Abstract
Since 1972, when the last survey of Polarized Electrons was presented at an International Conference on Atomic Physics, the field has progressed to the point where it has entered a new phase, one which, I believe, has been long awaited by everyone involved in spin-dependent electron interactions. From the time the concept of electron spin was first introduced by Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck2,3 in what Sam Goudsmit has reminiscently called the “springtime of modern atomic physics,”4 a great many physicists have devoted their energies to the study of phenomena which have been related to the electron spin. These studies have spanned virtually all of the disciplines of physics. Time and space—and no doubt your restlessness—will not permit me to review all these marvelous studies. With your indulgence, however, I should like to recollect for you several of the hallmarks in the fifty year history of the field of “polarized electrons.” In using the term “polarized electrons” I am referring now to any ensemble of free electrons whose average spin direction is preferentially oriented in space.
The preparation of this report was supported in part by the NSF (MPS75-02376), the USONR (N00014-76-C-0077), anb the USERDA (Yale Report No. 148) (E(11-1)3075)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
J. Kessler in Atomic Physics 3, edited by Stephen J. Smith and G. King Walters (Plenum Press, New York, 1973), pp. 523–541.
S.A. Goudsmit and G.E. Uhlenbeck, Naturwiss. 13, 953 (1925).
S.A. Goudsmit and G. Uhlenbeck, Nature 117, 264 (1926).
Samuel A. Goudsmit and George E. Uhlenbeck, Physics Today, June 1976 29, 40 (1976).
P.A.M. Dirac, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A117, 610 (1928).
N.F. Mott, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A124, 425 (1929).
N.F. Mott, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A135, 429 (1932).
C.G. Shull, C.J. Chase and F.E. Meyers, Phys. Rev. 63, 29 (1943).
E.G. Dymond, Proc. Roy. Soc. A145, 657 (1934).
H. Richter, Ann. Physik 28, 533 (1937).
H.S.W. Massey and C.B.O. Mohr, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A177, 341 (1941).
H.S.W. Massey and C.B.O. Mohr, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A182, 189 (1943).
H. Deichsel, Z. Physik 164, 156 (1961).
H. Steidl, E. Reichert and H. Deichsel, Phys. Lett. 17, 31 (1965); H. Deichsel and E. Reichert, Z. Physik 185, 169 (1965); E. Reichert, Z. Physik 173, 392 (1963).
K. Jost and J. Kessler, Phys. Rev. Lett. 15, 575 (1965); J. Kessler and H. Lindner, Z. Physik 183, 1 (1965).
Klaus Jost and Joachim Kessler, Z. Physik 195, 1 (1966).
G. Holzwarth and H.J. Meister, Nucl. Phys. 59, 56 (1964); Tables of Asymmetry Cross Section and Related Functions for Mott Scattering of Electrons by Screened Au and Hg Nuclei (Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany, 1964).
P.J. Bunyan and J.L. Schonfelder, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 85, 455 (1965).
J.L. Schonfelder, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 87, 163 (1966).
W. Eitel, K. Jost and J. Kessler, Phys. Rev. 159, 47 (1967).
T.D. Lee and C.N. Yang, Phys. Rev. 104, 254 (1956).
C.S. Wu, E. Ambler, R.W. Hayward, D.D. Hoppes and R.P. Hudson, Phys. Rev. 105, 1413 (1957).
J.D. Jackson, S.B. Trieman and H.W. Wyld, Phys. Rev. 106, 517 (1957).
R.B. Curtis and R.R. Lewis, Phys. Rev. 107, 543 (1957).
K. Alder, B. Stech and A. Winther, Phys. Rev. 107, 728 (1957).
J.S. Greenberg, D.P. Malone, R.L. Gluckstern and V.W. Hughes, Phys. Rev. 120, 1393 (1960).
N. Sherman, Phys. Rev. 103, 1601 (1956).
N. Sherman and D.F. Nelson, Phys. Rev. 114, 1541 (1959).
Shin-R Lin, Phys. Rev. 133, A965 (1964).
W. Bühring, Z. Physik 212, 61 (1968).
L. Mikaelyan, A. Borovoi and E. Denisov, Nucl. Phys. 47, 328 (1963).
J. van Klinken, Nucl. Phys. 75, 161 (1966).
W. Eckstein, Institut für Plasmaphysik, München Report No. IPP 7/1, 1970 (unpublished).
H. Frauenfelder and A. Rossi, in Methods of Experimental Physics, edited by L.C.L. Yuan and C.S. Wu (Academic Press, New York, 1963), Vol. 5, Pt. B, pp. 214–274.
W. Raith, in Atomic Physics 1, edited by V.W. Hughes, B. Bederson, V.W. Cohen and F.M.J. Pichanick (Plenum Press, New York, 1969), pp. 389–415.
V.W. Hughes, R.L. Long, Jr., M.S. Lubell, M. Posner, and W. Raith, Phys. Rev. A 5, 195 (1972).
B. Donnally, W. Raith, and R. Becker, Phys. Rev. Lett. 20, 575 (1968).
R. Krisciokaitis and W.K. Peterson, DESY Report 73/63 (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany, December, 1973).
D.M. Campbell, H.M. Brash and P.S. Farago, Phys. Lett. 36A, 449 (1971).
U. Heinzmann, H. Heuer, and J. Kessler, Phys. Rev. Lett. 34, 441 (1975).
H.D. Zeman, U. Heinzmann and D. Schinkowski, Fourth International Conference on Atomic Physics, Abstracts of Contributed Papers, Heidelberg, 1974 (unpublished), p. 394.
Herbert Zeman, in Electron and Photon Interactions with Atoms (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Electron and Photon Interactions with Atoms, Stirling, Scotland, 1974), edited by H. Kleinpoppen and M.R.C. McDowell (Plenum Press, New York, 1976), pp. 581–594.
P. Lambropoulos and M. Lambropoulos, in Electron and Photon Interactions with Atoms (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Electron and Photon Interactions with Atoms, Stirling, Scotland, 1974), edited by H. Kleinpoppen and M.R.C. McDowell (Plenum Press, New York, 1976), pp. 525–552.
P. Lambropoulos, private communication.
J.A. Simpson, in Methods in Experimental Physics, edited by L. Marton, V.W. Hughes and H. Schultz (Academic Press, New York, 1967), Vol. 4, Pt. A, p. 84.
M. Wilmers, R. Haug, and H. Deichsel, Z. Angew. Phys. 27, 204 (1969).
H.D. Zeman, K. Jost and S. Gilad, in Abstracts of the VIIth International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, Amsterdam, 1971 (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1971), p. 1005.
G.F. Hanne and J. Kessler, J. Phys. B 9, 791 (1976), and 805 (1976).
W.A. Bonner, M.A. VanDort, M.R. Yearian, Nature 258, 419 (1975).
U. Heinzmann, J. Kessler and J. Lorenz, Z. Physik 240, 42 (1970).
G. Baum, M.S. Lubell and W. Raith, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 16, 586 (1971).
W.V. Drachenfels, U.T. Koch, R.D. Lepper, T.M. Müller and W. Paul, Z. Physik 269, 387 (1974).
W.V. Drachenfels, U.T. Koch, Th.M. Müller and H.R. Schaefer, Phys. Lett. 51A, 445 (1975).
P.F. Wainwright, M.J. Alguard, G. Baum, V.W. Hughes, J.S. Ladish, M.S. Lubell and W. Raith, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 21, 573 (1976).
M.J. Alguard et al., in Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on High Energy Accelerators, Stanford, California, 1974, CONF740522 (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, CA, 1974), p. 313.
P.S. Cooper et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 34, 1589 (1975).
M.J. Alguard et al., Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 21, 35 (1976).
M.V. McCusker, L.L. Hatfield and G.K. Walters, Phys. Rev. A 5, 177 (1972).
P.J. Kehiler, R.E. Gleason and G.K. Walters, Phys. Rev. A 4, 1279 (1975).
M.J. Alguard et al., Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 21, 98 (1976).
E.H.A. Granneman, M. Klewer, K. Nygaard and M.J. Van der Wiel, J. Phys. B 9, L1 (1976).
E.H.A. Granneman, M. Klewer, and M.J. Van der Wiel, submitted to J. Phys. B.
N. Müller, W. Eckstein and W. Heiland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 29, 1651 (1972).
E. Kisker, G. Baum, A.H. Mahan and W. Raith, Phys. Rev. Lett. 36, 982 (1976).
G. Busch, M. Campagna, P. Cotti and H. Ch. Siegmann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 597 (1969).
G. Busch, M. Campagna and H.C. Siegmann, J. Appl. Phys. 41, 1044 (1970).
E. Garwin, F. Meier, D.T. Pierce, K. Sattler, and H.-C. Siegmann, Nucl. Instr. Meth. 120, 483 (1974).
D.T. Pierce, F. Meier and P. Zürcher, Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 670 (1975).
Daniel T. Pierce and Felix Meier, submitted to Phys. Rev.
G. Baum, private communication.
Daniel T. Pierce and R. Celotta, private communication.
C.K. Sinclair, private communication.
M.R. O’Neill, M. Kalisvaart, F.B. Dunning and G.K. Walters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 34, 1167 (1975).
M.J. Seaton, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A208, 408 (1951).
U. Fano, Phys. Rev. 178, 131 (1969).
M.S. Lubell and W. Raith, Phys. Rev. Lett. 23, 211 (1969).
G. Baum, M.S. Lubell, and W. Raith, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 267(1970).
G. Baum, M.S. Lubell, and W. Raith, Phys. Rev. A 5, 1073 (1972).
J. Kessler and J. Lorenz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 87 (1970).
U. Heinzmann, J. Kessler, and J. Lorenz, Z. Physik 240, 42 (1970).
G.V. Marr and D.M. Creek, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A304, 233 (1968).
W. Paul, priviate communication.
R.L. Long, Jr., W. Raith, and V.W. Hughes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 15, 1 (1965).
M.E. Mack, Appl. Opt. 13, 46 (1974).
E. Garwin, to be published.
D.E. Rothe, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 11, 355 (1971).
Yu. V. Moskvin, Opt. Spectrosc. 15, 316 (1963).
B. Ya’akobi, Proc. Phys. Soc. 21, 100 (1967).
T.C. Caves and A. Dalgarno, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 12, 1539 (1972).
D. Norcross, private communication.
The data point at Iy=0.288 was obtained by the E80 collaboration at SLAC using Møller scattering, Ref. 56. The other four data points were obtained by the E95 collaboration at SLAC and have not yet been published.
J.E. Clendenin, et al., in preparation.
P. Lambropoulos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 30, 413 (1973).
M. Lambropoulos, S.E. Moody, W.C. Lineberger, and S.J. Smith, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 18, 1514 (1973).
M.V. McCusker, L.L. Hatfield and G.K. Walters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 817 (1969).
P.J. Kehiler, F.B. Duhning, M.R. O’Neill, R.D. Rundel and G.K. Walters, Phys. Rev. A 11, 1271 (1975).
G.K. Walters, private communication.
G. Obermair, Z. Physik 217, 91 (1968).
H. von Issendorf and R. Fleischmann, Z. Physik 167, 11 (1962).
R.L. Long, Jr., V.W. Hughes, J.S. Greenberg, I. Ames, and R.L. Christensen, Phys. Rev. 138, A1630 (1965).
M. Holmann, G. Regenfus and O. Schärpf, Phys. Lett. 25A, 270 (1967).
N. Müller, H. Siegmann and G. Obermair, Phys. Lett. 24A, 733 (1967).
G. Chrobok, M. Hofmann, and G. Regenfus, Phys. Lett. 26A, 551 (1968).
W. Gleich, G. Regenfus, and R. Sizmann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 27, 1066 (1971).
U. Bänninger, G. Busch, M. Campagna, and H.C. Siegmann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 585 (1970).
G. Busch, M. Campagna and H.C. Siegmann, J. Appl. Phys. 42, 1779 (1971).
G. Busch, M. Campagna and H.C. Siegmann, J. Appl. Phys. 42, 1781 (1971).
K. Sattler and H.C. Siegmann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 29, 1565 (1972).
S.F. Alvarado, W. Eib, H.C. Siegmann and J.P. Remeika, Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 860 (1975).
D.E. Eastman, Phys. Rev. B 8, 6027 (1973).
R.L. Bell and W.E. Spicer, Proc. IEEE 58, 1788 (1970).
R. Celotta, private communication.
J. Kessler, Rev. Mod. Phys. 41, 3 (1969).
H. Kleinpoppen, Phys. Rev. A 1, 2015 (1971).
H. Kleinpoppen, “Analysis of Electron Atom Collisions,” (Center of Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 1969), Center for Theoretical Studies Report No. CTS-AP-75-L.
L.J. Weigert and M.E. Rose, Nucl. Phys. 51, 529 (1964).
J. Kuti and V.W. Weisskopf, Phys. Rev. D 4, 3418 (1971).
J.D. Bjorken, Phys. Rev. D 1, 1376 (1970).
F. Gilman, in Proceedings of Summer Institute on Particle Physics, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, July 9–28, 1973 SLAC Report No. 167, 1973 (unpublished), Vol. 1, p. 71.
F. Close, Nucl. Phys. B80, 269 (1974).
S.M. Berman and J.R. Primack, Phys. Rev. D 9, 2171 (1974).
W.H. Louisell, R.W. Pidd and H.R. Crane, Phys. Rev. 94, 7 (1954).
D.T. Wilkinson and H.R. Crane, Phys. Rev. 130, 852 (1963).
J.C. Wesley and A. Rich, Phys. Rev. A 4, 1341 (1971).
G.F. Hanne and J. Kessler, Phys. Rev. Lett. 11,341 (1974).
R.H. Helm and W.P. Lysenko, SLAC Report No. SLAC-TN-72-1, 1972 (unpublished).
D.M. Schwartz, Phys. Rev. 162, 1306 (1967).
A.M. Bincer, Phys. Rev. 107, 1434 (1957).
See, for example, J.D. Bjorken and S.D. Drell, Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, (McGraw Hill, New York, 1964), p. 140.
SLAC Users Handbook.
V. Bargmann, L. Michel, and V.L. Telegdi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2, 435 (1959).
R. Taylor, in Proceedings of the 1975 International Symposium on Lepton and Photon Interactions at High Energies, Stanford University, August 21–27, 1975 (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 1975), edited by W.T. Kirk, p. 679.
J.D. Bjorken, Phys. Rev. 179, 1547 (1969).
M.J. Alguard et al., submitted to Phys. Rev. Letters.
N. Dombey, Rev. Mod. Phys. 41, 236 (1961).
S.J. Brodsky and S.D. Drell, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 20, 147 (1970).
H. Grotch and D.R. Yennie, Rev. Mod. Phys. 41, 350 (1969).
D. Hils, M.V. McCusker, H. Kleinpoppen, and S.J. Smith, Phys. Rev. Lett. 29, 398 (1972).
B. Bederson, in Atomic Physics 3, edited by S.J. Smith and G.K. Walters (Plenum, New York, 1973), p. 401.
Although the deep-inelastic scattering experiment with the polarized proton target did not have a parity violation search as its primary objective, a value of the asymmetry, r, defined by r = (dσ− − dσ+)/(dσ− − dσ+), was observed, where dσ− and dσ+ are the inelastic differential cross sections for negative and positive electron helicities respectively. An experimental upper limit of r < 5 x 10−3 was determined at a 95% confidence level for values of Q2 between 1.42 (GeV/c)2 and 2.74 (GeV/c)2. However, gauge theories (Ref. 121) predict values of r ∼ (10−5 to 10−4) Q2/Mp 2, or in other words about two orders of magnitude lower than the sensitivity of the experiment. The unpolarized target experiment should improve this experimental sensitivity by about one order of magnitude, and future experiments are expected to increase the sensitivity to the point where values of r ∼ (10−6 to 10−5) Q2/Mp 2 will be observable, well below the gauge theory predictions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1977 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lubell, M.S. (1977). Polarized Electrons. In: Marrus, R., Prior, M., Shugart, H. (eds) Atomic Physics 5. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-4202-1_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-4202-1_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4204-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-4202-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive