates, Biochem. J. 95: 780.
Boyland, E., and Williams, K., 1969, Reaction of urethane with nucleic acids in vivo, Biochem. J. 111: 121.
Brent, T. P., 1972, Repair enzyme suggested by mammalian endonuclease activity specific for ultraviolet-irradiated DNA, Nature New Biol. 239: 172.
Brent, T. P., 1973, A human endonuclease activity for gamma-irradiated DNA, Biophys. J. 13: 401.
Brinker, J. M., Madore, A. P., and Bello, L. J., 1973, Stabilization of heterogeneous nuclear RN A by intercalating drugs, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 52: 928.
Brookes, P., 1966, Quantitative aspects of the reaction of some carcinogens with nucleic acids and the possible significance of such reactions in the process of carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 26: 1994.
Brookes, P., 1971, On the interaction of carcinogens with DNA, Biochem. Pharmacol. 20: 999.
Brookes, P., and Lawley, P. D., 1960, The reaction of mustard gas with nucleic acids in vitro and in vivo, Biochem. J. 77: 478.
Brookes, P., and Lawley, P. D., 1961, The reaction of mono-and di-functional alkylating agents with nucleic acids, Biochem. J. 80: 496.
Brookes, P., and Lawley, P. D., 1964, Evidence for the binding of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to the nucleic acids of mouse skin: Relation between carcinogenic power of hydrocarbons and their binding to deoxyribonucleic acid, Nature (Lond.) 202: 781.
Butzow, J. J., and Eichhorn, G. L., 1965, IV. Degradation of polyribonucleotides by zinc and other divalent metal ions, Biopolymers 3: 95.
Capps, M. J., O’Connor, P. J., and Craig, A. W., 1973, The influence of liver regeneration on the stability of 7-methylguanine in rat liver DNA after treatment with N,N-dimethylnitrosamine, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 331: 33.
Clayson, D. B., 1962, Chemical Carcinogenesis, 1st ed., p. 208, Churchill, London.
Clifford, J. L, and Rees, K. R., 1967, The action of aflatoxin B1 on the rat liver, Biochem. J. 102: 65.
Cohen, S. M., Alter, A., and Bryan, G. T., 1973, Distribution of radioactivity and metabolism of formic acid 2-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-14C-2-thiazolyl hydrazide following oral administration to rats and mice, Cancer Res. 33: 2802.
Colburn, N. H., and Boutwell, R. K., 1968, The in vivo binding of β-propiolactone to mouse skin DNA, RNA and protein. Cancer Res. 28: 642.
Cookson, M. J., Sims, P., and Grover, P. L., 1971, Mutagenicity of epoxides of polycyclic hydrocarbons correlates with carcinogenicity of parent hydrocarbons, Nature New Biol. 234: 186.
Cox, R., and Farber, E., 1972, Ethylation of DNA virsus: Cancer induction with ethionine, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 13: 97.
Cox, R., Damjanov, I., Abanobi, S., and Sarma, D. S. R., 1973a, A method for measuring DNA damage and repair in the liver in vivo, Cancer Res. 33: 2114.
Cox, R., Damjanov, I., and Irving, C. C., 1973b, Damage and repair of the hepatic DNA by ethylating carcinogens, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 14: 28.
Coyle, M. B., and Strauss, B. S., 1969/1970, Characteristics of DNA synthesized by methyl methanesulfonate-treated HEp-2 cells, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 1: 89.
Craddock, V.M., 1969a Methylation of t-RN A and ribosomal RNA in rat liver in the intact animal and the effect of carcinogens, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 195: 351.
Craddock, V. M., 19696, Stability of deoxyribonucleic acid methylated in the intact animal by administration of dimethylnitrosamine: Rate of breakdown in vivo and in vitro at different dosages, Biochem. J. 111: 497.
Craddock, V. M., 1973, The pattern of methylated purines formed in DNA of intact and regenerating liver of rats treated with the carcinogen dimethylnitrosamine, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 312: 202.
Craddock, V. M., Villa-Trevino, S., and Magee, P. N., 1968, Occurrence of 7-methylguanine in nucleic acids of rat liver, Biochem. J. 107: 179.
Damjanov, I., Cox, R., Sarma, D. S. R., and Farber, E., 1973, Patterns of damage and repair of liver DNA induced by carcinogenic methylating agents in vivo, Cancer Res. 33: 2122.
Dann, O., and Moller, E. F., 1947, Bacteriostatically active nitro compounds of thiopheneand furan, Chem. Ber. 80: 23.
Darnell, J. E., 1968, Ribonucleic acids from animal cells, Bacteriol. Rev. 32: 262.
Darnell, J. E., Wall, R., and Tushinski, R. J., 1971, An adenylic acid-rich sequence in messenger’ RNA of HeLa cells and its possible relationship to reiterated sites in DNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 68: 1321.
Dawson, K. M., 1972, Time course of the effects of AAF on mouse liver nucleic acid synthesis and its modification by inhibitors, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 5: 153.
DeBaun, J. R., Miller, E. C., and Miller, J. A., 1970, N-Hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene sulfotrans- ferase: Its probable role in carcinogenesis and in protein (methion-5-yl) binding in rat liver. Cancer Res. 30: 577.
Dickens, F., and Jones, H. E. H., 1963, Further studies on the carcinogenic and growth-inhibitory activity of lactones and related substances, Brit. J. Cancer 17: 100.
Dijkstra, J., and Weide, S. S., 1972, Changes in chromatin caused by aminoazo compounds, Exp. Cell Res. 72: 345.
Dingman, C. W., and Sporn, M. B., 1967, The binding of metabolites of aminoazo dyes to rat liver DNA in vivo, Cancer Res. 27: 938.
Dipaolo, J., 1960, Experimental evaluation of actinomycin D, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 89: 408.
Dipple, A., 1972, Model studies for azo dye carcinogenesis, J. Chem. Sac. Perkin Trans. 1: 447.
Dipple, A., and Slade, T. A., 1970, Structure and activity in chemical carcinogenesis: Reactivity and carcinogenicity of 7-bromomethylbenz(a)anthracene and 7-bromomethyl-12-methyl- benz(a)anthracene, Europ. J. Cancer 6: 417.
Dipple, A., and Slade, T. A., 1971, Structure and activity in chemical carcinogenesis: Studies of variously substituted 7-bromomethylbenz(a)anthracenes, Europ. J. Cancer 7: 473
Dipple, A., Lawley, P. D., and Brookes, P., 1968, Theory of tumor initiation by chemical carcinogens, dependence of activity on structure of ultimate carcinogen, Europ. J. Cancer 4: 493.
Dipple, A., Brookes, P., Mackintosh, D. S., and Rayman, M. P., 1971, Reaction of 7-bromomethylbenz(a)anthracene with nucleic acids, polynucleotides and nucleosides. Biochemistry 10: 4323.
Dodd, M. E., and Stillman, W. D., 1944, The in vivo bacteriostatic action of some simple furan derivatives, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 82: 11.
Druckrey, H., 1970, Production of colonic carcinomas by 1,2-dialkylhydrazines and azoxyalkanes in: Carcinoma of the Colon and Antecedent Epithelium (W. J. Burdette, ed.), p. 267, Thomas, Springfield, 111.
Druckrey, H., 1972, Organospecific carcinogenesis in the digestive tract, in: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund ( W. Nakahara, S. Takayoma, T. Sugimura, and S. Odashima, eds.), p. 73, University Park Press, Bakimore.
Druckrey, H., Preussman, R., Ivankonie, S., and Schmahl, S., 1967a, Organotropic carcinogenic effects of 65 different N-nitroso compounds on BD-rats, Z. Krebsforsch. 69: 103.
Druckrey, H., Pressmann, R., Matzkus, F., and Ivankonie, S., 1967b, Selektive Erzeugung von Darmkrebs bei Ratten durch 1,2-Dimethylhydrazin, Naturwissenschaften 54: 285.
Dube, S. K., Marcker, K. A., Clark, B. F. C., and Cory, S., 1968, Nucleotide sequence of N-formyl-methionyl-transfer RNA, Nature (Lond.) 218: 232.
Duncan, E. M., and Brookes, P., 1972, Metabolism and macromolecular binding of dibenz(a,c)an-thracene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene by mouse embryo cells in culture. Int. J. Cancer 9: 349.
Duncan, M., Brookes, P., and Dipple, A., 1969, Metabolism and binding to cellular macromolecules of a series of hydrocarbons by mouse embryo cells in culture. Int. J. Cancer 4: 813.
Dunn, D. B., 1959, Additional components in ribonucleic acid of rat -liver fractions, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 34: 286.
Dunn, D. B., 1963, The isolation of 1-methyladenylic acid and 7-methylguanylic acid from ribonucleic acid, Biochem. J. 86: 14 P.
Edmonds, M., Vaughan, M. H., and Nakazato, H., 1971, Polyadenylic acid sequences in the heterogeneous nuclear RNA and rapidly-labeled polyribosomal RNA of HeLa cells: Possible evidence for a precursor relationship (messenger RNA/poly(dT)-cellulose), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 68: 1336.
Edwards, G. S., and Wogan, G. N., 1970, Aflatoxin inhibition of template activity of rat liver chromatin, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 224: 597.
Edwards, G. S., Wogan, G. N., Sporn, M. B., and Pong, R. S., 1971, Structure-activity relationships in DNA binding and nuclear effects of aflatoxin and analogs. Cancer Res. 31: 1943.
Eichhorn, G. L., Clark, P., and Becker, E. D., 1966, Interactions of metal ions with polynucleotides and related compounds. VII. The binding of copper (II) to polynucleosides, nucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acids. Biochemistry 5: 245.
Elmore, D. J., Gulland, J. M., Jordan, D. O., and Taylor, H. F. W., 1948, The reaction of nucleic acids with mustard gas, Biochem. J. 42: 308.
Enomoto, M., Sato, K., Miller, E. C., and Miller, J. A., 1968, Reactivity of the diacetyl derivative of the carcinogen 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-l-oxide with DNA, RNA, and other nucleophiles. Life Sci. 7: 1025.
Epstein, S. M., Benedetti, E. L., Shinozuka, H., Bartus, B., and Farber, E., 1969/1970, Altered and distorted DNA from a premalignant liver lesion induced by 2-fluorenylacetamide, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 1: 113.
Ertürk, E., Price, J. M., Morris, J. E., Cohen, S. M., Leith, R. S., Von Esch, A. M., and Crovetti; A. J., 1967, The production of carcinoma of the urinary bladder in rats by feeding N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]-formamide, Cancer Res. 27: 1998.
Ertürk, E., Cohen, S. M., and Bryan, G. T., 1970a, Induction, histogenesis and isotransplantability of renal tumors induced by formic acid 2-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]-hydrazide in rats. Cancer Res. 30: 2098.
Ertürk, E., Morris, J. E., Cohen, S. M., Price, J. M., and Bryan, G. T., 1970b, Transplantable rat mammary tumors induced by 5-nitro-2-furyldehyde semicarbazone and by formic acid 2-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]-hydrazide. Cancer Res. 30: 1409.
Ertürk, E., Morris, J. E., Cohen, S. M., Von Esch, A. M., Crovetti, A. J., Price, J. M., and Bryan, G. T., 1971, Comparative carcinogenicity of formic acid 2-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]- hydrazide and related chemicals in the rat, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 47: 437.
Fahmy, O. G., and Fahmy, M. J., 1972, Mutagenic selectivity for the RNA-forming genes in relation to the carcinogenicity of alkylating and polycyclic aromatics, Cancer Res. 32: 550.
Farber, E., 1963, Ethionine carcinogenesis, Advan. Cancer Res. 7: 383.
Farber, E., 1967, Ethionine fatty liver, Advan. Lipid Res. 5: 119.
Farber, E., 1968, Biochemistry of carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 28: 1859.
Farber, E., 1973, Carcinogenesis, cellular evolution as a unifying thread: Presidential address. Cancer Res. 33: 2537.
Farber, E., and Magee, P. N., 1960, The probable alkylation of liver ribonucleic acid by the hepatic carcinogens dimethylnitrosamine and ethionine, Biochem. J. 76: 58 P.
Farber, E., Shull, K. H., Villa-Trevino, S., Lombardi, B., and Thomas, M., 1964, Biochemical pathology of acute hepatic adenosinetriphosphate deficiency. Nature (Lond.) 203: 34.
Farber, E., McConomy, J., Franzen, B., Marroquin, F., Stewart, G. A., and Magee, P. N., 1967a, Interaction between ethionine and rat liver ribonucleic acid and protein in vivo, Cancer Res. 27: 1761.
Farber, E., McConomy, J., and Frumanski, B., 19676, Relative degrees of labeling of liver DNA and RNA with ethionine, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 8: 16.
Farber, E., Parker, S., and Gruenstein, M., 1973, Unpublished observations.
Farber, J. L., Shinozuka, H., Serroni, A., and Farmer, R., 1974a, Reversal of the ethionine-induced inhibition of rat liver RNA polymerases In vivo by adenine. Lab. Invest. (in press).
Farber, J. L., and Herzog, J., 1974b, Unpublished observations.
Farber, J. L., Herzog, J., Serroni, A., and Briesmeister, B., 1974c, Unpublished observations.
Fink, L. M., Nishimura, S., and Weinstein, I. B., 1970, Modifications of ribonucleic acid by chemical carcinogens I. In vitro modification of transfer ribonucleic acid by N-acetoxy-2- acetylaminofluorene. Biochemistry 9: 496.
Fiume, L., Campadelli-Fiume, G., Magee, P. N., and Holsman, J., 1970, Cellular injury and carcinogenesis: Inhibition of metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine by aminoacetonitrile, Biochem. J. 120: 601.
Flesher, J. W., and Sydnor, K. L., 1971, Carcinogenicity of derivatives of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Cancer Res. 31: 1951.
Floyd, L. R., Unuma, T., and Busgh, H., 1968, Effects of aflatoxin BI and other carcinogens upon nucleolar RNA of various tissues in the rat, Exp. Cell Res. 51: 423.
Fox, M., and Ayad, S. R., 1971, Characteristics of repair synthesis in P388 cells treated with methylmethanesulphonate, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 3: 193.
Fujimura, S., Grunberger, D., Carvajal, G., and Weinstein, I. B., 1972, Modification of RNA by chemical carcinogen: Modification of E. Coli formylmethionine tRNA with N-acetoxy-2- acetylaminofluorene. Biochemistry 11: 3629.
Fukuda, S., and Yamamoto, N., 1972, Detection of activating enzymes for-nitroquinoline 1-oxide activation with a microbial assay system, Cancer Res. 32: 435.
Furst, A., and Haro, R. T., 1969, Possible mechanisms of metal ion carcinogenesis, in: Physicochemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis (E. D. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds.), p. 310, Vol. 1 of The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.
Fuwa, K., Warren, W. E. C., Druyan, R., Bartholomay, A., and Valee, B. L., 1960, Nucleic acids and metals. II. Transition metals as determinants of the Conformation of ribonucleic acids, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 46: 1298.
Garner, R. C., 1973, Microsomal-dependent binding of aflatoxin-Bj to DNA, RNA, polynucleotides and protein in vitro, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 6: 125.
Garner, R. C., Miller, E. C., Miller, J. A., Garner, J. V., and Hanson, R. S., 1971, Formation of a factor lethal for S. typhimurium TAI530 and TAI531 on incubation of aflatoxin B1 with rat liver microsomes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 45: 774.
Gelboin, H. V., 1969, A microsome-dependent binding of benzo(a)pyrene to DNA, Cancer Res. 29: 1272.
Gelboin, H. V., Wirlham, J. S., Wilson, R. G., Friedman, M., and Wogan, G. N., 1966, Rapid and marked inhibition of rat liver RNA polymerase by aflatoxin Bi, Science 154: 1205.
Giovanella, B. C., McKinney, L. E., and Heidelberger, C., 1964, On the reported solubilization of carcinogenic hydrocarbons in aqueous solutions of DNA, J. Mol. Biol. 8: 20.
Goodman, J. I., and Potter, V. R., 1971, Early effects of 3′-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (MeDAB) administration: Evidence of an increased turnover of hepatic DNA, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 12: 36.
Goodman, J. I., and Potter, V. R., 1972, Evidence for DNA repair synthesis and turnover in rat liver following ingestion of 3′-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, Cancer Res. 32: 766.
Goshman, L. M., and Heidelberger, C., 1967, Binding of tritium-labeled polycyclic hydrocarbons to DNA of mouse skin. Cancer Res. 27: 1678.
Goth, R., and Rajewsky, M. F., 1972, Ethylation of nucleic acid by ethylnitrosourea-l-C14 in the fetal and adult liver. Cancer Res. 32: 1501.
Grab, D. J., Zedeck, M. S., Surstocki, N. I., and Sonenberg, M., 1973, In vitro synthesis of RNA with “aggregate” enzyme, chromatin and DNA from liver of methylazoxymethanol acetate-treated rats, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 6: 259.
Grover, P. L., and Sims, P., 1968, Enzyme-catalysed reactions of polycyclic hydrocarbons with deoxyribonucleic acids and protein in vitro, Biochem. J. 110: 159.
Grover, P. L., and Sims, P., 1970, Interactions of the k-region epoxides of phenanthrene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene with nucleic acids and histone, Biochem. Pharmacol. 19: 2251.
Grover, P. L., and Sims, P., 1972, Metabolic formation of a k-region epoxide of benzo(a)pyrene, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 13: 25.
Grover, P. L., Hewer, A., and Sims, P., 1971a, Epoxides as microsomal metabolites of polycyclic hydrocarbons, FEBS Letters 18: 76.
Grover, P. L., Forrester, J. A., and Sims, P., 19716, Reactivity of the k-region epoxides of some polycyclic hydrocarbons towards the nucleic acids and proteins of BHK 21 cells, Biochem. Pharmacol. 20: 1297.
Grover, P. L., Sims, P., Huberman, E., Marquardt, H., Kuroki, T., and Heidelberger, G., 1971c, In vitro transformation of rodent cells by K-region derivatives of polycyclic hydrocarbons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 68: 1098.
Grunberger, D., and Weinstein, I. B., 1971, Modifications of ribonucleic acid by chemical carcinogens. III. Template activity of polynucleotides modified by N-acetoxy-2- acetylaminofluorene, J. Biol. Chem. 246: 1123.
Grunberger, D., Nelson, J., Cantor, R. G., and Weinstein, I. B., 1970, Goding and conformational properties of oligonucleotides modified with the carcinogens N-2-acetylaminofiuorene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 66: 488.
Grunberger, G., Yu, F. L., Grunberger, D., and Feigelson, P., 1973, Mechanism of iV-hydroxy-2- acetylaminofluorene inhibition of rat hepatic ribonucleic acid synthesis, J. Biol. Chem. 248: 6278.
Hadi, I. S. M., Kirtikar, D., and Goldthwait, D. A., 1973, Endonuclease II of Excherichia coli degradation of double- and single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid, Biochemistry 12: 2747.
Haese, W. H., Smith, D. L., and Bueding, E., 1973, Hycanthone-induced hepatic changes in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 186: 430.
Hahn, F. E., 1971, Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology, Vol. 2, Springer, New York.
Hanawalt, P. G., 1972, Repair of genetic material in living cells. Endeavour 31: 83.
Hancock, R. L., 1968, Soluble RNA ethylase activity of normal and neoplastic mouse tissues, Cancer Res. 28: 1223.
Hawks, A., Swann, P. F., and Magee, P. N., 1972, Probable methylation of nucleic acids of mouse colon by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in vivo, Biochem. Pharmacal. 21: 432.
Heath, D. F., 1961, Mechanism of the hepatotoxic action of dialkylnitrosamine, Nature (Lond.) 192: 170.
Hennings, H., 1973, DNA repair after treatment of mouse skin cell cultures with β-propiolactone (BPL), Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 14: 70.
Henshaw, E. G., and Hiatt, H. H., 1963, Bindingof fluorenylacetamide to rat liver RNA in vivo, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 4: 27.
Hirose, S., Okazaki, R., and Tamanoi, F., 1973, Mechanism of DNA chain growth. XI. Structure of RNA-linked DNA fragments of Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol. 77: 501.
Holley, R. W., Apgar, J., Everett, G. A., Madison, J. T., Marquisee, M., Merrill, S. H., Penswick, J. R., and Zamir, A., 1965, Structure of a ribonucleic acid Science 147: 1462.
Hoshino, H., Fumiko, F., Okabe, K., and Sugimura, T., 1966, Metabolism of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. II. In vivo conversion of subcutanously injected 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide to 4-aminoquinoline 1-oxide and 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide in rats, Gann 57: 71.
Howard-Flanders, P., 1968, DNA repair, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 37: 175.
Huberman, E., Aspiras, L., Heidelberger, G., Grover, P. L., and Sims, P., 1971, Mutagenicity to mammalian cells of epoxides and other derivatives of polycyclic hydrocarbons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 68: 3195.
Huggins, G., Grand, L., and Fukunishi, R., 1964, Aromatic influences on the yields of mammary cancers following administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 51: 737.
Hughes, P. E., and Pilczyk, R., 1969/1970, The in vivo binding of metabolites of 2-naphthylamine to mouse-liver DNA, RNA and protein, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 1: 307.
Iball, J., 1939, The relative potency of carcinogenic compounds. Am. J. Cancer 35: 188.
Iball, J., and MacDonald, S. G. G., 1960, The crystal structure of 20-methylcholanthrene, Z. Kristallog 114: 439.
Ide, T., and Andoh, T., 1972, Scissions of proteins linking DNA in cultured mammalian cells induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and their repair. Cancer Res. 32: 1236.
Ingold, G. K., 1970, Structure and Mechanism in Organic chemistry, 2nd ed., pp. 421–555, G. Bell and Sons, Edinburgh.
Irving, G. G., 1970, in: Metabolic Conjugation and Metabolic Hydrolysis, Vol. 1 (W. H. Fishman, ed.), p. 53, Academic Press, New York.
Irving, C. C., 1971, Metabolic activation of N-hydroxy compounds by conjugation, Xenobiotica 1: 387.
Irving, C. C., 1973, Interaction of chemical carcinogens with DNA, in: Methods in Cancer Research, Vol VII ( H. Busch, ed.), p. 189, Academic Press, New York.
Irving, C. C., and Russell, L. T., 1970, Synthesis of the O-glucuronide of N-2- fluorenylhydroxylamine: Reaction with nucleic acids and the guanosine 5′-monophosphate, Biochemistry 9: 2471.
Irving, C. C., and Veazey, R. Z., 1969, Persistent binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene to rat liver DNA in vivo and consideration of the mechanism of binding of iV-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene to rat liver nucleic acids. Cancer Res. 27: 1779.
Irving, C. C., and Veazey, R. A., 1972, Preferential binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene to rat liver rRNA during early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 47: 1159.
Irving, C. C., Veazey, R. A., and Willard, R. F., 1967, The significance and mechanism of the binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene to rat liver ribonucleic acid in vivo, Cancer Res. 27: 720.
Irving, C. C., Veazey, R. A., and Hill, G. T., 1969, Reaction of the glucuronide of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene with nucleic acids, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 179: 189.
Irving, C. C., Janss, D. H., and Russell, L. T., 1971, Lack of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene sulfotransferase activity in the mammary gland and Zymbal’s gland of the rat, Cancer Res. 31: 387.
Ishizawa, M., and Endo, H., 1967, On the mode of action of a potent carcinogen, 4-hydroxylaminoquinoline 1-oxide, on bacteriophage T4, Biochem. Pharmacol. 16: 637.
Janss, D. H., Moon, R. C., and Irving, C. C., 1972, The binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to mammary parenchymal DNA and protein in vivo, Cancer Res. 32: 254.
Jelinek, W., and Darnell, J. E., 1972, Double-stranded regions in heterogeneous nuclear RNA from HeLa cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 69: 2537.
Jenson, E. V., Ford, E., and Huggins, C., 1963, Depressed incorporation of thymidine-3H into deoxyribonucleic acid following administration of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 50: 454.
Kaplan, J. C., Kushner, S. R., and Grossman, L., 1971, Enzymatic repair of DNA. III. Properties of the UV-endonuclease and UV-exonuclease, Biochemistry 10: 3315.
Kato, M., and Takalashi, A., 1970, Characteristics of nitro reduction of the carcinogenic agent, 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide, Biochem. Pharmacol. 19: 45.
Kawamata, J., Nakabayashi, N., Kawai, A., and Ushida, T., 1958, Experimental production of sarcoma in mice with actinomycin, Med. J. Osaka Univ. 8: 753.
Kawamata, J., Nakabayashi, N., Kawai, A., Fujita, H., Imanishi, M., and Ikegami, R., 1959, Studies on the carcinogenic effect of actinomycin, Biken’s J. 2: 105.
Kawamoto, S., Ida, N., Kirschbaum, A., and Taylor, G., 1958, Urethan and leukemogenesis in mice, Cancer Res. 18: 725.
Kawazoe, Y., Araki, M., Aoki, K., and Nakahara, W., 1969, Structure-carcinogenicity relationship among derivatives of 4-nitro- and 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide, Biochem. Pharmacol. 16: 631.
Kawazoe, Y., Araki, M., and Huang, G. F., 1972, Chemical aspects of carcinogenesis by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide,: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund (W. Nakahara, S. Takayama, T. Sugimura, and S. Odashima, eds.), p. 1, University Park Press, Baltimore.
King, C. M., and Kriek, E., 1965, The differential reactivity of the oxidation products of O-aminophenols towards proteins and nucleic acid, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 111: 147.
King, C. M., and Phillips, B., 1970, Instability of fluorenylamine-substituted polynucleotides: Loss of carcinogen and production of an altered nucleic acid, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 2: 267.
King, C. M., and Phillips. B., 1972, Mechanism of introduction of fluorenylamine (FA) substituents into nucleic acid by rat liver, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 13: 43.
Kit, S., 1960, Studies on structure, composition, metabolism of tumour RNA, in: Cell Physiology of New Phases: Fourteenth Annual Symposium on Fundamental Cancer Research, p. 337, University of Texas M. D. anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, University of Texas Press, Austin.
Kleihues, P., 1972, N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea induced changes in the labeling by (14C) orotate of RNA and acid-soluble fractions in rat kidney and liver, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 5: 309.
Kosuge, T., Zenda, H., Yokota, M., Sawanishi, H., and Suzuki, Y., 1969, Further evidence for formation of 4-nitrosoquinoline-1-oxide, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 17: 2181.
Kriek, E., 1968, Difference in binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene to ratliver deoxyribonucleic acid and ribosomal ribonucleic acid in vivo, Biochim. Biophys, Acta 161: 273.
Kriek, E., 1969, On the mechanism of action of aromatic amines in vivo: Differences in binding to ribosomal RNA and DNA, in: Physico-chemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis (E. D. Bergman and B. Pullman, eds.), p. 136, Vol. 1 of The Jerusalem Symphosia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.
Kriek, E., 1972, Persistent binding of a new product of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-N-2- acetylaminofluorene with guanine in rat liver DNA in vivo, Cancer Res. 32: 2042.
Kriek, E., and Emmelot, P., 1963, Methylation and breakdown of microsomal and soluble ribonucleic acid from rat liver by diazomethane, Biochemistry 2; 733.
Kriek, E., Miller, J. A., Juhl, V., and Miller, E. C., 1967, 8-(N-2-Fluorenylacetamide)guanosine, an arylamidation reaction product of guanosine and the carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-2- fluorenylacetamide in neutral solution, Biochem. J. 6: 177.
Krüger, F. W., 1972, New Aspects in metabolism of carcinogenic nitrosamine, in: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund ( W. Nakahara, S. Takayama, T. Sugimura, and S. Odashima, eds.), p. 213, University Park Press, Baltimore.
Krüger, F. W., 1973, Metabolism of nitrosamines in vivo. II. On the methylation of nucleic acids by aliphatic di-n-alkyl-nitrosamines in vivo, caused by β-oxidation: The increased formation of 7-methylguanine after application of β-hydroxypropyl-propyl-nitrosamine compared to that after application of di-n-propyl-nitrosamine, Z. Krebsforsch. 79: 90.
Krüger, F. W., and Bertram, B., 1973, Metabolism of nitrosamines in vivo. III. On the methylation of nucleic acids by aliphatic di-n-alkyl-nitrosamines in vivo resulting from β-oxidation: The formation of 7-methylguanine after application of 2-oxo-propyl-propyl-nitrosamine and methyl-propyl-nitrosamine, Z. Krebsforsch. 80: 189.
Kuroki, T., and Heidelberger, C., 1971, The binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the DNA, RNA and proteins of transformable cells in culture. Cancer Res. 31: 2168.
Kuroki, T., Huberman, E., Marquardt, H., Selkirk, J. K., Heidelberger, C., Grover, P. L., and Sims, P., 1971/1972, Binding of k-region epoxides and other derivatives of benz(a)anthracene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene to DNA, RNA, and proteins of transformable cells, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 4: 389.
Kushner, S. R., Kaplan, J. C., Ono, H., and Grossman, L., 1971, Enzymatic repair of deoxyribonuc¬leic acid. IV. Mechanism of photoproduct excision. Biochemistry 10: 3325.
Lafarge, C., and Frayssinet, C., 1970, The reversibility of inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis induced by aflatoxin in rat liver, a tentative explanation for carcinogenic mechanism. Int. J. Cancer 6: 74.
Laird, A. K., and Barton, A. D., 1959, Cell growth and the development of tumours, Nature (Lond.) 183: 1655.
Laird, A. K., and Barton, A. D., 1961, Cell proliferation in precancerous liver: Relation to presence and dose of carcinogen, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 27: 827.
Laishes, B. A., and Stich, H. F., 1973, Repair synthesis and sedimentation analysis of DNA of human cells exposed to dimethylnitrosamine and activated dimethylnitrosamine, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 52: 827.
Lancaster, M. C., Jenkins, F. P., and Philip, J. M., 1961, Toxicity associated with certain samples of dry nuts. Nature (Lond.) 192: 1095.
Laqueur, G. L., and Spatz, M., 1968, Toxicology of cycasin, Cancer Res. 28: 2262.
Lawley, P. D., 1966, Effects of some chemical mutagens and carcinogens on nucleic acids. Prog. Nucl. Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 5: 89.
Lawley, P. D., 1972a, Some aspects of the cellular response to chemical modifications of nucleic acid purines, in: Purines, Theory and Experiment The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, (E. D. Bergmann and P. Pullman, eds.), pp. 579–591, Vol. 4 of Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.
Lawley, P. D., 19726, The action of alkylating mutagens and carcinogens on nucleic acids: N-Methyl-N-nitroso compounds as methylating agents, in: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund (W. Nakahara, S. Takayama, T. Sugimura, and S. Odashima, eds.), p. 237, University Park Press, Baltimore.
Lawley, P. D., 1973, Reaction of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNUA) with 32P labeled DNA: Evidence for formation of phosphotriesters, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 7: 127.
Lawley, P. D., and Brookes, P., 1963, Further studies on the alkylation of nucleic acids and their constituent nucleotides, Biochem. J. 89: 127.
Lawley, P. D., and Orr, D.J., 1970, Specific excision of methylation products from DNA of Escherichia coli treated with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 2: 154.
Lawley, P. D., and Shah, S. A., 1972a, Methylation of ribonucleic acid by the carcinogens dimethyl-sulfate N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, compari¬sons of chemical analysis at the nucleoside and base levels, Biochem. J. 128: 117.
Lawley, P. D., and Shah, S. A., 19726, Reaction of alkylating mutagens and carcinogens with nucleic acids: Detection and estimation of a small extent of methylation at O-6 of guanine in DNA by methylmethanesulfonate in vivo, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 5: 286.
Lawley, P. D., and Shah, S. A., 1973, Methylation of DNA by 3H-14C-methyl-labeled N-methyl-N- nitrosourea—evidence for transfer of the intact methyl group, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 7: 115.
Lawley, P. D., and Thatcher, C. J., 1970, Methylation of deoxyribonucleic acid in cultured mammalian cells by N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine: The influence of cellular thiol concentrations on the extent of methylation and the 6-oxygen atom of guanine as a site of methylation, Biochem. J. 116: 693.
Lawley, P. D., Brookes, P., Magee, P. N., Craddock, V. M., and Swann, P. F., 1968, Methylated bases in liver nucleic acids from rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 157: 646.
Lawley, P. D., Orr, D. J., and Shah, S. A., 1971/1972, Reaction of alkylating mutagens and carcinogens with nucleic acids: N-3 of guanine as a site of alkylation by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and dimethylsulfate, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 4: 431.
Lawley, P. D., Orr, D. J., Shah, S. A., Farmer, P. B., and Jarman, M., 1973, Reaction products from N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and deoxyribonucleic acid containing thymidine residues: Synthesis and identification of a new methylation product O4-methylthymidine, Biochem. J. 135: 193.
Laws, J. O., 1959, Tissue regeneration and tumour development, Brit. J. Cancer 13: 669.
Lawson, T. A., 1968, The binding of O-aminoazotoluene to deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid and protein in the C57 mouse, Biochem. J. 109: 917.
Lawson, T. A., and Clayson, D. B., 1969, Differences in binding of orthoaminoazotoluene to macromolecules of female and male C57 mouse liver, in: Physico-chemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis (E. D. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds.), p. 226, Vol. 1 of The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.
Lawson, T. A., and Pound, A. W., 1971, Reaction of urethane with mouse liver nucleic acids in vivo, Pathology 3: 223.
Lawson, T. A., and Pound, A. W., 1971/1972, The interaction of (3H) ethyl carbamate with nucleic acids of regenerating mouse liver, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 4: 329.
Lawson, T. A., and Pound, A. W., 1973a, The interaction of carbon-12-labeled alkyl carbomates, labeled in the alkyl- and carbonyl-positions, with DNA in vivo, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 6: 99.
Lawson, T. A., and Pound, A. W., 1973b, The prolonged binding of ethyl carbamate-(14C) to DNA in regenerating and intact mouse liver, Europ. J. Cancer 9: 491.
Lee, K. Y., and Lijinsky, W., 1966, Alkylation of rat liver RNA by cyclic N-nitrosamines in vivo, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 37: 401.
Lehmann, A. R., 1972, Postreplication repair of DNA in ultraviolet-irradiated mammalian cells, J. Mol. Biol. 66: 319.
Lerman, L. S., 1964, Acridine mutagens and DNA structure, J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 64: 1 (Suppl. 1).
Lerman, L. S., 1971, Intercalability, the “y” transition, and the state of DNA in nature, in: Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology, Vol. 2 ( F. E. Hahn, ed.), p. 382, Springer, New York.
Lett, J. T., Parkins, G. M., and Alexander, P., 1962, Physiochemical changes produced in DNA after alkylation, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 97: 80.
Lett, J. T., Caldwell, L, Dean, C. J., and Alexander, P., 1967, Rejoiningof x-ray induced breaks in the DNA of leukemia cells. Nature (Lond.) 214: 790.
Lett, J. T., Klucis, E. S., and Sun, C., 1970, On the size of the DNA in the mammalian chromosome substructural sununits, Biophys. J. 10: 277.
Lieberman, M. W., and Dipple, A., 1972, Removal of bound carcinogen during DNA repair in non-dividing human lymphocytes, Cancer Res. 32: 1855.
Lieberman, M. W., and Forbes, P. D., 1973, Demonstration of DNA repair in normal and neoplastic tissues after treatment with proximate chemical carcinogens and ultraviolet radiation, Nature New Biol. 241: 199.
Lieberman, M. W., and Poirier, M. C., 1973, Deoxyribonucleoside incorporation during DNA repair of carcinogen-induced damage in human diploid fibroblasts. Cancer Res. 33: 2097.
Lieberman, M. W., Baney, R. N., Lee, R. E., Sell, S., and Farber, E., 1971, Studies on DNA repair in human lymphocytes treated with proximate carcinogens and alkylating agents. Cancer Res. 31: 1297.
Lijinsky, W., Loo, J., and Ross, A. E., 1968, Mechanism of alkylation of nucleic acids by nitro-sodimethylamine. Nature (Land.) 218: 1174.
Lijinsky, W., Lee, K. Y., and Jallagher,C. H., 1970, Interactionof aflatoxins B1 and G1 with tissues of the rat, Cancer Res. 30: 2280.
Lindahl, T., and Edelman, G. M., 1968, Polynucleotide ligase from myeloid and lymphoid tissues, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 61: 680.
Lindberg, U., and Darnell, J. E., 1970, SV40-specific RNA in the nucleus and polyribosomes of transformed cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 65: 1089.
Lingens, F., Haerlin, F., and Sussmuth, R., 1971, Mechanisms of mutagenesis by N-methyl-N′-nitro- N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG): Methylation of nucleic acids by N-trideuteriomethyl-N′-nitro-N- nitrosoguanidine (D3-MNNG) in the presence of cysteine and in cells of Escherichia coli, FEBS Letters 13: 241.
Liquori, A. M., DeLerma, B., Ascoli, F., Botré, C., and Trascitti, M., 1962, Interaction between DNA and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, J. Mol. Biol. 5: 521.
Lotlikar, P. D., and Luha, L., 1971a, Enzymatic N-acetylation of iV-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene by liver cytosol from various species, Biochem. J. 123: 287.
Lotlikar, P. D., and Luha, L., 19716, Acylation of carcinogenic hydroxamic acids by carbamoylphos- phate to form reactive esters, Biochem. J. 124: 69.
Loveless, A., 1969, Possible relevance of 0-6 alkylation of deoxyguanosine to the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of nitrosamines and nitrosamides. Nature (Lond.) 223: 206.
Magee, P. N., 1969, Interactions of carcinogens in vivo, in: Physico-chemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Vol. 1 of i The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, ( E. D. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds.), pp. 298–304, Israel Academy of Science and Humanities, Jerusalem.
Magee, P. N., 1972, Possible mechanisms of carcinogenesis and mutagenesis by nitrosamines, in: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund ( W. Nakahara, S. Takayama, T. Sugimura, and S. Odashima, eds.), p. 259, University Park Press, Baltimore.
Magee, P. N., and Barnes, J. M., 1967, Carcinogenic nitroso compounds, Advan. Cancer Res. 10: 163.
Magee, P. N., and Farber, E., 1962, Methylation of rat liver nucleic acids by dimethylnitrosamine in vivo, Biochem. J. 83: 114.
Magee, P. N., and Hultin, T., 1962, Toxic liver injury and carcinogenesis: Methylation of rat liver slices by dimethylnitrosamine in vitro, Biochem. J. 83: 106.
Magee, P. N., and Lee, K. Y., 1963, Experimental toxic liver injury by some nitrosamines, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 104: 916.
Magee, P. N., and Lee, K. Y., 1964, Cellular injury and carcinogenesis: Alkylation of ribonucleic acid of rat liver by diethylnitrosamine and n-butylmethylnitrosamine in vivo, Biochem. J. 91: 35.
Magee, P. N., and Schoental, R., 1964, Carcinogenesis by nitroso compounds, Brit. Med. Bull. 20: 102.
Maini, M. M., and Stich, H. F., 1962, Chromosomes of tumor cells III. Unresponsiveness of precancerous hepatic tissues and hepatomas to a mitotic stimulus, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 28: 753.
Malkin, M. F., and Zahalsky, A. C., 1966, Interaction of the water-soluble carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide with DNA, Science 154: 1665.
Margison, G. P., Capps, M. J., O’Connor, P. J., and Craig, A. W., 1973, Loss of 7-methylguanine from rat liver DNA after methylation in vivo with methylmethanesulfonate or dimethylnitrosamine, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 6: 119.
Marquardt, H., and Philips, F. S., 1970, The effects of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene on the synthesis of nucleic acids in rapidly dividing hepatic cells in rats. Cancer Res. 30: 2000.
Marquardt, H., Bendigh, A., Philips, F. S., and Hoffmann, D., 1971, Binding of G-3H-7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to DNA of normal and rapidly dividing hepatic cells of rats, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 3: 1.
Marquardt, H., Philips, F. S., and Bendigh, A., 1972, DNA binding and inhibition of DNA synthesis after 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene administered during the early prereplicative phase in regenerating rat liver. Cancer Res. 32: 1810.
Marroquin, F., and Farber, E., 1965, The binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene to rat liver ribonucleic acid in vivo, Cancer Res. 25: 1262.
Matsumoto, H., and Higa, H. H., 1966, Studies on methylazoxymethanol, the aglycone of cycasin: Methylation of nucleic acids in vitro, Biochem. J. 98: 20C.
Matsushima, T., Kobuna, I., and Sugimura, T., 1967, In vivo interaction of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide and derivatives with DNA, Nature (Lond.) 216: 508.
Matsuyama, A., and Nagata, C., 1972, Detection of the unstable intermediate 4-nitrosoquinoline 1-oxide, in: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund ( W. Nakahara, S. Takayama, T. Sugimura, and S. Odashima, eds.), p. 35, University Park Press, Baltimore.
McCalla, D. R., Reuvers, A., and Kitai, R., 1968, Inactivation of biologically active N-methyl-N- nitroso compounds in aqueous solution: Effect of various conditions of pH and illumination, Canad. J. Biochem. 46: 807.
McCalla, D. R., Reuvers, A., and Kaiser, C., 1971, Activation of nitrofurazone in animal tissues, Biochem. Pharmacol. 20: 3532.
Melli, M., and Pemberton, R. E., 1972, New method of studying the precursor-product relationship between high molecular weight RNA and messenger RNA, Nature New Biol. 236: 172.
Michael, R. O., Sarma, D. S. R., Damjanov, I., Cox, R., and Farber, E., 1973, Unpublished observations.
Miller, E. C., and Miller, J. A., 1969, Studies on the mechanism of activation of aromatic amine and amide carcinogens to ultimate carcinogenic electrophilic reactants, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 163: 731.
Miller, E. C., and Miller, J. A., 1971, The mutagenicity of chemical carcinogens: Correlations, problems, and interpretations, in: Chemical Mutagens: Principles and Methods for Their Detection, Vol. 1 ( A. Hollander, ed.), p. 83, Plenum Press, New York.
Miller, E. C., Smith, J. Y., and Miller, J. A., 1970, Lack of correlation between the formation of the glucouronide of iV-hydroxy-2-acetyl aminofluorene (N-GLO-AAF) and susceptibility to hepatic carcinogenesis, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 11: 56.
Miller, J. A., 1970, Carcinogenesis by chemicals: An overview—G. H. A., Clowes memorial lecture, Cancer Res. 30: 559.
Miller, J. A., and Miller, E. C., 1969, Metabolic activation of carcinogenic aromatic amines and amides via N-hydroxylation and N-hydroxy-esterification and its relationship to ultimate carcinogens as electrophilic reactants, in: Physico-chemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis (E. D. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds.), p. 237, Vol. 1 of The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.
Miller, J. A., Lin, J.-K., and Miller, E. C., 1970, N-(Guanosin-8-yl) and N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl) Ar-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene: Degradation products of hepatic RNA and DNA in rats administered N′-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 11: 56.
Mirvish, S. S., 1968, The carcinogenic action and metabolism of urethane and N-hydroxyurethane, Advan. Cancer Res. 11: 1.
Miura, K., and Reckendorf, H. K., 1967, The nitrofurans. Prog. Med. Chem. 5: 320.
Morris, J. E., Price, J. M., Lalich, J. J., and Stein, R. J., 1969, The carcinogenic activity of some 5-nitrofuran derivatives in the rat, Cancer Res. 29: 2145.
Mulivor, R. A., and Sarma, D. S. R., 1973, Unpublished observations.
Mulivor, R. A., Abanobi, S. E., and Sarma, D. S. R., 1974, Unpublished observations.
Müller, W., and Crothers, D. M., 1968, Studies on the binding of actinomycin and related compounds to DNA, J. Mol. Biol. 35: 251.
Muramatsu, M., and Busch, H., 1967, Isolation, composition and function of nucleoli of tumors and other tissues, Meth. Cancer Res. 2: 303.
Myles, A., and Brown, G. B., 1969, Purine N-oxides. XXX. Biochemical studies of the oncogen 3-hydroxyxanthine, J. Biol. Chem. 244: 4072.
Nagasawa, H. T., Shirota, F. N., and Matsumoto, H., 1972, Decomposition of methylazoxy- methanol, the aglycone of cycasin, in D2O, Nature (Lond.) 236: 234.
Nagata, C., Kodama, M., Tagashira, Y., and Imamura, A., 1966a, Interaction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 4-nitro-quinoline-l-oxides, and various dyes with DNA, Biopolymers 4: 409.
Nagata, C., Kataoka, N., Imamura, A., Kawazof, Y., and Chihara, G., 1966b, Electronic spin resonance study on the free radicals produced from 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-l-oxide and its significance in carcinogenesis, Gann 57: 323.
Nagata, Y., and Matsumoto, H., 1969, Studies on methylazoxymethanol: Methylation of nucleic acids in the fetal rat brain, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 132: 383.
Nakahara, W., Fukuoka, F., and Sugimura, T., 1957, Carcinogenic action of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, Gann 48: 129.
Natori, Y., 1963, VI. Sex-dependent behaviour of methionine and ethionine in rats, J. Biol. Chem. 238: 2075.
Nelson, J. H., Grunberger, D., Cantor, C. R., and Weinstein, I. B., 1971, Modification of ribonucleic acid by chemical carcinogen. IV. Circular dichroism and proton magnetic resonance studies of oligonucleotides modified with N-2-acetylaminofluorene, J. Mol. Biol. 62; 331.
Nery, R., 1968, Some aspects of the metabolism of urethane and N-hydroxy urethane in rodents, Biochem. J. 106: 1.
Nery, R., 1969, Acylation of cytosine by ethyl N-hydrocarbamate and its acyl derivatives and the binding of these agents to nucleic acids and proteins, J. Chem. Soc. Section E 1860.
O’Connor, P. J., Capps, M.J., Craig, A. W., Lawley, P. D., and Shah, S. A., 1972, Differences in the patterns of methylation in rat liver ribosomal ribonucleic acid after reaction in vivo with methyl methanesulfonate and N,N-dimethylnitrosamine, Biochem. J. 129: 519.
O’Connor, P. J., Capps, M. J., and Craig, A. W., 1973, Comparative studies of the hepatocarcinogen N,N-dimethylnitrosamine in vivo: Reaction sites in rat liver DNA and the significance of their relative stabilities, Brit. J. Cancer 27: 153.
Oremerod, M. G., and Lehmann, A. R., 1971, Artifacts arising from the sedimentation of high molecular weight DNA on sucrose gradients, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 247: 369.
Ortwerth, B. J., and Novelli, D. G., 1969, Studies on the incorporation of L-ethionine-ethyl-l-14C into the transfer RNA of rat liver, Cancer Res. 29: 380.
Painter, R. B., 1970, Repair of DNA in mammalian cells, Curr. Topics Radiation Res. 7: 45.
Parodi, S., and Sarma, D. S. R., 1973, Unpublished observations.
Paul, H. E., and Paul, M. F., 1964, The nitrofurans—chemotherapeutic properties, in: Experimental Chemotherapy, Vol. II ( R. J. Schnitzer and F. Hawkins, eds.), p. 307, Academic Press, New York.
Paul, J. S., Montgomery, P. O’B., Jr., and Louis, J. B., 1971, A proposed model of the interaction of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide with DNA, Cancer Res. 31: 413.
Pauling, L., 1970, General Chemistry, Freeman, San Fransisco.
Pedralinoy, G. C. F., Spadari, S., Ciarrocchi, G., Pedrini, A. M., and Falaschi, A., 1973, Two forms of the DNA ligase of human cells, Europ. J. Biochem. 39: 343.
Pegg, A. E., 1972, Ethylation of rat liver t-RNA after administration of L-ethionine, Biochem. J. 128: 59.
Pegg, A. E., 1973, Alkylation of transfer RNA by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 6: 393.
Perry, R. P., and Kelly, D. E., 1974, Existence of methylated messenger RNA in mouse L cells, Cell 1: 37.
Pitot, H. C., and Heidelberger, C., 1963, Metabolic regulatory circuits and carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 2S: 1694.
Pochon, F., and Michelson, A. M., 1971, Action of the carcinogen 7-bromomethylbenz(a)anthracene on synthetic polynucleotides, Europ. J. Biochem. 21: 144.
Poirier, L. A., Miller, J. A., Miller, E. C., and Sato, K., 1967, N-Benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4- aminoazobenzene: Its carcinogenic activity in the rat and its reactions with proteins and nucleic acids and their constituents in vitro. Cancer Res. 27: 1600.
Pong, R. S., and Wogan, G. N., 1970, Time course and dose-response characteristics of aflatoxin Bi effects on rat liver RNA polymerase and ultrastructure, Cancer Res. 30: 294.
Powers, D. M., and Holley, R. W., 1972, Selective chemical methylation of yeast alanine transfer RNA, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 287: 456.
Preussmann, R., Druckrey, H., Ivankovic, S., and Hodenberg, A. V., 1967, Chemical structure and carcinogenicity of aliphatic hydrazo, azo, and azoxy compounds and of triazenes, potential in vivo alkylating agents, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 163: 697.
Prodi, G., Rocchi, P., and Grilli, S., 1970a, In vivo interaction of urethan with nucleic acids and proteins, Cancer Res. 30: 2887.
Prodi, G., Rocchi, P., and Grilli, S., 19706, Binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and benzopyrene to nucleic acids and proteins of organs in rats. Cancer Res. 30: 1020.
Pullman, B., and Pullman, A., 1959, The electronic structure of the purine pyrimidine pairs of DNA, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 36: 343.
Rabes, H., Hartenstein, R., and Scholze, P., 1970, Specific stages of cellular response to homeostatic control during diethylnitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis, Experientia 26: 1356.
Rajalakshmi, S., and Farber, E., 1973, DNA synthesis in liver of rats treated with DMN, Fed. Proc. 32: 833.
Rajalakshmi, S., and Sarma, D. S. R., 1973, Rapid repair of hepatic DNA damage induced by camptothecin in the intact rat, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 53: 1268.
Ramanathan, R., Sarma, D. S. R., Rajalakshmi, S., and Farber, E., 1974, Unpublished observations.
Reiner, B., and Zamenhof, 1957, Studies on the chemically reactive groups of deoxyribonucleic acids, J. Biol. Chem. 228: 475.
Rhaese, H. J., and Freese, E., 1969, Chemical analysis of DNA alteration. IV. Reaction of oligodeoxynucleotides with monofunctional alkylating agents leading to backbone breakage, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 190: 418.
Roberts, J. J., 1969, The binding of metabolites of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and 2-methyl-4- dimethylaminoazobenzene to hooded rat macromolecules during chronic feeding, in: Physico-chemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis (E. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds.), p. 229, Vol. 1 of The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.
Roberts, J. J., 1972, Repair of alkylated DNA in mammalian cells, in: Molecular and Cellular Repair Processes ( R. F. Beers, R. M. Herriott, and R. C. Tilghman, eds.), p. 226, Johns Hopkins University Press, Bakimore.
Roberts, J. J., and Warwick, G. P., 1961, Reaction of 3H-labelled butter yellow in vivo and N-hydroxy-methylaminoazobenzene in vitro, Biochem. J. 93: 1897.
Roberts, J. J., and Warwick, G. P., 1963, The reaction of β-propiolactone with guanosine, deoxyguanylic acid and RNA, Biochem. Pharmacol. 12: 1441.
Roberts, J. J., and Warwick, G. P., 1966, The covalent binding of metabolites of di- methylaminoazobenzene, β-naphthylamine and aniline to nucleic acids in vivo, Int. J. Cancer 1: 179.
Roberts, J. J., Pascoe, J. M., Smith, B. A., and Crathron, A. R., 1971, Quantitative aspects of the repair of alkylated DNA in cultured mammalian cells. II. Non-semiconservative DNA synthesis (“repair synthesis”) in HeLa and Chinese hamster cells following treatment with alkylating agents, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 3: 49.
Rosen, L., 1968, Ethylation in vivo of purines in rat liver t-RNA by L-ethionine, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 33: 546.
Ross, A. E., Keefer, L., and Lijinsky, W., 1971, Alkylation of nucleic acids of rat liver and lung by deuterated N-nitrosodiethylamine in vivo, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 47: 789.
Rupp, W. P., and Howard-Flanders, P., 1968, Discondnuities in the DNA synthesized in an excision-defective strain of Escherichia coli following ultraviolet irradiation, J. Mol. Biol. 31: 291.
Ryskov, A. P., Farashyan, V. R., and Georgiev, G. P., 1972, Ribonuclease-stable base sequences specific exclusively for giant dRNA, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 262: 568.
Sarma, D. S. R., Michael, R. O., Stewart, B. W., Cox, R., and Damjanov, I., 1973a, Patterns of damage and repair of rat liver DNA induced by chemical carcinogens in vivo. Fed. Proc. 32: 833.
Sarma, D. S. R., Rajalakshmi, S., and Hadjilov, D., 1973b, Unpublished observations.
Sarma, D. S. R., Zubroff, J., and Rajalakshmi, S., 1973c, Unpublished observations.
Sarma, D. S. R., Rajalakshmi, S., and Farber, 1974, DNA repair in chemical carcinogenesis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. Cancer Rev., in press.
Sasaki, T., and Yoshida, T., 1935, Production of carcinoma of the liver by feeding O-aminoazotoluene, Arch. Pathol. Anat. 295: 175.
Scaife, J. F., 1970/1971, Aflatoxin B1: Cytotoxic mode of action evaluated by mammalian cell cultures, FEBS Letters 12: 143.
Schabort, J. C., 1971, The differential interaction of aflatoxin B2 with deoxyribonucleic acids from different sources and with purines and purine nucleosides, Chem.-Biol.Interact. 3: 371.
Schneider, J. H., Cassir, R., and Chordikon, F., 1960, Inhibition of incorporation of thymidine into DNA by amino acid antagonists in vivo, J. Biol. Chem. 235: 1437.
Schneider, W. C., and Kuff, E. L., 1965, The isolation and some properties of rat liver mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 54: 1650.
Schulz, U., and McCalla, D. R., 1969, Reactions of cysteine with N-methyl-N-nitroso-P-toluene sulfonamide and iV-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, Canad. J. Biochem. 47: 2021.
Schwartz, A. G., 1973, The protective effect of estradiol-17β against polycyclic hydrocarbon cytotoxicity, Cancer Res. 33: 2431.
Selkirk, J. K., Huberman, E., and Heidelberger, C., 1971, An epoxide is an intermediate in the microsomal metabolism of the chemical carcinogen, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 43: 1010.
Setlow, R. B., 1968, The photochemistry, photobiology and repair of polynucleotides. Prog. Nucl. Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 8: 257.
Setlow, R. B., and Regan, J. D., 1972, Defective repair of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene-induced lesions in the DNA of xeroderma pigmentosum, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 46: 1019.
Shank, R. C., and Magee, P. N., 1967, Similarities between the biochemical actions of cycasin and dimethylnitrosamine, Biochem. J. 105: 521.
Shapiro, R., 1968, Chemistry of guanine and its biologically significant derivatives, Prog. Nucl. Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 8: 73.
Shapiro, R., 1969, Reactions with purines and pyrimidines, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 163: 624.
Shooter, K. V., House, R., and Merrifield, K., 1974a, Biological effects of phosphotriester formation, Biochem. J. 137: 313.
Shooter, K. V., House, R., Shah, S. A., and Lawley, P. O., 1974b, The molecular basis for biological interaction of nucleic acid: The activity of methylating agents on the RNA containing bacteriophage R-17, Biochem. J. 137: 303.
Shull, K. H., 1962, Hepatic phosphorylase and adenosine triphosphate levels in ethionine treated rats, J. Biol. Chem. 237:P.C. 1734.
Shull, K. H., McConomy, J., Vogt, M., Castillo, A., and Farber, E., 1966, On the mechanism of induction of hepatic adenosine triphosphate deficiency by ethionine, J. Biol. Chem. 241: 5060.
Simard, A., and Daoust, R., 1966, DNA synthesis and neoplastic transformation in rat liver parenchyma. Cancer Res. 26: 1665.
Simard, A., Cousineau, G., and Daoust, R., 1968, Variations in the cell cycle during azo dye hepatocarcinogenesis, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 41: 1257.
Sims, P., and Grover, P. L., 1968, Quantitative aspects of the metabolism of 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene by liver homogenates from animals of different age, sex and species, Biochem. Pharmacol. 17: 1751.
Singer, S., and Fraenkel-Conrat, H., 1969, Chemical modification of viral ribonucleic acid. VIII. The chemical and biological effects of methylating agents and nitrosoguanidine on tobacco mosaic virus. Biochemistry 8: 3266.
Smith, J. D., and Dunn, D. B., 1959, The occurrence of methylated guanines in ribonucleic acids from several sources, Biochem. J. 72: 294.
Smith, R. C., and Salmon, W. D., 1965, Formation of S-adenosylethionine by ethionine-treated rats. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 111: 191.
Smuckler, E. A., and Koplitz, M., 1969, The effects of carbon tetrachloride and ethionine on RNA synthesis in vivo and in isolated rat liver nuclei. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 132: 62.
Snyder, A. L., Kann, H. E., JR., and Kohn, K. W., 1971, Inhibition of the processing of ribosomal precursor RNA by intercalating agents, J. Mol. Biol. 5: 555.
Spatz, M., and Laqueur, G. L., 1967, Transplacental induction of tumours in Sprague-Dawley rats with crude cycad material, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 38: 233.
Sporn, M. B., Dingman, C. W., Phelps, H. L., and Wogan,G. N., 1966, Aflatoxin BH Binding to DNA in vitro and alteration of RNA metabolism in vivo. Science 151: 1539.
Stagey, K. A., Coff, M., Cousens, S. F., and Alexander, P., 1957/1958, The reactions of the “radiomimetic” alkylating agents with macromolecules in vitro, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 68: 682.
Stekol, J. A., 1965, in: Transmethylation and Methionine Biosynthesis (S. K. Shapiro and F. Schiewk, eds.), p. 231, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Stekol, J. A., Mody, U., and Perry, J., 1960, The incorporation of the carbon of the ethyl group of ethionine into liver nucleic acids and the effect of ethionine feeding on the content of nucleic acids in rat liver, J. Biol. Chem. 235:P.C. 54.
Stevens, R. H., and Williamson, A. R., 1972, Specific IgG mRNA molecules from myeloma cells in heterogeneous nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA containing poly-A, Nature (Lond.) 239: 143.
Stewart, B. W., and Farber, E., 1973a, Unpublished observations.
Stewart, B. W., and Farber, E., 19736, Strand breakage in rat liver DNA and its repair following administration of cyclic nitrosamines. Cancer Res. 33: 3209.
Stewart, B.W., and Magee, P. N., 1971, Effect of single dose of dimethylnitrosamine on biosynthesis of nucleic acid and protein in rat liver and kidney, Biochem. J. 125: 943.
Stewart, B.W., and Magee, P. N., 1972, Metabolism and some biochemical effects of N-nitrosomor- pholine, Biochem. J. 126: 21 P.
Stewart, B. W., Farber, E., and Mirvish, S. S., 1973, Induction by an hepatic carcinogen, l-nitroso-5,6-dihydrouracil, of single and double strand breaks of liver DNA with rapid repair, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 53: 773.
Stich, H. F., San, R. H., Miller, J. A., and Miller, E. C., 1972, Various levels of DNA repair synthesis in xeroderma pigmentosum cells exposed to the carcinogens N-hydroxy- and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. Nature New Biol. 238: 9.
Strauss, B. S., 1968, DNA repair mechanisms and their relation to mutation and recombination, Cur. Topics Microbiol. Immunol. 44: 1.
Sugimura, T., Okabe, K., and Nagao, M., 1966, The metabolism of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, a carcinogen. III. An enzyme catalysing the conversion of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide to 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide in rat liver and hepatomas. Cancer Res. 26: 1717.
Sugino, A., and Okazaki, R., 1973, RNA-linked DNA fragments in vitro, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 70: 88.
Sugiura, K., Teller, M. N., Parham, J. C., and Brown, G. B., 1970, A comparison of the oncogenicities of 3-hydroxyxanthine, guanine-3-N-oxide and some related compounds. Cancer Res. 30: 184.
Sunderman, F. W., Jr., 1968, Nickel carcinogenesis, Dis. Chest 54: 41.
Sunderman, F. W., Jr., and Estahani, M., 1968, Nickel carbonyl inhibition of RNA polymerase activity in hepatic nuclei. Cancer Res. 28: 2565.
Svoboda, D., and Reddy, J., 1970, Invasive tumors induced in rats with actinomycin D, Cancer Res. 30: 2771.
Swan, P. F., and Magee, P. N., 1968, Nitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis: the alkylation of nucleic acids of the rat by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, dimethylnitrosamine, dimethyl sulfate and methyl- methanesulphonate. Biochem. J. 110: 39.
Swan, P. F., and Magee, P. N., 1971, The alkylation of N-7 of guanine of nucleic acids of the rat by diethylnitrosamine, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and ethylmethane-suphonate. Biochem. J. 125: 841.
Swann, P. F., Pegg, A. E., Hawks, A., Farber, E., and Magee, P. N., 1971, Evidence for ethylation of rat liver deoxyribonucleic acid after administration of ethionine, Biochem. J. 123: 175.
Swenson, D. H., Miller, J. A., and Miller, E. C., 1973, 2,3-Dihydro-2,3-dihydroxy-aflatoxin BI: An acid hydrolysis product of an RN A-aflatoxin B1 adduct formed by hamster and rat liver microsomes in vitro, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 53: 1260.
Szafarz, D., and Weisburger, J. H., 1969, Stability of binding of label from N-hydroxy-N-2- fluorenylacetamide to intracellular targets, particularly deoxyribonucleic acid in rat. Cancer Res. 29: 962.
Tada, M., and Tada, M., 1971, Interaction of a carcinogen, 4-nitroquinoline-l-oxide, with nucleic acids: Chemical degradation of the adducts, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 3: 225.
Tada, M., and Tada, M., 1972, Enzymatic activation of the carcinogen 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-l- oxide and its interaction with cellular macromolecules, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 46: 1025.
Tada, M., Tada, M., and Takadashi, T., 1967, Interaction of a carcinogen, 4-hydroxy- aminoquinoline 1-oxide with nucleic acids, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 29: 469.
Troll, W., Belman, S., and Levine, E., 1963, The effects of metabolites of 2-naphthylamines and the mutagen hydroxylamine on the thermal stability of DNA and polyribonucleotides. Cancer Res. 23: 841.
Troll, W., Belman, S., Berkowitz, E., Chiemlewicz, Z. F., Ambrus, J. L., and Bardos, T. J., 1968, Differential responses of DNA and RNA polymerase to modifications of the template rat liver DNA caused by action of the carcinogen acetylaminofluorene in vivo and in vitro, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 157: 16.
Troll, W., Rinde, E., and Day, P., 1969, Effect on N-7 and C-8 substitution of guanine in DNA on Tm, buoyant density and RNA polymerase priming, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 174: 211.
Trosko, J. E., Frank, P., Chu, E. H. Y., and Begker, J. E., 1973, Caffeine inhibition of post-replication repair of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene damaged DNA in Chinese hamster cells, Cancer Res. 33: 2444.
Ts’o, P. O. P., Lesko, S. A., and Umans, R. S., 1969, The physical binding and the chemical linkage of benzpyrene to nucleotides, nucleic-acids and nucleohistones, in: Physico-chemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis (E. D. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds.), p. 106, Vol. 1 of The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.
Tsukada, K., and Ighimura, M., 1971, Polynucleotide ligase from rat liver after partial hepatectomy, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 42: 1156.
Tsukada, K., Hokari, S., Hayasaki, N., and Ito, N., 1972, Increased activity of polynucleotide ligase from rat hepatoma induced by N-2-fluorenylacetamide, Cancer Res. 32: 886.
Van Duuren, B. L., Goldschmidt, B. M., and Seltzman, H. H., 1968/1969, The interaction of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents with nucleic acids, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 153: 744.
Van Lancker, J. L., and Tomura, T., 1972, A mammalian DNA repair endonuclease, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 13: 122.
Vasiliev, J. M., and Guelstein, V. I., 1963, Sensitivity of normal and neoplastic cells to the damaging action of carcinogenic substances: A review, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 31: 1123.
Venitt, S., Brookes, P., and Lawley, P. D., 1968, Effects of alkylating agents on the induced synthesis of /?-galactosidase by Escherichia coli BS-i, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 155: 521.
Verly, W. G., and Paquette, Y., 1973, An endonuclease for depurinated DNA in rat liver, Canad. J. Biochem. 51: 1003.
Verly, W. G., Paquette, Y., and Thibodeau, L., 1973, Nuclease for DNA apurinic sites may be involved in the maintenance of DNA in normal cells. Nature New Biol. 244: 67.
Villa-Trevino, S., Shull, K. H., and Farber, E., 1963, The role of adenosine triphosphate deficiency in ethionine-induced inhibition of protein synthesis, J. Biol. Chem. 238: 1757.
Villa-Trevino, S., Shull, K. H., and Farber, E., 1966, The inhibition of liver ribonucleic acid synthesis by ethionine, J. Biol. Chem. 241: 4670.
Wagner, L., and Drews, J., 1970, The effect of aflatoxin B, on RNA synthesis and breakdown in normal and regenerating rat liver, Europ. J. Cancer 6: 465.
Wagner, T. A., 1971, Physical studies on the interaction of lysergic acid diethylamide and trypanocidal dyes with DNA and DNA-containing genetic material, in: Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology, Vol. 2 ( F. E. Hahn, ed.), p. 152, Springer, New York.
Walker, I. G., and Ewart, D. F., 1973, The nature of single strand breaks in DNA following treatment of L-cells with methylating agents, Mutation Res. 19: 331.
Walpole, A. L., Roberts, D. C., Rose, F. L., Hendry, J. A., and Homer, R. F., 1954, Cytotoxic agents. IV. The carcinogenic actions of some monofunctional ethyleneimine derivatives, Brit. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 9: 306.
Warwick, G. P., 1967, The covalent binding of metabolites of tritiated 2-methyl-4- dimethylaminoazobenzene to rat liver nucleic acids and proteins and the carcinogenicity of the unlabelled compound in partially hepatectomized rats, Europ. J. Cancer 3: 227.
Warwick, G. P., 1969, The covalent-binding of metabolites of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene to liver nucleic acids in vivo: The possible role of cell proliferation in cancer initiation, in: Physico-chemical mechanisms of Carcinogenesis (E. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds.), p. 218, Vol. 1 of The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.
Warwick, G. P., and Roberts, J. J., 1967, Persistent binding of butter yellow metabolites to rat liver DNA, Nature (Lond.) 213: 1206.
Weinstein, I. B., 1970, Modifications in transfer RNA during chemical carcinogenesis, in: Genetic concepts and Neoplasia, p. 380, University of Texas M. D. anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
Weinstein, I. B., and Herschberg, E., 1971, Mode of action of miracil D, in: Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology, Vol. 2 ( F. E. Hahn, ed.), p. 232, Springer, New York.
Weinstein, I. B., Grunberger, D., Fujimura, S., and Fink, L. M., 1971, Chemical carcinogens and RNA, Cancer Res. 31: 651.
Weisburger, J. H., and Weisburger, E. K., 1973, Biochemical formation and pharmacological, toxicological, and pathological properties of hydroxylamines and hydroxamic acids, Pharmacol. Rev. 25: 1.
Weisburger, J. H., Yamamoto, R. S., Williams, G. M., Grantham, P. H., Matsushima, T., and Weisburger, E. K., 1972, On the sulfate ester of N-hydroxy-N-2-fluorenylaceamide as a key ultimate hepatocarcinogen in the rat. Cancer Res. 32: 491.
Wells, R. D., 1971, The binding of actinomycin D to DNA, in: Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology, Vol. 2 ( F. E. Hahn, ed.), p. 21, Springer, New York.
Wheeler, K. T., and Lett, J. T., 1972, Formation and rejoining of DNA strand breaks in irradiated neurons: In vivo, Radiation Res. 52: 59.
Wiebel, F. J., Matthews, E. G., and Gelboin, H. V., 1972, Ribonucleic acid synthesis-dependent induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in the absence of ribosomal ribonucleic acid synthesis and transfer, J. Biol. Chem. 242: 4711.
Wilk, M., and Girke, W., 1969, Radical cation of carcinogenesis alternant hydrocarbons, amines, and azodyes and their reactions with nucleobases, in: Physico-chemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis (E. D. Bergmann and B. Pullman, eds.), p. 91, Vol. 1 of The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.
Williams, K., and Nery, R., 1971, Aspects of the mechanism of urethane carcinogenesis. Xenobiotica 1: 545.
Wislocki, P. G., Borchert, P., Miller, E. C., and Miller, J. A., 1973, Further studies on the metabolism and carcinogenicity of safrole, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 14: 19.
Witschi, H., Epstein, S. M., and Farber, E., 1971, Influence of liver regeneration on the loss of fluorenylacetamide derivative bound to liver DNA, Cancer Res. 31: 270.
Wu, Y. S., and Smuckler, A. E., 1971, The acute effect of aminoazobenzene and some of its derivatives on RNA polymerase activity in isolated rat liver nuclei, Cancer Res. 31: 239.
Wunderlich, V., Schütt, M., Böttger, M., and Graffi, A., 1970, Preferential alkylation of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, Biochem. J. 118: 99.
Wunderlich, V., Tezlaff, I., and Graffi, A., 1971/1972, Studies on nitrosodimethylamine:Preferential methylation of mitochondrial DNA in rats and hamsters, Chem.-Biol. Interact. 4: 81.
Yang, J. T., and Samejima, T., 1969, Optical rotary dispersion and circular dichroism of nucleic acids, in: Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology, Vol. 9, p. 224, Academic Press, New York.
Younger, L. R., Salmon, R., Wilson, R. W., Peacock, A. C., and Gelboin, H. V., 1972, Effects of polycyclic hydrocarbons on ribonucleic acid synthesis in rat liver nuclei and hamster embryo cells, Mol. Pharmacol. 8: 452.
Yuspa, S. H., and Bates, R. R., 1970, The binding of benz(a)anthracene to replicating and non-replicating DNA in cell culture, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 135: 732.
Zahner, A., Rajalakshmi, S., and Sarma, D. S. R., 1973, Unpublished observations.
Zedek, M. S., Steinberg, S. S., Poynter, R. N., and McGowan, J., 1970, Biochemical and pathological effects of methylazoxymethanol-acetate—A potent carcinogen. Cancer Res. 30: 801.
Zeiger, R. S., Salomon, R., Kinoshita, N., and Peacock, A. C., 1972, The binding of 9,10-dimethyl- 1,2-benzanthracene to mouse epidermal satelite DNA in vivo, Cancer Res. 32: 643.
Zieve, F. J., 1972, Inhibition of rat liver ribonucleic acid polymerase by the carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide, J. Biol. Chem. 247: 5987.
Zieve, F. J., 1973, Effects of the carcinogen N-acetoxy-2-fluorenylacetamide on the template properties of deoxyribonucleic acid, Mol. Pharmacol. 9: 658.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1975 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sarma, D.S.R., Rajalakshmi, S., Farber, E. (1975). Chemical Carcinogenesis: Interactions of Carcinogens with Nucleic Acids. In: Becker, F.F. (eds) Cancer. A Comprehensive Treatise. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-4449-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-4449-0_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4451-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-4449-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive