Skip to main content

Excitable Tissues: The Heart

  • Chapter
Physiology of Membrane Disorders

Abstract

Cardiac action potentials serve many purposes. They form the cellular basis for pacemaker activity, impulse spread, and control of cardiac contraction. Despite this variety of functions, there are ample reasons for believing that impulses in cardiac cells follow the same general principles as in other excitable tissues. The preceding chapters on nerve and skeletal muscle have provided a useful foundation for understanding action potentials in heart. We shall draw upon such similarities, but shall also focus on the unique aspects of cardiac activity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. McNutt, N. S., and R. S. Weinstein. 1973. Membrane ultrastructure at mammalian intercellular junctions. Prog. Biophys. Mol Biol. 26: 45–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Barr, L., M. M. Dewey, and W. Berger. 1965. Propagation of action potentials and the structure of the nexus in cardiac muscle. J. Gen. Physiol 48: 797–823.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Dreifuss, J. J., L. Girardier, and W. G. Forssmann. 1966. Étude de la propagation de l’éxcitation dans le ventricle de rat au moyen de solutions hypertoniques. Pfluegers Arch. 292: 13–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kawamura, K., and Konishi, T. 1967. Ultrastructure of the cell junction of heart muscle with special reference to its functional significance in excitation conduction and to the concept of “disease of intercalated disc.” Jap. Cire. J. 31: 1533–1543.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Gilula, N. B. 1974. Junctions between cells. In: Cell Communication. R. P. Cox, ed. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Weidmann, S. 1966. The diffusion of radiopotassium across intercalated disks of mammalian cardiac muscle. J. Physiol. 187: 323–342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Weingart, R. 1974. The permeability to tetraethylammonium ions of the surface membrane and the intercalated disks of sheep and calf myocardium. J. Physiol 240: 741–762.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Imanaga, I. 1974. Cell to cell diffusion of Procion Yellow in sheep and calf Purkinje fibres. J. Membr. Biol 16: 381–388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Pollack, G. H. 1976. Intercellular coupling in the atrioventricular node and other tissues of the rabbit heart. J. Physiol 255: 275–298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Weidmann, S. 1970. Electrical constants of trabecular muscle from mammalian heart. J. Physiol 210: 1041–1054.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kushmerick, M. J., and R. J. Podolsky. 1969. Ionic mobility in muscle cells. Science 166: 1297–1298.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Matter, A. 1973. A morphometric study on the nexus of rat cardiac muscle. J. Cell Biol. 56: 690–696.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Katz, B. 1966. Nerve, Muscle, and Synapse. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Jack, J. J. B., D. Noble, and R. W. Tsien. 1975. Electric Current Flow in Excitable Cells. Oxford Univ. Press, London and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Weidmann, S. 1952. The electrical constants of Purkinje fibres. J. Physiol. 115: 227–236.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bonke, F. I. M. 1973. Electrotonic spread in the sinoatrial node of the rabbit heart. Pfluegers Arch. 339: 17–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Shigeto, N., and H. Irisawa. 1972. Slow conduction in the atrioventicular node of the cat: A possible explanation. Experientia 28: 1442–1443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Woodbury, J. W., and W. E. Crill. 1961. On the problem of impulse conduction in the atrium. Nervous Inhibition. E. Florey, ed. Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 124–135.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Draper, M. H., and M. Mya-Tu. 1959. A comparison of the conduction velocity in cardiac tissues of various mammals. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 44: 91–109.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Sano, T., N. Takayama, and T. Shimamoto. 1959. Directional difference of conduction velocity in the cardiac ventricular syncytium studied by microelectrodes. Circ. Res. 7: 262–267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Clerc, L. 1976. Directional differences of impulse spread in trabecular muscle from mammalian heart. J. Physiol. 255: 335–346.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Woodbury, J. W. 1962. Cellular electrophysiology of the heart. In: Handbook of Physiology, Section 2, Vol. 1. Am. Physiol. Soc., Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Hodgkin, A. L. 1951. The ionic basis of electrical activity in nerve and muscle. Biol. Rev. 26: 339–409.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Draper, M. H., and S. Weidmann. 1951. Cardiac resting and action potentials recorded with an intracellular electrode. J. Physiol. 115: 74–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. del Castillo, J., and J. W. Moore. 1959. On increasing the velocity of a nerve impulse. J. Physiol. 148: 665–670.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Weingart, R. 1977. The actions of ouabain on intercellular coupling and conduction velocity in mammalian ventricular muscle. J. Physiol. 264: 341–365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Goodman, D. B. P., F. E. Bloom, E. R. Battenberg, H. Rasmussen, and W. L. Davis. 1975. Immunofluorescent localization of cyclic AMP in toad urinary bladder: Possible intercellular transfer. Science 188: 1023–1025.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Subak-Sharpe, H., R. R. Bürk, and J. D. Pitts. 1969. Metabolic cooperation between biochemically marked mammalian cells in tissue culture. J. Cell Sci. 4: 353–367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Tsien, R. W., and R. Weingart. 1976. Inotropic effect of cyclic AMP in calf ventricular muscle studied by a cut-end method. J. Physiol. 260: 117–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hoffman, B. F., and P. F. Cranefield. 1960. Electrophysiology of the Heart. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Hogan, P. M., and L. D. Davis. 1968. Evidence for specialized fibers in the canine right atrium. Circ. Res. 23: 387–396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Mendez, C., and G. K. Moe. 1972. Atrioventricular transmission. In: Electrical Phenomena in the Heart. W. C. DeMello, ed. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Cranefield, P. F. 1975. The Conduction of the Cardiac Impulse. Futura, Mount Kisco, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Dudel, J., K. Peper, R. Rüdel, and W. Trautwein. 1967. The effect of tetrodotoxin on the membrane current in cardiac muscle (Purkinje fibers). Pfluegers Arch. 295: 213–226.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Dudel, J., and R. Rüdel. 1970. Voltage and time dependence of excitatory sodium current in cooled sheep Purkinje fibers. Pfluegers Arch. 315: 136–158.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Beeler, G. W., Jr., and H. Reuter. 1970a. Voltage clamp experiments on ventricular myocardial fibres. J. Physiol. 207: 191–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Johnson, E. A., and M. Lieberman. 1971. Heart: Excitation and contraction. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 33: 479–532.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Tarr, M., and J. W. Trank. 1974. An assessment of the double sucrose-gap voltage clamp technique as applied to frog atrial muscle. Biophys. J. 14: 627–643.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Noble, D. 1975. The Initiation of the Heartbeat. Oxford Univ. Press, London and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Weidmann, S. 1955. The effect of the cardiac membrane potential on the rapid availability of the sodium- carrying system. J. Physiol. 127: 213–224.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hodgkin, A. L., and B. Katz. 1949. The effect of sodium ions on the electrical activity of the giant axon of the squid. J. Physiol. 108: 37–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sommer, J. R., and E. A. Johnson. 1968. Cardiac muscle. A comparative study in Purkinje fibers and ventricular fibers. J. Cell Biol. 36: 497–526.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Mobley, B. A., and E. Page. 1972. The surface area of sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres. J. Physiol. 220: 547–563.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Fozzard, H. A. 1966. Membrane capacity of the cardiac Purkinje fibre. J. Physiol. 182: 255–267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Carmeliet, E., and J. Willems. 1971. The frequency dependent character of the membrane capacity in cardiac Purkinje fibres. J. Physiol. 213: 85–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Myerburg, R. J., H. Gelband, and B. F. Hoffman. 1971. Functional characteristics of the gating mechanism in the canine A-V conducting system. Circ. Res. 28: 136–147.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Singer, D. H., R. Lazzara, and B. F. Hoffman. 1967. Interrelationships between automaticity and conduction in Purkinje fibers. Circ. Res. 21: 537–558.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Singh, B. N., and E. M. Vaughan Williams. 1971. Effect of altering potassium concentration on the action of lidocaine and diphenylhydantoin on rabbit atrial and ventricular muscle. Circ. Res. 29: 286–295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Gettes, L. S., and H. Reuter. 1974. Slow recovery from inactivation of inward currents in mammalian myocardial fibres. J. Physiol. 240: 703–724.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Haas, H. G., R. Kern, H. M. Einwachter, and M. Tarr. 1971. Kinetics of Na inactivation in frog atria. Pfluegers Arch. 323: 141–157.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Goldman, L. 1976. Kinetics of channel gating in excitable membranes. Q. Rev. Biophys. 9: 491–526.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Weidmann, S. 1955. Effects of calcium ions and local anesthetics on the electrical properties of Purkinje fibres. J. Physiol. 129: 568–582.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Weld, F. M., and J. T. Bigger. 1975. Effect of lidocaine on the early inward transient current in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers. Circ. Res. 37: 630–639.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Chen, C. M., L. S. Gettes, and B. G. Katzung. 1975. Effect of lidocaine and quinidine on steady state characteristics and recovery kinetics of (dV/dt)max in guinea pig ventricular myocardium. Circ. Res. 37: 20–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Courtney, K. R. 1975. Mechanism of frequency-dependent inhibition of sodium currents in frog myelinated nerve by the lidocaine derivative GEA 968. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 195: 225–236.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Johnson, E. A., and M. G. McKinnon. 1957. The differential effect of quinidine and pyrilamine on the myocardial action potential at various rates of stimulation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 120: 460–468.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Heistracher, P. 1971. Mechanism of action of antifibrillatory drugs. Naunyn Schmie deb ergs Arch. Pharmacol. 269: 199–212.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Strichartz, G. R. 1973. The inhibition of sodium currents in myelinated nerve by quaternary derivatives of lidocaine. J. Gen. Physiol. 62: 37–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hodgkin, A. L., and A. F. Huxley. 1952. A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. J. Physiol. 117: 500–544.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Weidmann, S. 1956. Elektrophysiologie der Herzmuskelfaser. Huber, Bern.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Weidmann, S. 1971. The microelectrode and the heart 1950–1970. In: Research in Physiology. F. F. Kao, K. Koizumi, and M. Vassalle, eds. Aulo Gaggi, Bologna.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Reuter, H. 1973. Divalent cations as charge carriers in excitable membranes. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 26: 1–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Reuter, H., and H. Scholz. 1977. A study of the ion selectivity and the kinetic properties of the calcium- dependent slow inward current in mammalian cardiac muscle. J. Physiol. 264: 17–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Hodgkin, A. L., and A. F. Huxley. 1952d. A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. J. Physiol. 117: 500–544.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Weidmann, S. 1974. Heart: Electrophysiology. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 36: 155–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Fozzard, H. A., and G. W. Beeler, Jr. 1975. The voltage clamp and cardiac electrophysiology. Circ. Res. 37: 403–413.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Hagiwara, S., and S. Nakajima. 1966. Differences in Na and Ca spikes as examined by application of tetrodotoxin, procaine and manganese ions. J. Gen. Physiol. 49: 793–806.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Imanishi, S. 1971. Calcium-sensitive discharges in canine Purkinje fibers. Jap. J. Physiol. 21: 443–463.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Katzung, B. G., L. M. Hondeghem, and A. O. Grant. 1975. Cardiac ventricular automaticity induced by current of injury. Pfluegers Arch. 360: 193–197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kreitner, D. 1975. Evidence for the existence of a rapid sodium channel in the membrane of rabbit sinoatrial cells. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 7: 655–662.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Noble, D., and R. W. Tsien. 1972. The repolarization process of heart cells. In: Electrical Phenomena in Heart. W. C. de Mello, ed. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Morad, M., and Y. Goldman. 1973. Excitation-contraction coupling in heart muscle: Membrane control of development of tension. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 27: 257–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Fozzard, H. A., and W. R. Gibbons. 1973. Action potential and contraction of heart muscle. Am. J. Cardiol. 31: 182–192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Reuter, H. 1974. Exchange of calcium ions in the mammalian myocardium. Circ. Res. 34: 599–605.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Costantin, L. L. 1977. Activation in striated muscle. In: The Handbook of Physiology. E. Kandel, ed. American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Brown, H. F., and S. J. Noble. 1969. Membrane currents underlying delayed rectification and pace-maker activity in frog atrial muscle. J. Physiol. 204: 717–736.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Katzung, B. G. 1975. Effects of extracellular calcium and sodium on depolarization-induced automaticity in guinea pig papillary muscle. Circ. Res. 37: 118–127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Bosteels, S., and E. Carmeliet. 1972. Estimation of intracellular Na concentration and transmembrane Na flux in cardiac Purkynë fibres. Pfluegers Arch. 336: 35–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Walker, J. L., and R. O. Ladle. 1973. Frog heart intracellular potassium activities measured with potassium microelectrodes. Am. J. Physiol. 225: 263–267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Vassalle, M. 1966. Analysis of cardiac pace-maker potential using a “voltage clamp” technique. Am. J. Physiol. 210: 1335–1341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Noble, D., and R. W. Tsien. 1968. The kinetics and rectifier properties of the slow potassium current in cardiac Purkinje fibres. J. Physiol. 195: 185–214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Peper, K., and W. Trautwein. 1969. A note on the pacemaker current in Purkinje fibres. Pfluegers Arch. 309: 356–361.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Cohen, I., J. Daut, and D. Noble. 1977. The effects of potassium on temperature on the pacemaker current, IK2 in Purkinje fibres. J. Physiol. 260: 55–74.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Brown, H. F., A. Clark, and S. J. Noble. 1972. The pacemaker current in frog atrium. Nature (New Biol.) 235: 30–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Giles, W. 1974. Electrophysiology of frog atrial muscle. Ph.D. Thesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Irisawa, H. 1972. Electrical activity of rabbit sinoatrial node as studied by a double sucrose gap method. In: 12th International Colloquium Vectorcardiographicum. P. Rijlant, ed. Presses Académiques Européennes, Bruxelles, pp. 242–248.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Noma, A., and H. Irisawa. 1976. Membrane currents in the rabbit sinoatrial node cell as studied by the double microelectrode method. Pfluegers Arch. 364: 45–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Brown, H. F., W. Giles, and S. J. Noble. 1976. Voltage clamp of frog sinus venosus. J. Physiol. 258: 78–79 P.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Brown, H. F., P. A. McNaughton, D. Noble, and S. J. Noble. 1975. Adrenergic control of cardiac pace-maker currents. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. (Biol.) 270: 527–537.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Hutter, O. F. 1957. Mode of action of autonomic transmitters on the heart. Br. Med. Bull. 13: 176–180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Vassort, G., O. Rougier., D. Gamier, M. P. Sauviat, E. Coraboeuf, and Y. M. Gargouil. 1969. Effects of adrenaline on membrane inward currents during the cardiac action potential. Pfluegers Arch. 309: 70–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Giles, W., and R. W. Tsien. 1975. Effects of acetylcholine on membrane currents in frog atrial muscle. J. Physiol. 246: 64–66 p.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Giles, W., and S. J. Noble. 1976. Changes in membrane current in bullfrog atrium produced by acetylcholine. J. Physiol. 261: 103–123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Bassingthwaighte, J. B., and H. Reuter. 1972. Calcium movements and excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac cells. In: Electrical Phenomena in the Heart. W. C. de Mello, ed. Academic Press, New York. pp. 353–395.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Trautwein, W., T. F. McDonald, and O. Tripathi. 1975. Calcium conductance and tension in mammalian ventricular muscle. Pfluegers Arch. 354: 55–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Reuter, H. 1974. Localization of beta adrenergic receptors, and effects of noradrenaline and cyclic nucleotides on action potentials, ionic currents and tension in mammalian cardiac muscle. J. Physiol. 242: 429–451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Reuter, H., and H. Scholz. 1977. The regulation of the Ca conductance of cardiac muscle by adrenaline. J. Physiol. 264: 49–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Ikemoto, Y., and M. Goto. 1975. Nature of the negative inotropic effect of acetylcholine on the myocardium. Proc. Jap. Acad. 51: 501–505.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Ten Eick, R., H. Nawrath, T. F. McDonald, and W. Trautwein. 1976. On the mechanism of the negative inotropic effect of acetylcholine. Pfluegers Arch. 361: 207–213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Katz, A. M., M. Tada, and M. A. Kirchberger. 1975. Control of calcium transport in the myocardium by the cyclic AMP-protein kinase system. In: Advances in Cyclic Nucleotide Research, Vol. 5. G. I. Drummond, P. Greengard, and G. A. Robison, eds. Raven Press, New York. pp. 453–472.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Tsien, R. W., W. R. Giles, and P. Greengard. 1972. Cyclic AMP mediates the action of adrenaline on the action potential plateau of cardiac Purkinje fibres. Nature (New Biol.) 240: 181–183.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Brown, H. F., and S. J. Noble. 1974. Effects of adrenaline on membrane currents underlying pace-maker activity in frog atrial muscle. J. Physiol. 238: 51–53 P.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Hauswirth, O., D. Noble, and R. W. Tsien. 1968. Adrenaline: Mechanism of action of the pacemaker potential in cardiac Purkinje fibres. Science 162: 916–917.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Tsien, R. W. 1974. Effects of epinephrine on the pacemaker potassium current of cardiac Purkinje fibers. J. Gen. Physiol. 64: 293–319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Tsien, R. W. 1973. Adrenaline-like effects of intracellular iontophoresis of cyclic AMP in cardiac Purkinje fibers. Nature (New Biol.) 245: 120–122.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Yamasaki, Y., M. Fujiwara, and N. Toda. 1974. Effects of intracellularly applied cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate and dibutyryl cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate on the electrical activity of sinoatrial nodal cells of the rabbit. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 190: 15–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Nawrath, H. 1976. Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP may play opposing roles in influencing force of contraction in mammalian myocardium. Nature 262: 509–511.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Weidmann, S. 1966. Cardiac electrophysiology in the light of recent morphological findings. Harvey Lect. 61: 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  109. McNutt, N. S., and D. W. Fawcett. 1974. Myocardial ultrastructure. In: The Mammalian Myocardium. G. A. Langer and A. J. Brady, eds. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Netter, F. H. 1969. The CIBA Collection of Medical Illustrations, Vol. 5. CIBA Pharmaceutical Co., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Weidmann, S. 1957. Resting and action potentials of cardiac muscle. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 65: 663–678.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Kass,R. S., andR.W. Tsien. 1975. Multiple effects of calcium antagonists on plateau currents in cardiac Purkinje fibers. J. Gen. Physiol. 66: 169–192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Hutter, O. F., and W. Trautwein. 1956. Vagal and sympathetic effects on the pacemaker fibres in the sinus venosus of the heart. J. Gen. Physiol. 39:715– 733.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Toda, N., and T. C. West. 1967. Interactions of K, Na, and vagal stimulation in the S-A node of the rabbit. Am. J. Physiol. 212: 416–423.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Otsuka, M. 1958. Die Wirkung von Adrenalin auf Purkinje-Fasern von Säugetieren. Pfluegers Arch. Ges. Physiol. 266: 512–517.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tsien, R.W., Siegelbaum, S. (1978). Excitable Tissues: The Heart. In: Andreoli, T.E., Hoffman, J.F., Fanestil, D.D. (eds) Physiology of Membrane Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3958-8_27

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3958-8_27

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-3960-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-3958-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics