Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Density Independence Versus Density Dependence in Streams

  • Chapter
Stream Ecology

Abstract

In the past 40 years stream ecology has been largely a descriptive science. Taxonomy has been a major thrust. Stream researchers have described the basic structure of stream communities and the life histories of some component species have been worked out. Enough information has now been amassed for researchers to examine functional relationships within the stream community. The formalization of the functional group concept (Cummins, 1974), the River Continuum Concept (Vannote et al., 1980), the recognition of the importance of detritus (Cummins, 1974; Fisher and Likens, 1972), and the importance of instream autotrophy (McIntire, 1973; Minshall, 1978) all represent major advances in our understanding of stream community structure. Yet, few studies have attempted to evaluate density dependence in structuring the organismal associations in stream communities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allan, J.D. 1975. The distributional ecology and diversity of benthic insects in Cement Creek, Colorado. Ecology 56:1040–1053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allan, J.D. 1978. Trout predation and the size composition of stream drift. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23:1231–1237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amant, J.L. 1970. The detection of regulation in animal populations. Ecology 51:823–828.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, N.H. and K.W. Cummins. 1979. Influences of diet on the life histories of aquatic insects. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 36:335–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrewartha, H.G. and L.C. Birch. 1954. The distribution and abundance of animals. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, 782 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, J.R. and D.K. Shiozawa. 1980. A description and assessment of the Raft River lotic system in the vicinity of the Raft River Geothermal area. Annual Report, Department of Energy, Idaho Operations Office, Idaho Falls, Idaho.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boling R.H., E.D. Goodman, J.A. Van Sickle, J.O. Zimmer, K.W. Cummins, R.C. Petersen and S.R. Reice. 1975. Toward a model of detritus processing in a woodland stream. Ecology 56:141–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boon, P.J. 1979. Adaptive strategies of Amphipsyche larvae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) downstream of a tropical impoundment, pp. 237–255. In: The ecology of regulated streams. J. V. Ward and J.A. Stanford (eds.), Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochran, W.G. 1963. Sampling Techniques. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 413 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, J.H. 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199:1302–1310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connell, J.H. 1979. Tropical rainforests and coral reefs as open non-equilibrium systems, pp. 141–163. In: Population dynamics. R.M. Anderson, B.D. Turner and L.R. Taylor (eds.), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, K.W. 1974. Structure and function of stream ecosystems. Bioscience 24:631–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, K.W. and M.J. Klug. 1979. Feeding ecology of stream invertebrates. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 10:147–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, K.W., R.C. Petersen, F.O. Howard, J.C. Wuycheck and V.I. Holt. 1973. The utilization of leaf litter by stream detritivores. Ecology 54:336–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, K.R. 1976. Analysis of seasonal leaf fall in north temperate deciduous forests. Oikos 27:300–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edington, J.M. 1965. The effect of water flows on populations of net spinning trichoptera. Mitt. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 13:40–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmondson, W.T. and G.G. Winberg, Eds. 1971. A manual on methods for the assessment of secondary productivity in freshwaters. Blackwell Sci. Pub. Co., Oxford, 358 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, J.M. 1977. Some methods for the statistical analysis of samples of benthic invertebrates. Freshwater Biological Assoc. Sci. Pub. 25, 159 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, S.G. and G. Likens. 1972. Stream ecosystem: Organic energy budget. Bioscience 22:33–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, S.G. and G. Likens. 1973. Energy flow in Bear Brook, New Hampshire: an integrative approach to stream ecosystem metabolism. Ecol. Monogr. 43:421–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, L.R. 1977. Species richness in streams—an alternative mechanism. Amer. Nat. 111:1017–1021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, L.R. and P.A. Morrow. 1981. Specialization: species property or local phenomenon? Science 211:887–893.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, R.L. and R.J. Mackay. 1980a. Field and laboratory studies of net spinning activity by Hydropsyche larvae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) Can. J. Zool. 58:2006–2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, R.L. and R.J. Mackay. 1980b. Feeding ecology of three species of Hydropsyche (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in Southern Ontario. Can. J. Zool. 58:2239–2251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J.J. 1971. Sample size and sample frequency in relation to the quantitative sampling of sand meiofauna. pp. 191–197. In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Meiofauna. N.C. Hullings (ed.), Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, Washington D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, R.H. 1979. Sampling design and statistical methods for environmental biologists. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 257 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickman, M. 1974. The standing crop and primary productivity of the epiphyton attached to Chiloscyphus polyanthus (L.) and Chorda rivularis (Schrad.) Nees in a spring fed stream. Arch. Hydrobiol. 73:464–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand, S.G. 1974. The relation of drift to benthos density and food level in an artificial stream. Limnol. Oceanogr. 19:951–957.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, H.S. 1968. Regulation of animal numbers: a model counter-example. Ecology 49:776–778.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hynes, H.B.N. 1970. The ecology of running waters. U. of Toronto Press, Toronto, 555 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hynes, H.B.N., N.K. Kaushik, M.A. Lock, D.L. Lush, Z.S.J. Stocker, R.R. Wallace and D.D. Williams. 1974. Benthos and allochthonous organic matter in streams. J. Fish Res. Board Can. 31:545–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaushik, N.K. and H.B.N. Hynes. 1971. The fate of the dead leaves that fall into streams. Arch. Hydrobiol. 68:465–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, C.J. 1978. Ecology: The experimental analysis of distribution and abundance, 2nd Ed. Harper & Row Pub. Inc., New York, 678 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamberti G.D. and V.H. Resh. 1980. Geothermal influences on the interactions of benthic algae, bacteria, and herbivorous insects in a Northern California stream. Paper presented at 28th Annual Meeting, North American Benthological Society, Savannah, Georgia

    Google Scholar 

  • Leopold, L.B., M.G. Wolman and J.P. Miller. 1964. Fluvial processes in geomorphology. W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 522 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lock, M.A. and H.B.N. Hynes. 1975. The disappearance of four leaf leachates in hard and soft water streams in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Int. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 60:847–855.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lock, M.A. and H.B.N. Hynes. 1976. The fate of ‘dissolved’ organic carbon derived from autumn shed maple leaves (Acer saccharum). Limnol. Oceanogr. 21:436–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macan, T.T. 1962. Biotic factors in running water. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol. 24:386–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur, R.M. 1972. Geogrpahical ecology. Harper & Row Pub., New York, 269 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malas, D. and J.B. Wallace 1977. Strategies for coexistence in three species of net spinning caddisflies (Trichoptera) in second order Southern Appalachia streams. Can. J. Zool. 55:1829–1840.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margalef, R. 1960. Ideas for a synthetic approach to the ecology of running waters. Int. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 45:133–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • May, R.M. 1973. Stability and complexity in model ecosystems. Princeton U. Press, New Jersey, 265 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntire, C.D. 1973. Periphyton dynamics in laboratory streams: a simulation model and its implications. Ecol. Monogr. 43:399–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menge, B.A. and J.P. Sutherland. 1976. Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the role of predation, competition, and temporal heterogeneity. Amer. Natur. 110:351–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merritt, R.E. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1978. An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., Dubuque, 441 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J.L. 1980. Dynamics of phosphorus and organic matter during leaf decomposition in a forest stream. Oikos 34:44–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minshall, G.W. 1967. Role of allochthonous detritus in the trophic structure of a woodland springbrook community. Ecology 48:139–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minshall, G.W. 1978. Autotrophy in stream ecosystems. Bioscience 28:767–771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, K. 1954. Investigations on the organic drift in North Swedish streams. Rep. Inst. Freshwat. Res. Drottningholm 35:133–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller-Dombois, D. and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 547 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mundie, J.H. 1971. Sampling benthos and substrate materials down to 50 microns in size in shallow streams. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 28:849–860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murdock, W.W. 1969. Switching in general predators: experiments on predator specificity and stability of prey populations. Ecol. Monogr. 39:335–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Needham, P.R. and R.L. Usinger. 1956. Variability in the macrofauna of a single riffle in Prosser Creek, California, as indicated by the Surber samples. Hilgardia 24:383–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paine, R.T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. Amer. Nat 100:65–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paine, R.T. 1969. A note on trophic complexity and community stability. Amer. Nat. 103:91–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, R. 1972. Benthic communities in streams. In: Growth by Intussusception. E.S. Devey (ed). Conn. Acad. Arts and Sciences 44:169–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peckarsky, B.L. 1979. Biological interactions as determinants of distributions of benthic invertebrates within the substrate of stony streams. Limnol. Oceanogr. 24:59–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peckarsky, B.L. 1981. Reply to comment by Sell. Limnol. Oceanogr. 26:982–987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, R.C. and K.W. Cummins. 1974. Leaf processing in a woodland stream. Freshwat. Biol. 4:343–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reice, S.R. 1974. Environmental patchiness and the break down of leaf litter in a woodland stream. Ecology 55:1271–1282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reice, S.R. 1977. The role of animal associations and current velocity in sediment specific leaf litter decomposition. Oikos 29:357–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reice, S.R. 1980. The effect of fish exclusions and detritus levels on a woodland stream ecosystem. Paper presented at 28th Annual Meeting, North American Benthological Society. Savannah, Georgia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhame, R.E. and K.W. Stewart. 1976. Life cycles and food habits of three Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera) species in the Brazos River, Texas. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 102:65–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, R.E. 1979. Ecology, 2nd Ed. Chiron. Press Inc. New York, 966 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoener, T. W. 1982. The controversy over interspecific competition. Amer. Sci. 70:586–595.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. 184. Fisheries Research Board Can. Ottawa, 966 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sell, D.W. 1981. Comment on “Biological interactions as determinants of distributions of benthic invertebrates within the substrate of stony streams.” Limnol. Oceanogr. 26:981–982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiozawa, D.K. 1978. The habitat preferences, seasonal drift and abundance of stream microcrustacea. Unpub. Ph.D. thesis, U. of Minnesota, 151 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Short, R.A. and J.V. Ward. 1981. Benthic detritus dynamics in a mountain stream. Holarctic Ecology 4:32–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, H.S. 1935. The role of biotic factors in determining population densities. J. Econ. Entom. 28:873–898.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, M.R. 1958. Meaning of density dependence and related terms in population dynamics. Nature 181:1778–1780.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, A. 1968. Basic ideas of scientific sampling. Hafner Pub. Co., New York, 99 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout, J. and J. Vandermeer. 1975. Comparison of species richness for stream inhabiting insects in tropical and mid-latitude streams. Amer. Nat. 109:263–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sudman, S. 1976. Applied sampling. Academic Press, New York, 249 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner J.T. 1966. Effects of population density on growth rates of animal populations. Ecology 47:734–740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vannote, R.L., G.W. Minshall, K.W. Cummins, J.R. Sedell and C.E. Cushing. 1980. The river continuum concept. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:130–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vollenweider, R.A., Ed. 1969. A manual on methods for measuring primary production in aquatic environments. Blackwell Sci. Pub., Oxford, 213 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J.B. and R.W. Merritt. 1980. Filter feeding ecology of aquatic insects. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 25:103–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J.B., J.R. Webster and W.R. Woodall. 1977. The role of filter feeders in flowing waters. Arch. Hydrobiol. 79:506–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters, T.F. 1961. Standing crop and drift of stream bottom organisms. Ecology 42:532–537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, T.F. 1965. Interpretation of invertebrate drift in streams. Ecology 46:327–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, T.F, 1966. Production rate, population density, and drift of a stream invertebrate. Ecology 47:595–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, T.F. 1969. Subsampler for dividing large samples of stream invertebrate drift. Limnol. Oceanogr. 14:813–815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, T.F. 1972. The drift of stream insects. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 17:253–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, T.F. 1977. Secondary production in inland waters. Adv. Ecol. Res. 10:91–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, T.F. and R.J. Knapp. 1961. An improved stream bottom fauna sampler. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 90:225–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welton J.S. 1980. Dynamics of sediment and organic detritus in a small chalk stream. Arch. Hydrobiol. 90:162–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiens J.A. 1977. On competition and variable environments. Amer. Sci. 65:590–597.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiley M.J. and S.L. Kohler. 1981. An assessment of biological interactions in an epilithic stream community using time-lapse cinematography. Hydrobiologia 78:183–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winberg, G.G., Ed. 1971. Methods for the estimation of production of aquatic animals. Academic Press, New York, 175 pp.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, Brigham Young University, 84602, Provo, Utah, USA

    Dennis K. Shiozawa

Authors
  1. Dennis K. Shiozawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA

    James R. Barnes

  2. Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA

    G. Wayne Minshall

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shiozawa, D.K. (1983). Density Independence Versus Density Dependence in Streams. In: Barnes, J.R., Minshall, G.W. (eds) Stream Ecology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3775-1_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3775-1_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-3777-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-3775-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation