Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chemotherapy of Brain Tumors — Basic Concepts

  • Chapter
Book cover Oncology of the Nervous System

Part of the book series: Cancer Treatment and Research ((CTAR,volume 12))

Abstract

The chemotherapy of cancer differs from the treatment of bacterial infections in one major way:In cancer, the target of therapy is the living tissues of the host; the toxicity accruing as a side effect of therapy comes about from the same mechanisms that make the treatment efficacious. In the therapy of bacterial infections the treatment is directed against the bacterium and the side effects are usually incidental chemical reactions with host tissue. The therapeutic index, i.e. the ratio between the efficacy and the toxicity, is much higher for treatments directed against bacteria than it is for treatments directed against cancer. Thus, any consideration of anticancer therapy requires that the therapist pay even stricter attention to the therapeutic index than he might in treating bacterial infections.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Dixon RL, Lee IP:Pharmacokinetic and adaptation factors involved in testicular toxicity. Fed Proc 39:66–72, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Walker MD, Green SB, Byar DP, et al:Randomized comparisons of radiotherapy and nitrosoureas for the treatment of malignant glioma after surgery. New Engl J Med 303:1323–1329, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Green SB, Byar DP, Walker MD, et al:Comparisons of carmustine, procarbazine, and high dose methylprednisolone as additions to surgery and radiotherapy for the treatment of malignant glioma. New Engl J Med (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Heppner GH, Shapiro WR, Rankin JK:Tumor heterogeneity. In:Pediatric Oncology, Hum-phrey GB et al (eds). The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff Medical Division Publishers, 1981, vol 1, pp 99–116.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Pierce GB:Cellular heterogeneity of cancers. In:World Symposium on Model Studies in Chemical Carcinogenesis, T’so POR, DiPaolo JA (eds). 1972, vol B, pp 463–472.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Dexter DL, Kowalski HM, Blazar BA, et al:Heterogeneity of tumor cells from a single mouse mammary tumor. Cancer Res 38:3174–3181, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Imada M, Sueoka N:Clonal sublines of rat neurotumor R14 and cell differentiation. I. Isolation and characterization of cell lines and cell type conversion. Devel Biol 66:97–108, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Fidler IJ, Kripke ML:Metastasis results from preexisting variant cells within a malignant tumor. Science 197:893–895, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Heppner GH, Dexter DL, DeNucci T, et al:Heterogeneity in drug sensitivity among tumor cell subpopulations of a single mammary tumor. Cancer Res 38:3758–3763, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Baylin SB, Weisburger WR, Eggleston JC, et al:Variable content of histaminase, L-DOPA decarboxylase and calcitonin in small-cell carcinoma of the lung. New Engl J Med 299:105–110, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Siracky J:An approach to the problem of heterogeneity of human tumour-cell populations. Br J Cancer 39:570–577, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Pertschuk LP, Tobin EH, Brigati DJ, et al:Immunofluorescent detection of estrogen receptors in breast cancer. Cancer 41:907–911, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Byers VS, Johnston JO:Antigenic differences among osteogenic sarcoma tumor cells taken from different locations in human tumors. Cancer Res 37:3173–3183, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Rogan KM, Faldetta TJ, Boto W, et al:Heterogeneity in the membrane proteins of human lymphoid cell lines as seen in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis slab gels. Cancer Res 38:3604–3610, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Sorg C, Bruegger J, Seibert E, et al:Membrane-associated antigens of human malignant melanoma IV:changes in expression of antigens on cultured melanoma cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 3:259–271, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Barranco SC, Ho DHW, Drewinko B, et al:Differential sensitivities of human melanoma cells grown in vitro to arabinosylcytosine. Cancer Res 32:2733–2736, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Woods LK, Morgan RT, Quinn LA, et al:Comparison of four new cell lines from patients with adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Cancer Res 39:4449–4459, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Rubinstein LJ:Current concepts in neuro-oncology. In:Advances in Neurology, Thompson RA, Green JR (eds). New York, Green JR (eds). 1976, vol 15, pp 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Fialkow PJ:Clonal origin and stem cell evolution of human tumors. In:Genetics of Human Cancer, Mulvihill JJ, Mieler RW, Fraumeni JF Jr (eds). New York, Raven Press, 1977, pp 439–453.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Basler GA, Shapiro WR:Brain tumor research with nude mice. In:The Nude Mouse in Ex-perimental and Animal Research, Fogh J, Giovanella B (eds). New York, Giovanella B (eds). 1982, vol II, pp 475–490.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bigner DD, Bigner SH, Ponten JN, et al:Heterogeneity of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of fifteen permanent cell lines derived from human gliomas. J Neuropath Exp Neurol 40:201–229, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Shapiro JR, Yung W-KA, Shapiro WR:Isolation, karyotype and clonal growth of heterogeneous subpopulations of human malignant glioma. Cancer Res 41:2349–2359, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Mark J:Chromosomal characteristics of neurogenic tumors in adults. Hereditas 68:61–100, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Shapiro WR, Yung WA, Basler GA et al:Heterogeneous response to chemotherapy of human gliomas grown in nude mice and as clones in vitro. Cancer Treat Rep, 65 (Suppl 2):55–59, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Yung W-KA, Shapiro JR, Shapiro WR:Heterogeneous chemosensitivities of subpopulations of human glioma cells in culture. Cancer Res 42:992–998, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Rankin JK, Yung W-KA, Shapiro WR, et al:Effects of low dose BCNU chemotherapy on human glioma cell lines in vitro. Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res 22:43, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Rankin JK, Shapiro WR, Posner JB:Cellular stability and chromosomal evolution of early passage cells from human gliomas. Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res 21:55, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Steel GG:Growth kinetics of brain tumors. In:Brain Tumors, Scientific Basis, Clinical Investigation and Current Therapy, Thomas DGT, Graham DI (eds). London, Butterworth, 1980, pp 10–20.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hoshino T, Wilson CB:Cell kinetic analysis of human malignant brain tumors (gliomas). Cancer 44:956–962, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hoshino T, Nomura K, Wilson CB, et al:The distribution of nuclear DNA from human brain tumor cells. J Neurosurg 49:13–21, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hoshino T, Wilson CB:Review of basic concepts of cell kinetics as applied to brain tumors. J Neurosurg 42:123–131, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Levin VA, Hoffman WF, Pischer TL, et al:BCNU-5-fluorouracil combination therapy for recurrent malignant brain tumors. Cancer Treat Rep 62:2071–2076, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Furman MA, Shulman K:Cyclic AMP and adenyl cyclase in brain tumors. J Neurosurg 46:477–483, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Friedman DL:Role of cyclic nucleotides in cell growth and differentiation. Physiol Rev 56:652–708, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bottenstein JE, deVellis J:Regulation of cyclic GMP, cyclic AMP and lactate dehydrogenase by putative neurotransmitters in the C-6 rat glioma cell line. Life Sci 23:821–834, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Chelmicka-Schorr E, Arnason BGW, Holshouser SJ:C-6 glioma growth in rats:Suppression with a β-adrenergic agonist and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Ann Neurol 8:447–449, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Marton LJ, Heby O, Levin VA, et al:The relationship of polyamines in cerebrospinal fluid to the presence of central nervous system tumors. Cancer Res 36:973–977, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Marton LJ, Edwards MS, Levin VA, et al:Predictive value of cerebrospinal fluid polyamines in medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 39:993–997, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Rail DP, Zubrod CG:Mechanism of drug absorption and excretion. Passage of drugs in and out of the central nervous system. Ann Rev Pharmacol 2:109–128, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Vick NA, Khandekar JD, Bigner DD:Chemotherapy of brain tumors:The “blood-brain barrier” is not a factor. Arch Neurol 34:523–526, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ausman JI, Levin VA, Brown WE, et al:Brain-tumor chemotherapy:Pharmacological principles derived from a monkey brain-tumor model. J Neurosurg 46:155–164, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Levin VA, Freeman-Dove M, Landahl HD:Permeability characteristics of brain adjacent to tumors in rats. Arch Neurol 32:785–791, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Blasberg RG, Gazendam J, Patlak CS, et al:Changes in blood-brain transfer parameters induced by hyperosmolar intracarotid infusion and by metastatic tumor growth. In:The Cerebral Micro vasculatures, Eisenberg HM, Suddith RL (eds). New York, Plenum Publ Co, 1980, pp 307–319.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Ushio Y, Chernik N, Shapiro W, et al:Metastatic tumor of the brain:Development of an experimental model. Ann Neurol 2:20–29, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Blasberg RG, Groothius D, Molnar P:The application of quantitative autoradiographic measurements in experimental brain tumor models. Semin. Neurol. 1:203–221, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Chabner BA and Johns DG:Folate antagonists. In:Cancer 5 a Comprehensive Treatise, Becker FF (ed). New York, Becker FF (ed). 1977, Vol 5, pp 363–377.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Levin VA, Patlak CS, Landahl HD:Heuristic modeling of drug delivery to malignant brain tumors. J Pharmacokinetics Biopharmaceutics 8:257–296, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Neuwelt EA, Maravilla KR, Frenkel EP, et al:Osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption. Computerized tomographic monitoring of chemotherapeutic agent delivery. J Clin Invest 64:684–688, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Hasegawa H, Allen JC, Mehta BM, et al:Enhancement of CNS penetration of methotrexate by hyperosmolar intracarotid mannitol or carcinomatous meningitis. Neurol 29:1280–1286, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Neuwelt E A, Frenkel EP, Diehl JT, et al:Initial clinical studies of chemotherapy delivery to brain tumor patients after osmotic blood-brain barrier modification. Proc Amer Soc Clin Oncol 22:531, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Allen JC, Hasegawa H, Mehta BM, et al:Influence of intracarotid mannitol on intracerebral methotrexate (MTX) concentrations surrounding experimental brain tumors. Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res 20:286, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Shapiro WR, Allen JC, Horten BC:Chronic methotrexate toxicity to the central nervous system. Clin Bull 10:49–52, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Greenberg HS, Ensininger WD, Kindt GW, et al:Intra-arterial BCNU chemotherapy for malignant astrocytomas. Neurol 31 (Part 2):69, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Madajewicz S, West CR, Park HC, et al:Phase II study-intra-arterial BCNU therapy for metastatic brain tumors. Cancer 47:653–657, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Takvorian T, Hochberg F, Canellos G, et al:The toxicity of high-dose BCNU with autologous marrow support. In:Nitrosoureas, Current Status and New Development, Prestayko AW, Crooke ST, Baker LG, et al (eds). New York, Academic Press, 1981, pp 155–169.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Klatzo I:Neuropathological aspects of brain edema. J Neuropath Exp Neurol 26:1–14, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Fishman RA:Brain edema. New Engl J Med 293:706–711, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Calabrese P, Parks RE:Chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases. In:The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Gilman A (eds). New York, Macmillan Publishing Co, Ine, 1980, pp 1249–1313.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Keiser LW, Capizzi RL:Principles of combination chemotherapy. In:Cancer 5 a Comprehensive Treatise, Becker FF (ed). Plenum Press, 1977, pp 163–185.

    Google Scholar 

  60. French JD, West PM, von Amerongen PK, et al:Effects of intracarotid administration of nitrogen mustard on normal brain and brain tissues. J Neurosurg 9:378–389, 1952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Wheeler GP, Alexander JA:Effects of nitrogen mustard and cyclophosphamide upon the synthesis of DNA in vivo and in cell free preparations. Cancer Res 29:98–109, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Connors TA:Alkylating drugs, nitrosourea and dimethyltriazenes. In:Cancer Chemotherapy 1980:The EORTC Cancer Chemotherapy Annual 2, Pinedo HM (ed). Amsterdam - Oxford, Excerpta Medica, 1980, pp 27–65.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Connors TA:Alkylating drugs, nitrosourea and dialkyltriazenes. In:Cancer Chemotherapy 1979:The EORTC Cancer Chemotherapy Annual 1, Pinedo HM (ed). Amsterdam—Oxford, Excerpta Medica, 1979, pp 25–55.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Edwards MS, Levin VA, Wilson CB:Brain tumor chemotherapy:An evaluation of agents in current use for phase II and III trials. Cancer Treat Rep 64:1179–1205, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kann HE:Carbamoylating activity of nitrosoureas. In:Nitrosoureas Current Status and New Developments, Prestayko AW, Crooke ST, Baker LH, et al (eds). New York, Academic Press, 1981, pp 95–106.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Barranco SC, Humphrey RM:The effects of BCNU on survival and cell progression in Chinese hamster cells. Cancer Res 31:191–195, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Tobey RA, Crissman HA:Comparative effects of three nitrosourea derivatives on mammalian cell cycle progression. Cancer Res 35:460–470, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Begleiter A, Lam HYP, Goldenberg GJ:Mechanism of uptake of nitrosoureas by L5178Y lym- phoblasts in vitro. Cancer Res 37:1022–1027, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Hall TC:Prediction of responses to therapy and mechanisms of resistance. Sem Oncol 4:193–202, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Rosenblum M, Deen D, Levin V, et al:Resistance of brain tumors to chemotherapy-stem cell studies of human and animal tumors. Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res 22:243, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  71. De Vita VT, Denhan C, Davidson J, et al:The physiological disposition of carcinostatic 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea in man and animals. Clin Pharmacol Ther 8:566–577, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Aronin PA, Mahaley MS, Rudnick SA, et al:Prediction of BCNU pulmonary toxicity in patients with malignant gliomas. New Engl J Med 303:183–188, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Macdonald JS, Weiss RB, Poster D, et al:Subacute and chronic toxicities associated with nitrosourea therapy. In:Nitrosoureas Current Status and New Developments, Prestayko AW, Crooke ST, Baker LH, et al (eds). New York, Academic Press, 1981, pp 145–154.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Nichols WC, Moertel CG:Letter. New Engl J Med 301:1181, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Walker M, Alexander E, Hunt WF, et al:Evaluation of BCNU and/or radiotherapy in the treatment of anaplastic gliomas. J Neurosurg 49:333–343, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Wheeler KT, Deen DF, Wilson CB, et al:BCNU modification of the in vitro response in 9L brain tumor cells of rats. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2:79–88, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Deen DF, Williams ME, Wheeler KT:Comparison of the CCNU and BCNU modification of the in vitro radiation response in 9L brain tumor cells of rats. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 5:1541–1544, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Thuning CA, Baker NA, Warren J:Synergistic effect of combined hyperthermia and a nitrosourea in treatment of a murine ependymoblastoma. Cancer Res 40:2726–2729, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Spivack SD:Drugs 5 years later:Procarbazine. Ann Intern Med 81:795–800, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Geran RI, Congleton GF, Dudeck LE, et al:A mouse ependymoblastoma as an experimental model for screening potential antineoplastic drugs. Cancer Chemother Rep (Part 2 ), 4:53–87, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. DeJager R, Brugarolas A, Hansen H, et al:Dianhydrogalactitol (NSC-132313):Phase II study in solid tumors. Eur J Cancer 15:971–974, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Hoogstraten B, O’Bryan R, Jones S:1,2:5,6-Dianhydrogalactitol in advanced breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rep 62:841–842, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Eckhardt S, Csetenyi J, Horvath IP, et al:Uptake of labeled dianhydrogalactitol into human gliomas and nervous tissue. Cancer Treat Rep 61:841–847, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Espana P, Wiernik PH, Walker MD:Phase II study of dianhydrogalactitol in malignant glioma. Cancer Treat Rep 62:1199–1200, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Eagen RT, Childs DS, Layton DD, et al:Dianhydrogalactitol and radiation therapy, treatment of supratentorial glioma. JAMA 241:2046–2050, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Hill JM, Loeb E, MacLellan A, et al:Clinical studies of platinum coordination compounds in the treatment of various malignant diseases. Cancer Chemother Rep 59:647–659, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kham A, McCullough D:Use of cis-platinum in CNS malignancy. Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res 20:326, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Krakoff IH, Brown NC, Reichard P:Inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase by hydroxyurea. Cancer Res 28:1559–1565, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Beckloff GL, Lerner HJ, Frost D, et al:Hydroxyurea (NSC-32065) in biological fluids:dose- concentration relationships. Cancer Chemother Rep 48:57–58, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Piver MS, Howes AE, Suite HD, et al:Effect of hydroxyurea on the radiation response of C3H mouse mammary tumors. Cancer 29:407–412, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Levin VA, Wilson CB, Davis R, et al:A phase III comparison of BCNU, hydroxyurea and radiation therapy to BCNU and radiation therapy for treatment of primary malignant gliomas. J Neurosurg 51:526–532, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Allen L:The role of drug disposition kinetics on cellular transport of the antineoplastic agent VM-26. Drug Metab Rev 8:119 - 135, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Bender RA:Vinca alkaloids and epipodophyllotoxins. In:Cancer Chemotherapy 1979, The EORTC Cancer Chemotherapy Annual I, Pinedo HM (ed). Amsterdam-Oxford, Excerpta Medica, 1979, pp 100–106.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Krishan A, Paika K, Frei E:Cytofluorometric studies on the action of podophyllotoxin and epipodophyllotoxins (VM-26, VP-16-213) on the cell cycle traverse of human lymphoblasts. J Cell Biol 66:521–530, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Creaven PJ, Allen LM:PTG, a new antineoplastic epipodophyllotoxin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 18:227–233, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Skylansky BD, MannKaplan RS, Reynolds AF, et al:4’-Dimethyl-epipodophyllotoxin-α-D-thenylidene-glucoside (PTG) in the treatment of malignant intracranial neoplasms. Cancer 33:460–467, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Kessinger A, Lemon HM, Foley JF:VM-26 as a second drug in the treatment of brain gliomas. Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res 20:295, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Donoso JA, Green LS, Heller-Bettinger IE, et al:Action of the vinca alkaloids vincristine, vinblastine desacetyl, vinblastine amide on axonal fibrillar organelles in vitro. Cancer Res 37:1401–1407, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Shapiro WR, Young DF:Treatment of malignant glioma with CCNU alone and CCNU combined with vincristine sulfate and procarbazine hydrochloride. Trans Amer Neurol Assoc 101:217–220, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Bourke RS, West CR, Chheda G, et al:Kinetics of entry and distribution of 5-fluorouracil in cerebrospinal fluid and brain following intravenous injection in a primate. Cancer Res 33:1735–1746, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. McDonnell LA, Potter PE, Leslie RA:Localized changes in blood-brain barrier permeability following the administration of antineoplastic drugs. Cancer Res 38:2930–2934, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Chabner BA:Antimetabolites. In:Cancer Chemotherapy 1979, the EORTC Cancer Chemotherapy Annual I, Pinedo HM (ed). Amsterdam—Oxford, Excerpta Medica, 1979, pp 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Chello PL, Sirotnak FA, Dorick DM:Kinetics and growth phase dependence of methotrexate and folic acid transport by L1210 leukemia cells. Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res 20:219, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Alt FW, Kellems RE, Bertino JR, Schimke RJ:Selective multiplication of dihydrofolate reductase genes in methotrexate-resistant variants of cultured murine cells. J Biol Chem 253:1357–1370, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Allen JC, Rosen G, Mehta BM, et al:Leucoencephalopathy following high-dose IV methotrexate chemotherapy with leucovorin rescue. Cancer Treat Rep 64:1261–1273, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Goldman ID:The membrane transport of methotrexate and other folate compounds:Relevance of rescue protocols. Cancer Chemother Rep (Part 3 ) 6:63–72, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Glass JP, Shapiro WR, Posner JB:Treatment of leptomeningeal metastases. Neurology 28:351, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Shapiro WR:High-dose methotrexate in malignant gliomas. Cancer Treat Rep 61:691–694, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Kristiansen K, Hagen S, Kollevold T, et al:Combined modality therapy of operated astrocytomas grade III and IV. Confirmation of the value of postoperative irradiation and lack of potentiation of bleomycin on survival time. Cancer 47:649–652, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Walker MD, Alexander E, Hunt WE, et al:Evaluation of mithramycin in the treatment of anaplastic gliomas. J Neurosurg 44:655–667, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Brzustowicz RJ, Svien HJ, Bennett WA, et al:The effect of cortisone on the growth of transplanted ependymomas in mice. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 26:121–128, 1951.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Kotsilimbas DG, Meyer L, Berson M, et al:Corticosteroid effect on intracerebral melanomata and associated cerebral edema:Some unexpected findings. Neurology 17:223–226, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Gurcay O, Wilson C, Barker M, et al:Corticosteroid effect on transplantable rat glioma. Arch Neurol 24:266–269, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Shapiro WR, Posner JB:Corticosteroid hormones:Effects in an experimental brain tumor. Arch Neurol 30:217–221, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Chen TT, Mealey J:Effect of corticosteroid on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in human glial tumor cells. Cancer Res 33:1721–1723, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Ausman JI, Shapiro WR, Rail DP:Studies on chemotherapy of experimental brain tumors:Development of an experimental model. Cancer Res 30:2394–2400, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Levin VA, Wilson CB:Correlations between experimental chemotherapy in the murine glioma and effectiveness of clinical therapy regimens. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1:4–48, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Skipper HE:Cancer chemotherapy is many things:GHA Clowes Memorial Lecture. Cancer Res 31:1173–1180, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Shapiro WR, Basler GA, Chernik NL, et al:Human brain tumor transplantation into nude mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 62:447–453, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. DiChiro G, DeLaPuz R, Smith B, et al:18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography of human cerebral gliomas. J Cerebral Blood Flow Metab 1:511–512, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Frei E, Lazarus H:Predictive tests for cancer chemotherapy. New Engl J Med 298:1358–1359, 1978.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Salmon SE, Hamburger AW, Soehnlen BJ, et al:Quantititations of differential sensitivities of human tumor stem cells to anticancer drugs. New Engl J Med 298:1321–1327, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Pavelic ZP, Slocum HK, Rustum YM, et al:Colony growth in soft agar of human melanoma, sarcoma, and lung carcinoma cells disaggregated by mechanical and enzymatic methods. Cancer Res 40:2160–2164, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Rosenblum ML, Vasquez DA, Hoshino T, et al:Development of a clonogenic cell assay for human brain tumors. Cancer 41:2305–2314, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Kornblith PL, Szypko PE:Variations in response of human brain tumors to BCNU in vitro. J Neurosurg 48:580–586, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Rosenblum ML, Wheeler KT, Wilson CB, et al:In vitro evaluation of in vivo brain tumor chemotherapy with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l nitrosourea. Cancer Res 35:1387–1391, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Kornblith PL, Smith BH, Leonard LA:Response of cultured human brain tumors to nitrosoureas. Cancer 47:255–265, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Freshney RI:Tissue culture of glioma of the brain. In:Brain Tumors, Scientific Basis, Clinical Investigation and Current Therapy, Thomas DGT and Graham DI (eds). London, Butterworth, 1980, pp 21–50.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Saez RJ, Campbell RJ, Laws ER:Chemotherapeutic trials on human malignant astrocytomas in organ culture. J Neurosurg 46:320–327, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Rubinstein LJ, Herman MM:Studies on the differentiation of human and experimental gliomas in organ cultures. In:Recent Results in Cancer Research, Hekmatpanah J (ed). Berlin, Springer- Verlag, 51:35–51, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Levin VA, Hoffman W, Weinkam J:Pharmacokinetics of BCNU in man:A preliminary study of 20 patients. Cancer Treat Rep 62:1305–1312, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. William R. Shapiro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Thomas N. Byrne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. National Institutes of Health, NINCDS, STP, Federal 8A-08, Bethesda, MD, 20205, USA

    Michael D. Walker M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston/The Hague/Dordrecht/Lancaster

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shapiro, W.R., Byrne, T.N. (1983). Chemotherapy of Brain Tumors — Basic Concepts. In: Walker, M.D. (eds) Oncology of the Nervous System. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 12. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3858-1_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3858-1_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-3860-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-3858-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation