Skip to main content

Thermomechanical Processing of Ferrous Alloys

  • Chapter
Advances in Deformation Processing

Abstract

Thermomechanical treatments have demonstrated great promise for increasing the strength and other mechanical properties of ferrous alloys. Various types of thermomechanical treatments can be defined, depending on the position in the heat-treatment cycle where the deformation is introduced. The characteristics of various treatments are briefly described. After a discussion of the inherent limitations of thermomechanical processing, examples are given from recent U.S. programs and from the Soviet literature of a number of components which have been produced by thermomechanical processing. Reasons for the lack of commercial utilization of these processes in the face of the widespread interest are presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Lips, E.M.H. and Van Zuilen, H., “Improved Hardening Technique”, Metal Progr., 66, No. 2 (1954), 103–04.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Radcliffe, S.V. and Kula, E.B., “Deformation, Transformation, and Strength”, in Fundamentals of Deformation Processing, W.A. Backofen, J.J. Burke, L.F. Coffin, Jr., N.L. Reed and V. Weiss, eds., Syracuse: Syracuse University Press (1964), 321–63.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kula, E.B., “Strengthening of Steel by Thermomechanical Treatments”, in Strengthening Mechanisms-Metals and Ceramics, J.J. Burke, N.L. Reed and V. Weiss, eds., Syracuse: Syracuse University Press (1966), 83–121.

    Google Scholar 

  4. May, M.J. and Latham, D.J., “Thermomechanical Treatment of Steels”,Metal Treating (Oct-Nov 1972), 3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  5. May, M.J. and Latham, D.J., “Thermomechanical Treatment of Steels, Part 2”, Metal Treating (Dec-Jan 1973), 3–9.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Latham, D.J., “The Current Position of Thermomechanical Treatments Applied to Engineering and Tool Steels”, British Iron and Steel Research Association Report No. BISRA MG/A/39/69, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Koppenaal, T.J., “The Current Status of Thermomechanical Treatment of Steel in the Soviet Union”, ASM Trans. Quart., 62 (1969), 24–37.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Dunleavy, J.G. and Spretnak, J.W., “Soviet Technology on Thermal-Mechanical Treatment of Metals”, Battelle Memorial Institute, Defense Metals Information Center, Columbus, Ohio, Report No. DMIC-Memo-244, November 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Henning, H.J., “Applications and Potential of Thermomechanical Treatment”, Battelle Memorial Institute, Defense Metals Information Center, Columbus, Ohio, Report No. DMIC-Memo-251, November 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bernshteyn, M.S., Thermomechanical Treatment of Metals and Alloys, Vol. I, Thermomechanical Treatment of Alloys, Moscow: Metallurgiya Publishing Office, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Delaey, L., “Thermomechanical Treatments of Alloys”, Z. Metallk., 63 (1972), 531–41.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Buhler, H. and Rittmann, K., “Investigations into Ausforming of Steel Wire in the Stable Austenitic State”, Wire, 22, No. 120 (1972), 155–59.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hyspecka, L., Balusek, J., Chamrad, A. and Mazanec, K., “Thermomechanical Treatment in the Manufacture of Structural Steel Plates”, Hutn. Listy, 23 (1968), 261–65.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Radcliffe, S.V., Schatz, M., Orner, G. and Bruggeman, G., “The Flow Tempering of High-Strength Steels”, Manufacturing Labs., Inc., Cambridge, Mass., Watertown Arsenal Contract Report No. WAL-TR-320.4/3-1, April 1962. (AD 277 019)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Irani, J.J., “Isoforming–A Technique of Deformation During Isothermal Transformation to Pearlite”, J. Iron Steel Inst., 206 (1968), 363–74.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Zackay, V.F., Parker, E.R., Fahr, D. and Busch, R., “The Enhancement of Ductility in High Strength Steels”, ASM Trans. Quart., 60 (1967), 252–59.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Zackay, V.F., Bhandarkar, M.D. and Parker, E.R., “Role of Diffusionless Phase Transformations in the Plasticity of Some Iron-Base Alloys”, in this volume.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bernshteyn, M.L. and Shtremel, M.A., “Hereditable Effects of Work Hardening on the Properties of Steel”, Phys. Metals Metallogr., 15, No. 1 (1963), 76–84. Translation of Fiz. Metal. Metalloved., 15, No. 1 (1963), 82-90.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Savilov, E.S., Gulyaev, A.P. and Nikonov, A.G., “Classification, Terminology and Specifications of Basic Types of Heat Treatment for Steels”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., No. 1 (1968), 33–40. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., No. 1 (1968), 32–41.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Zackay, V.F. and Justusson, W.M., “The Properties of Martensitic Steels Formed from Strain-Hardened Austenite”, in High Strength Steels, Special Report No. 76, London: Iron and Steel Institute (1962), 14–21.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kula, E.B. and Hickey, C.F., Jr., “Thermomechanical Treatments of the 18 Pet Ni Maraging Steels”, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 230 (1964), 1707–12.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hosoi, Y. and Pinnow, K.E., “The Tensile Properties of Type 410 Stainless Steel Deformed Before and After Martensite Transformation”, Trans. ASM, 53 (1961), 591–602.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kula, E.B. and Radcliffe, S.V., “Thermomechanical Treatment of Steel”, J. Metals, 15 (1963), 755–62.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Grange, R.A. and Mitchell, J.B., “Strengthening Low-Alloy Steels by Deforming Austenite”, Met. Eng. Quart., 1 (1961), 41–53.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Morgan, E.R., Dancy, T.E. and Korchynsky, M., “Improved Steels Through Hot Strip Mill Controlled Cooling”, J. Metals, 17 (1965), 829–31.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Bamberger, E.N., “The Effect of Ausforming on Rolling Contact Fatigue”, Final Engineering Report, Bureau of Naval Weapons Contract No. NOw-63-0144-d, December 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Bamberger, E.N., “The Effect of Ausforming on the Rolling Contact Fatigue Life of a Typical Bearing Steel”, Trans. ASME, Ser. F, J. Lub. Tech., 89 (1967), 63–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Bamberger, E.N., “The Production, Testing, and Evaluation of Ausformed Ball Bearings”, General Electric Co., Flight Propulsion Division, Cincinnati, Ohio, Final Engineering Report, Bureau of Naval Weapons Contract No. NOw-65-0070-f, June 1966. (AD 637 576)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Bamberger, E.N., “Manufacture of Jet Engine Thrust Bearings by Ausforming”, General Electric Co., Aircraft Engine Group, Cincinnati, Ohio. Air Force Materials Laboratory Contract Report No. AFML-TR-72-43, April 1972. (AD 894 156L)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Manganello, S.J. and Abbott, K.H., “Metallurgical Factors Affecting the Ballistic Behavior of Steel Targets”, J. Mater., 7 (1972), 231–39.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Koppenaal, T.J., Philco-Ford Corp., Aeronutronic Division, Newport Beach, Calif., private communication, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Clark, R. and Harwood, J.J., “Ausformed Steels in Automotive Applications”, Metal Progr., 89, No. 3 (1966), 81–86.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Bock, R.A. and Justusson, W.M., “Lightweight Leaf Springs”, SAE Paper No. 680412, May 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Bock, R.A. and Justusson, W.M., “Modified Ausforming Strengthens Springs”, Metal Progr., 94, No. 6 (1968), 107–12.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Koppenaal, T.J., “A Thermal Processing Technique for TRIP Steels”, Met. Trans., 3 (1972), 1549–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Koppenaal, T.J., “Ordnance Applications of TRIP Steels”, Philco-Ford Corp., Aeronutronic Division, Newport Beach, Calif.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Koppenaal, T.J., “Thermal Processing of TRIP Steel”, paper presented at the Colloquium on TRIP Steels, Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, Mass., 27–28 June 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Thompson, H.B., “Feasibility Study for the Development of a Fin Forming Technique”, Philco-Ford Corporation, Aeronutronic Division, Newport Beach, Calif., U.S. Army Weapons Command Contract Report, May 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Williams, D.S., “30MM Fin Forming Technique Gun System Study”, Philco-Ford Corporation, Aeronutronic Division, Newport Beach, Calif., U.S. Army Weapons Command Contract Report, January 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Koppenaal, T.J., “Research in Development of Improved TRIP Steels”, Philco-Ford Corporation, Aeronutronic Division, Newport Beach, Calif., Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center Contract Report No. AMMRC-CTR-73-4, January 1973. (AD 756 953)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Azrin, M., Olson, G.B. and Gagne, R.A., “Inhomogeneous Deformation and Strain-Rate Effects in High-Strength TRIP Steels”, Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, Mass., Report No. AMMRC-TR-73-12, March 1973. (AD 766 237)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Kotkis, M.A. and Skoblo, A.V., “Hardening of Steels 45 and 65G by Mechanicothermal Treatment”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., No. 2 (1968), 133–36. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., No. 2 (1968), 52–55.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Yuhakov., I.V. and Yudin, V.P., “Thermomechanical Treatment of Case-Hardened 18KhGT Steel”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 14, No. 2 (1972), 183–84. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., 14, No. 2 (1972), 80–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Cherkasov, A.A., Kuzminskaya, L.N. and Bernshtein, M.L., “Properties of Steel 23Khl2NVMFA(EP65) After High-Temperature Thermomechanical Treatment (HTTMT)”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., No. 9 (1970), 748–51. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., No. 9 (1970), 29–33.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Belkin, M.Ya., Sologub, V.A. and Venzhega, E.A., “Thermomechanical Treatment of Electroslag-Remelted 9Kh Steel”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., No. 12 (1969), 964–67. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., No. 12 (1969), 40–43.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Shavrin, O.I., Bakhmatov, A.L., Il’ina, A.N., Kudryavtsev, M.M. and Denisyuk, T.P., “Thermomechanical Treatment of Steels 40KMMA and 30KhGSA Melted by Different Methods”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 16, No. 2 (1974), 139–41. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., 16, No. 2 (1974), 42–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Kal’ner, V.D., Kidin, L.N. and Bernshteyn, M.L., “High Temperature Electrothermomechanical Treatment of Spring Steel”, Russ. Met., No. 4 (1966), 21–24. Translation of Metally., No. 4 (1966), 64–67.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Kidin, I.N., Lizunov, V.I., Belyavskaya, V.M. and Eremenko, V.I., “Investigation of the Mechanism of Hardening of Wire in Electro-Thermomechanical Treatment”, Steel USSR, 1, No. 3 (1971), 240–41. Translation of Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved. Chern. Metall., No. 3 (1971), 129–32.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Kidin, I.N., Marshalkin, A.N., Mizonov, Yu.M. and Kachanin, A.A., “Employment of Electrical Thermomechanical Treatment for Production of High-Strength Wire”, in Thermomechanical Treatment of Various Steel Products Described, Joint Publications Research Service, Washington, D.C., Report No. JPRS-46592 (October 1968), 27–34. Translation of Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved. Chern. Metall., No. 1 (1966), 141–44.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Pimenov, V.M., “High-Temperature Thermomechanical Treatment of Steel 9Kh”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 15, No. 8 (1974), 663–64. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., 15, No. 8 (1973), 24–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Shebanov, V.A. and Vasilenko, V.F., “Thermomechanical Treatment with Roller Burnishing of Sprocket Teeth”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 13, No. 11 (1972), 966–67. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., 13, No. 11 (1971), 60–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Fridman, V.B., Slovokhochey, G.Z. and Bernshtein, M.L., “Effect of High-Temperature Surface Treatment on the Wear Resistance of Steel in a Corrosive-Abrasive Atmosphere”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., No. 11 (1968), 924–26. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., No. 11 (1968), 72–74.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Gavranek, V.V. and Filippova, Z.K., “Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment on the Cavitation Resistance of Steel Type lKhl2VN MF”, Sov. Mater. Sci., 7, No. 5 (1974), 606–07. Translation of Fiz. Khim. Mekh. Mater., 7, No. 5 (1971), 95–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Gavranek, V.V. and Filippova, Z.K., “The Stability of the Influence of High Temperature Thermomechanical Working on the Properties of lKhl2VNMF Steel”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 14, No. 2 (1972), 128–30. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., 14, No. 2 (1972), 34-36.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Khait, D.M. and Savenko, A.N., “High Temperature Thermomechanical Treatment of Rail Steel”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., No. 4 (1968), 322–23. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., No. 4 (1968), 72–73.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Rauzin, Ya.R., Shur, E.A. and Zonov, P.N., “Heat and Thermomechanical Treatments of High-Carbon Structural Steel”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 15, No. 9 (1974), 729–31. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., 15, No. 9 (1973), 5–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Karpov, L.P., “Thermomechanical Treatment of Boring Chisels”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., No. 4 (1966), 317–18. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., No. 4 (1966), 69-70.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Lokshin, L.F., Kupalova, I.K. and Lenyashin, V.B., “Thermomechanical Treatment of High-Speed Steels”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 15, No. 9 (1974), 763–66. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., 15, No. 9 (1973), 31–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Shteinberg, M.M., Sabun, L.B., Shabashov, S.P. and Smirnov, M.A., “Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment on the Cutting Ability and Resilience of R9, R9F5, and R10K5F5 Steels”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., No. 4 (1963), 220–26. Translation ofMetalloved. Term. Obrab., No. 4 (1963), 41–48.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Bayazitov, M.I. and Aliev, A.A., “Thermomechanical Treatment of Steel U7”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 14, No. 3 (1972), 257–58. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., 14, No. 3 (1972), 67-68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Michev, V., Banov, R. and Kynev, M., “Thermomechanical Treatment of Tool Steels”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., No. 9 (1967), 652–56. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., No. 9 (1967), 10–15.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Nikolaeva, V.V. and Kovalenko, A.S., “Heat Treatment of Springs of Steel 55S2”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., No. 3 (1970), 229. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., No. 3 (1970), 46.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Shavrin, 0.I., “Effect of High-Temperature Thermomechanical Treatment with Induction Heating on the Properties of Spring Steel”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., No. 12 (1967), 930–31. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., No. 12 (1967), 59–60.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Bernshtein, M.L., Gustomesov, A.V., Kanev, V.P., Lyzhenko, I.T. and Novikov, S.A., “Commercial Tests of Thermomechanical Strengthening of Spring Steel”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., No. 7 (1968), 552–54. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., No. 7 (1968), 56–59.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Lanskaya, K.A. and Kamenskaya, N.I., “Effect of Mechanicothermal Treatment on the Heat Resistance of Steel lKhl4N18V2B with Boron”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 15, No. 6 (1973), 451–53. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., 15, No. 6 (1973), 5-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Bernshtein, M.L. and Mints, I.I., “The Effect of Preliminary Deformation on the Structure of Heat Treated Steel 12KMMF”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., No. 12 (1969), 945–47. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., No. 12 (1969), 21-23.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Shteinberg, M.M., Smirnov, M.A., Tolstov, A.M., Krylov, S.M., Mogil’naya, V.S. and Bolakhonova, A.P., “Thermal Stability of Hardening of Steel Khl8N10T Resulting from Mechanicothermal Treatment”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., No. 3 (1969), 217–19. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., No. 3 (1969), 52–55.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Ivanova, V.S. and Veitsman, M.G., “Increasing the Fatigue Strength of Steel KM8N9T by Mechanicothermal Treatment”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., No. 8 (1968), 625–26. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., No. 8 (1968), 46-48.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Zoteez, V.S., Gudkov, A.A., Balashov, L.V. and Ermolyuk, L.A., “Effect of High-Temperature Mechanicothermal Treatment on the Heat Resistance of Steel 1KM4N18V2BR1 (EI726)”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., No. 2 (1968), 157–59. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., No. 2 (1968), 71–73.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Sokolov, V.P., “Double Thermomechanical Treatment in Manufacturing Elastic Sensing Elements”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 15, No. 11 (1974), 993–94. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., 15, No. 11 (1973), 64-65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Plavich, L.A., Zhuk, N.P. and Bernshtein, M.L., “Effect of the Method of Hardening of Steels on Their Susceptibility to Hydrogen Embrittlement”, Sov. Mater. Sci., 6, No. 3 (1973), 303–07. Translation of Fiz. Khim. Mekh. Mater., 6, No. 3 (1970), 30–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Banov, R. and Balashev, A., “The Use of Surface Hardening and Thermomechanical Treatment to Increase the Strength of Machine Parts”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 15, No. 10 (1974), 896–98. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., 15, No. 10 (1973), 59-62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Starodubov, K.P., “Heat and Thermomechanical Treatments Utilizing Rolling Heat”, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., No. 11 (1967), 830–31. Translation of Metalloved. Term. Obrab., No. 11 (1967), 36–38.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Bamberger, E.N., General Electric Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Schmatz, D.J. and Zackay, V.F., “Mechanical Properties of Deformed Metastable Austenitic Ultra High Strength Steel”, Trans ASM, 51 (1959), 476–94.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kula, E.B., Azrin, M. (1978). Thermomechanical Processing of Ferrous Alloys. In: Burke, J.J., Weiss, V. (eds) Advances in Deformation Processing. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-4024-9_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-4024-9_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4026-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-4024-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics