Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Organic Matter Budgets for Stream Ecosystems: Problems in their Evaluation

  • Chapter
Stream Ecology

Abstract

Since the pioneering work at Hubbard Brook (Fisher and Likens, 1972, 1973; Bormann et al., 1969, 1974; Bormann and Likens, 1979), there has been ever increasing interest in watershed budgets, both for total organic matter, usually expressed as carbon (Wetzel et al., 1972), and various ions (Fisher and Likens, 1973; Johnson and Swank, 1973; Swank and Douglass, 1975; Fisher, 1977; Webster and Patten, 1979; Fahey, 1979; Mulholland and Kuenzler, 1979; Gurtz et al., 1980; Mulholand, 1981). The primary interest in stream dynamics within a budget context has been in the rate of loss of organic matter from the land as well as storage and biological conversion of organic matter in the stream. Impetus for most studies has come from the realization that energetics of small streams (generally orders 1 to 3 [Strahler, 1957]) are heavily dependent on organic nutritional resources of terrestrial origin (Ross, 1963; Hynes, 1963; Cummins, 1974; Hynes, 1975). New insights into the structure and function of running water ecosystems and terrestrial-aquatic linkages (Waring, 1980) are based on the changing terrestrial dependence with increasing channel size (Cummins, 1975, 1977; Vannote et al., 1980; Minshall et al., 1983), varying stream-side vegetation (Minshall, 1978), and the dynamics of input, storage or processing, and output of organic matter (Vannote et al., 1980; Minshall et al., 1983; Elwood et al., 1982; Newbold et al., 1982 a, b).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson, N.H., J.R. Sedell, L.M. Roberts and F.J. Triska. 1978. The role of aquatic invertebrates in processing wood debris in coniferous forest streams. Am. Midi. Nat. 100:64–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, N.H. and J.R. Sedell. 1979. Detritus processing by macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystems. Ann. Rev. Ent. 24:351–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batzli, G.O. 1974. Production, assimilation and accumulation of organic matter in ecosystems. J. Theor. Biol. 45:205–217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bilby, R.E. 1981. Role of organic debris dams in regulating the export of dissolved and particulate matter from a forested watershed. Ecology 62:1234–1243.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bilby, R.E. and G.E. Likens. 1979. Effects of hydrologic fluctuations on the transport of fine particulate organic carbon in a small stream. Limnol. Oceanogr. 24:69–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilby, R.E. and G.E. Likens. 1980. Importance of organic debris dams in the structure and function of stream ecosystems. Ecology 61:1107–1113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boling, R.H., E.D. Goodman, J.O. Zimmer, K.W. Cummins, R.C. Petersen, J.A. Van Sickle, and S.R. Reice. 1975a. Toward a model of detritus processing in a woodland stream. Ecology. 56:141–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boling, R.H., R.C. Petersen, and K.W. Cummins. 1975b. Ecosystem modeling for small woodland streams, pp. 183–204. In: B.C. Patten (ed.), Systems analysis and simulation in ecology. Vol. 3 Academic Press, NY. 601 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bormann, F.H., G.E. Likens, and J.S. Eaton. 1969. Biotic regulation of particulate and solution losses from a forest ecosystem. Bioscience 19:600–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bormann, F.H., G.E. Likens, T.G. Siccama, R.S. Pierce, and J.S. Eaton. 1974. The export of nutrients and recovery of stable conditions following deforestation at Hubbard Brook. Ecol. Monogr. 44:255–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bormann, F.H. and G.E. Likens. 1979. Pattern and process in a terrestrial ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, N.Y. 253 pp.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Botkin, D.B. and M.J. Sobel. 1975. Stability in time-varying ecosystems. Amer. Nat. 109:625–646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brinson, M.M. 1976. Organic matter losses from four watersheds in the humid tropics. Limnol. Oceanogr. 21:572–582.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A.G. and J.F. Franklin. 1979. Riparian vegetation in Oregon’s western Cascade Mountains: composition, biomass and autumn phenology. U.S. Int. Biol. Prog. Conif. Forest Biome. Bull. 14, 90 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, M.J. and H.B.N. Hynes. 1970. The vertical distribution of the invertebrate fauna in the bed of a stream. Limnol. Oceanogr. 15:31–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, D.T. and S. Robson. 1979. Some effects of discharge on the transport of animals and peat in a north Pennine headstream. J. Appl. Ecol. 16:721–736.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, K.W. 1974. Stream ecosystem structure and function. Bioscience 24:631–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, K.W. 1975. The ecology of running waters; theory and practice. Proc. Sandusky River Basin Symp. Int. Joint Commission on Great Lakes, p. 277–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, K.W. 1977. From headwater streams to rivers. Am. Biol. Teacher 39:305–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, K.W. and J.C. Wuycheck. 1971. Caloric equivalents for investigations in ecological energetics. Mitt. Int. Verein. Limnol. 18:1–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, K.W., M.J. Klug, G.M. Ward, G.L. Spengler, R.W. Speaker, R.W. Ovink, D.C. Mahan and R.C. Petersen. 1981. Trends in particulate organic matter fluxes, community processes and macroinvertebrate functional groups along a Great Lakes drainage basin river continuum. Verb. Int. Verein. Limnol. 21:841–849.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cushing, C.E. and E.G. Wolf. 1982. Organic energy budget of Rattlesnake Springs, Washington. Amer. Midi. Nat. 107:404–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, F.H. 1980. The origin, composition, and downstream transport of plant material in a small chalk stream. Freshwat. Biol. 10:419–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dowdy, D.R. and N.C. Matalas. 1969. Analysis of variance, covariance, and time series, pp. 8–78 - 8–90. In: V.T. Chow (ed.), Handbook of applied hydrology. McGraw-Hill Co., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elwood, J.W., J.D. Newbold, R.V. O’Neill and W. Van Winkle. 1983. Resource spiraling: an operational paradigm for analyzing lotic ecosystems. In: T.D. Fontaine and S.M. Bartell (eds.), The dynamics of lotic ecosystems. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahey, T.J. 1979. Changes in nutrient content of snow water during outflow from a Rocky Mountain coniferous forest. Oikos 32:422–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, S.G. 1977. Organic matter processing by a stream-segment ecosystem: Fort River, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Int. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 62:701–727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, S.G. and G.E. Likens. 1972. Stream ecosystem: organic energy budget. Bioscience 22:33–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, S.G. and G.E. Likens. 1973. Energy flow in Bear Brook, New Hampshire: an integrative approach to stream ecosystem metabolism. Ecol. Monogr. 43:421–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Froehlich, H.A. 1973. Natural and man-caused slash in headwater streams. Loggers Handbook. 638 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosz, J.R., G.E. Likens, and F.H. Bormann. 1972. Nutrient content of litter-fall on the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Ecology. 53:769–784.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurtz, M.E., J.R. Webster, and J.B. Wallace. 1980. Seston dynamics in southern Appalachian streams: effects of clearcutting. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:624–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, C.A.S. 1972. Migration and metabolism in a temperate stream ecosystem. Ecology 53:585–604.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hobbie, J.E. and G.E. Likens. 1973. The output of phosphorous, dissolved organic carbon, and fine particulate carbon from Hubbard Brook watersheds. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18:734–742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hynes, H.B.N. 1963. Imported organic matter and secondary productivity in streams. Proc. 14 Int. Congr. Zool. 3:324–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hynes, H.B.N. 1970. The ecology of running waters. Univ. Toronto Press. 555 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hynes, H.B.N. 1974. Further studies on the distribution of stream animals in the substratum. Limnol. Oceanogr. 19:92–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hynes, H.B.N. 1975. The stream and its valley. Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol. 19:1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hynes, H.B.N., D.D. Williams, and N.E. Williams. 1976. Distribution of the benthos within the substratum of a welsh mountain stream. Oikos 27:307–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P.L. and W.T. Swank. 1973. Studies of cation budgets in the southern Appalachians on four experimental watersheds with contrasting vegetation. Ecology 54:70–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, E.A. and F.J. Swanson. 1979. Effects of large organic material on channel form and fluvial processes. Earch Surface Processes 4:361–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langbein, W.B. and L.B. Leopold. 1964. Quasi-equilibrium states in channel morphology. Am. J. Sci. 262:782–794.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leopold, L.B., M.G. Wolman, and J.R. Miller. 1968. Fluvial processes in geomorphology. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco. 622 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leopold, L.B. and T. Maddock, Jr. 1953. The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic implications. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 252. 57 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leopold, L.B. and W.B. Langbein. 1962. The concept of entropy in landscape evolution. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 500A. 20 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddock, T., Jr. 1976. A primer on flood plain dynamics. J. Soil Wat. Cons. 31:44–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, K.H. 1975. Patterns of energy flow, pp. 248–263. In: B.A. Whitton (ed.), River ecology. Blackwell Sci. Publ., Oxford. 694 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Megahan, W.F. and R.A. Nowlin. 1976. Sediment storage in channels draining small forested watersheds in the mountains of central Idaho, pp. 4–115–4–126. In: Proc. Third Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference. Denver, Colorado. PB-245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merritt, R.W. and D.L. Lawson. 1979. Leaf litter processing in flood plain and stream communities, pp. 93–105. In: R.R. Johnson and F.J. Mormick (eds.), Strategies for protection and management of flood plain wetlands and other riparian ecosystems. Proc. Symp. Forest Serv. U.S.D.A. Gen. Techn. Rept. WO-12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J.L. and G.E. Likens. 1979. Transport and transformation of phosphorous in a forest stream ecosystem. Ecology 60:1255–1269.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minshall, G.W. 1978. Autotrophy in stream ecosystems. Bioscience 28:767–771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minshall, G.W., R.C. Petersen, K.W. Cummins, T.L. Bott, J.R. Sedell, C.E. Cushing, and R.L. Vannote. 1983. Interbiome comparisons of stream ecosystem dynamics. Ecol. Monogr. 53:1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moring, J.R. and R.L. Lantz. 1975. The Alsea Watershed Study: Effects of logging on the aquatic resources of three headwater streams of the Alsea River, Oregon. Fishery Research Report No. 9, Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, Corvallis, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morisawa, M. 1968. Streams: their dynamics and morphology. McGraw-Hill, N.Y. 175 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulholland, P.R. 1981. Organic carbon flow in a swamp-stream ecosystem. Ecol. Monogr. 51:307–322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulholland, P.R. and E.J. Kuenzler. 1979. Organic carbon export from upland and forested wetland watersheds. Limnol. Oceanogr. 24:960–966.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naiman, R.J. and J.R. Sedell. 1979a. Characterization of particulate organic matter transported by some Cascade Mountain streams. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 36:17–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naiman, R.J. and J.R. Sedell. 1979b. Benthic organic matter as a function of stream order in Oregon. Arch. Hydrobiol. 87:404–422.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, D.J. and D.C. Scott. 1962. Role of detritus in the productivity of a rock outcrop community of a Piedmont stream. Limnol. Oceanogr. 7:396–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newbold, J.D., P.I. Mulholland, J.W. Elwood, and R.V. O’Neill. 1982a. Organic carbon spiralling in stream ecosystems. Oikos 38:266–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newbold, J.D., R.V. O’Neill, J.W. Elwood, and W. Van Winkle. 1982b. Nutrient spiralling in streams: implications for nutrient limitation and invertebrate activity. Amer. Natur. 120:628–652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odum, H.T. 1957a. Trophic structure and productivity of Silver Springs, Florida. Ecol. Monogr. 27:55–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odum, H.T. 1957b. Primary production measurements in eleven Florida springs and a marine turtle-grass community. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2:85–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, J.S. 1963. Energy storage and the balance of producers and decomposers in ecological systems. Ecology 44:322–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, R.V., W.F. Harris, B.S. Ausmus, and D.E. Reichle. 1975. A theoretical basis for ecosystem analysis with partcular reference to element cycling, pp. 28–40.In: F.G. Howell, H.B. Gentry, and M.H. Smith (eds.), Mineral cycling in southwestern ecosystems. E.R.D.A. Symposium Series, Washington, D.C. (Conf. 74–0531).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paustian, S.J. and R.L. Bestcha. 1979. The suspended sediment regime of an Oregon Coast Range stream. Wat. Res. Bull. 15:144–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, R.C. and K.W. Cummins. 1974. Leaf processing in a woodland stream. Freshwat. Biol. 4:343–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfankuch, D.J. 1975. Stream reach inventory and channel stability evaluation. Publ. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Forest Ser., Northern Region (RI-75–002). 26 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichle, D.E. 1975. Advances in ecosystem analysis. Bioscience 25:257–264.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reichle, D.E., R.V. O’Neill, and W.F. Harris. 1975. Principles of energy and material exchange in ecosystems, pp. 27–43. In: W.H. van Dobben and R.H. Lowe-Connell (eds.), Unifying concepts in ecology. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. 320 pp.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, H.H. 1963. Stream communities and terrestrial biomes. Arch. Hydrobiol. 59:235–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, W.H. and J.M. Melack. 1981. Transport of organic carbon in the world’s rivers. Tellus 33:172–187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schumm, S.A. and R.W. Lichty. 1965. Time, space, and causality in geomorphology. Am. J. Sci. 263:110–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumm, S.A., M.P. Mosley, and G.L. Zimpfer. 1975. Unsteady state denudation. Science 191:871.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sedell, J.R., F.J. Triska, J.D. Hall, and N.H. Anderson. 1974. Sources and fates of organic inputs in coniferous forest streams, pp. 57–69. In: R.H. Waring and R.L. Edmonds (eds.), Integrated Research in the Coniferous Forest Biome, Bull. 5. Coniferous Forest Biome, U.S.I.B.P. 78 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedell, J.R., R.J. Naiman, K.W. Cummins, G.W. Minshall, and R.L. Vannote. 1978. Transport of particulate organic matter in streams as a function of physical processes. Verb. Int. Verein. 20:1366–1375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sigafoos, R.S. 1964. Botanical evidence of floods and flood-plain deposition. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 485 (a):1–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strahler, A.N. 1957. Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. Am. Geophys. Union. Trans. 38:913–920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suberkropp, K.F., M.J. Klug, and K.W. Cummins. 1975. Community processing of leaf litter in woodland streams. Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol. 19:1653–1658.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swank, W.T. and J.E. Douglas. 1975. Nutrient flux in undisturbed and manipulated forest ecosystems in the southern Appalachian mountains. Publ. Assoc. Internat. Sci. Hydrol. Symp. Tokyo (Dec. 1975) 177:445–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, F.J. and C.T. Dyrness. 1975. Impact of clearcutting and road construction on soil erosion by landslides in the western Cascade Range, Oregon. Geology 3:393–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, F.J. and G.W. Lienkaemper. 1978. Physical consequences of large organic debris in Pacific Northwest streams. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Techn. Rept. PNW-69. 12 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teal, J.M. 1957. Community metabolism in a temperate cold spring. Ecol. Mongr. 27:283–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tilly, L.J. 1968. Structure and dynamics of Cone Spring. Ecol. Monogr. 38:169–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trimble, S.W. 1975. Denudation studies: Can we assume stream steady state? Science 188:1207–1208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Triska, F.J. and K. Cromack. 1979. The role of wood debris in forests and streams, pp. 171–198. In: R.H. Waring (ed.), Forests: fresh perspectives from ecosystem analysis. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis. 198 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vannote, R.L., G.W. Minshall, K.W. Cummins, J.R. Sedell and C.E. Cushing. 1980. The river continuum concept. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:130–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J.B., D.H. Ross, and J.L. Meyer. 1982. Seston and dissolved organic matter dynamics in a southern Appalachian stream. Ecology 62:824–838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waring, R.H. (ed.). 1980. Forests: fresh perspectives form ecosystem analysis. Oregon State Univ. Press. 198 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, J.R. and B.C. Patten. 1979. Effects of watershed perturbation on stream potassium and calcium dynamics. Ecol. Monogr. 19:51–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, J.R., J.B. Waide, B.C. Patten. 1975. Nutrient recycling and the stability of ecosystems, pp. 1–27. In: F.G. Howell, J.B. Gentry, and M.H. Smith (eds.), Mineral cycling in southeastern ecosystems. E.R.D.A. Symposium Series, Washington, D.C. (Conf. 74–9531).

    Google Scholar 

  • Welton, J.S. 1980. Dynamics of sediment and organic detritus in a small chalk stream. Arch. Hydrobiol. 90:162–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetzel, R.G., P.H. Rich, M.C. Miller, and H.L. Allen. 1972. Metabolism of dissolved and particulate detrital carbon in a temperate hardwater lake. Mem. 1st. Ital. Idrobiol. 29 (Suppl.) s185–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitfield, P.H. and H. Schreier. 1981. Hysteresis in relationships between discharge and water chemistry in the Fraser River basin, British Columbia. Limnol. Oceanogr. 26:1179–1182.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitton, B.A. (ed.). 1975. River ecology. Blackwell Sci. Puhl., Oxford. 694 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolman, M.G. and J.P. Miller. 1960. Magnitude and frequency of forces in geomorphic processes. J. Geol. 68:54–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., 97331, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

    K. W. Cummins

  2. U.S. Forest Service, 97331, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

    J. R. Sedell & F. J. Swanson

  3. Dept. of Biology, Idaho State Univ., 83209, Pocatello, Idaho, USA

    G. W. Minshall

  4. Dept. of Zoology, Arizona State Univ., 85281, Tempe, Arizona, USA

    S. G. Fisher

  5. Ecosystem Dept., Battelle Pacific N.W. Lab., 99352, Richland, Washington, USA

    C. E. Cushing

  6. Dept. of Limnology, Univ. Lund, 3-220003, Lund, Sweden

    R. C. Petersen

  7. Stroud Water Research Center, 19311, Avondale, Pennsylvania, USA

    R. L. Vannote

Authors
  1. K. W. Cummins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. R. Sedell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. F. J. Swanson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. G. W. Minshall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. S. G. Fisher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. C. E. Cushing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. R. C. Petersen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. R. L. Vannote
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA

    James R. Barnes

  2. Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA

    G. Wayne Minshall

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cummins, K.W. et al. (1983). Organic Matter Budgets for Stream Ecosystems: Problems in their Evaluation. In: Barnes, J.R., Minshall, G.W. (eds) Stream Ecology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3775-1_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3775-1_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-3777-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-3775-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation