Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nutritional Aspects of Human Lactation

  • Chapter
Lactation

Abstract

For many infants, human milk is the sole source of nutrients, including energy, for up to 1 year and may be a major source of calories and protein in the diet for 2 years or more. The success of lactation must be judged ultimately by its adequacy for the growth and health of the breast-fed infant. The physiological and nutritional demands of lactation on the mother are high and may last for considerably longer than those of pregnancy. Thus, the relationship between maternal nutritional status and lactation performance is a public health issue of substantial importance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Jelliffe, D. B. and Jelliffe, E. F. P., 1978, Human Milk in the Modern World, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Hytten, F. E., 1954, Clinical and chemical studies in human lactation. Parts I—III, Br. Med. J. 1: 175–182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Brown, K. H., Black, R. E., Robertson, A. D., Akhtar, N. A., Ahmed, Md. G., and Becker, S., 1982, Clinical and field studies of human lactation: Methodological considerations, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 35: 745–756.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Lonnerdal, B., Forsum, E., and Hambraeus, L., 1976, A longitudinal study of the protein, nitrogen, and lactose contents of human milk from Swedish well-nourished women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29: 1127–1133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Forsum, E. and Lonnerdal, B., 1980, Effect of protein intake on protein and nitrogen composition of breast milk, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 1809–1813.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Rattigan, S., Ghisalberti, A. V., and Hartmann, P. E., 1981, Breast-milk production in Australian women, Br. J. Nutr. 45: 243–249.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Jelliffe, D. B. and Jelliffe, E. F. P., 1978, The volume and composition of human milk in poorly nourished communities. A review, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 492–515.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Deem, H. E., 1931, Observations on the milk of New Zealand women. Part II. The effect of diet on the secretion of human milk, Arch. Dis. Child. 6: 62–70.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Macy, I. G., Hunscher, H. A., Donelson, E., and Nims, B., 1930, Human milk flow, Am. J. Dis. Child. 39: 1186–1204.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hytten, F. E. and Thomson, A. M., 1961, Nutrition of the lactating women, in: Milk: The Mammary Gland and its Secretion, Volume II ( S. K. Kon and A. T. Cowie, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 3–46.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Shukers, C. F., Macy, I. G., Nims, B., Donelson, E., and Hunscher, H. A., 1932, A quantitative study of the dietary of the human mother with respect to the nutrients secreted into breast milk, J. Nutr. 5: 127–139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Picciano, M. F. and Guthrie, H. A., 1976, Copper, iron, and zinc contents of mature human milk, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29: 242–254.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Prentice, A., Prentice, A. M., and Whitehead, R. G., 1981, Breast-milk fat concentrations of rural African women. 1. Short-term variations within individuals, Br. J. Nutr. 45: 483–494.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Picciano, M. F., Guthrie, H. A., and Sheehe, D. M., 1978, The cholesterol content of human milk, Clin. Pediatr. 17: 359–362.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Lonnerdal, B., Forsum, E., Gebre-Medhin, M., and Hambraeus, L., 1976, Breast milk composition in Ethiopian and Swedish mothers. II. Lactose, nitrogen, and protein contents, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29: 1134–1141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hambraeus, L., Lonnerdal, B., Forsum, E., and Gebre-Medhin, M., 1978, Nitrogen and protein components of human milk, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 67: 561–565.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Macy, I. G. and Kelly, H. J., 1961, Human milk and cow’s milk in infant nutrition, in: Milk: The Mammary Gland and its Secretion, Volume II ( S. K. Kon and A. T. Cowie, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 265–304.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Nayman, R., Thomson, M. E., Scriver, C. R., and Clow, C. L., 1979, Observations on the composition of milk-substitute products for treatment of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. Comparisons with human milk. A proposal to rationalize nutrient content of treatment products, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32: 1279–1289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Department of Health and Social Security, Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy, 1977, The Composition of Mature Human Milk, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Vorherr, H., 1978, Human lactation and breast feeding, in: Lactation. A Comprehensive Treatise, Volume IV ( B. L. Larson, ed), Academic Press, New York, pp. 182–280.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bezkorovainy, A., 1977, Human milk and colostrum proteins: A review, J. Dairy Sci. 60: 1023–1037.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Underwood, B. E., Hepner, R., and Abdullah, H., 1970, Protein, lipid, and fatty acids of human milk from Pakistani women during prolonged periods of lactation, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 23: 400–407.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Svanberg, U., Gebre-Medhin, M., Ljungquist, B., and Olsson, M., 1977, Breast milk composition in Ethiopian and Swedish mothers. III. Amino acids and other nitrogenous substances, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 30: 499–507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Jensen, R. G., Hagerty, M. M., and McMahon, K. E., 1978, Lipids of human milk and infant formulas: A review, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 990–1016.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Nims, B., Macy, I. G., Brown M., and Hunscher, H. A., 1932, Human milk studies IX. Variations in the composition of milk at four hourly intervals during the day and night, Am. J. Dis. Child. 43: 828–844.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Deem, H. E., 1931, Observations on the milk of New Zealand women. Part I. The diurnal variation of the fat content of human milk, Arch. Dis. Child. 6: 53–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hall, B., 1979, Uniformity of human milk, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32: 304–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Guthrie, H. A., Picciano, M. F., and Sheehe, D., 1977, Fatty acid patterns of human milk, J. Pediatr. 90: 39–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Read, W. C., Lutz, P. G., and Tashjian, A., 1965, Human milk lipids. II. The influence of dietary carbohydrates and fat on the fatty acids of mature milk. A study in four ethnic groups, Am. J. Clin Nutr. 17: 180–183.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Potter, J. M. and Nestel, P. J., 1976, The effects of dietary fatty acids and cholesterol on the milk lipids of lactating women and the plasma cholesterol of breast-fed infants, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29: 54–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Mellies, M. J., Burton, K., Larsen, R., Fixler, D., and Glueck, C. J., 1979, Cholesterol, phytosterols, and polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratios during the first 12 months of lactation, Am. J. Clin Nutr. 32: 2383–2389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gebre-Medhin, M., Vahlquist, A., Hofvander, Y., Uppsall, L., and Vahlquist, B., 1976, Breast milk composition in Ethiopian and Swedish mothers. I. Vitamin A and β-carotene, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29: 441–451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Lakdawala, D. R. and Widdowson, E. M., 1977, Vitamin D in human milk, Lancet 1: 167–168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sahashi, Y., Suzuki, T., Higake, M., and Asano, T., 1979, Antirachitic potency of vitamin D sulfate in human milk, J. Vitaminol. 15: 78–82.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Leerbeck, E. and S0ndergaard, H., 1980, The total content of vitamin D in human milk and cow’s milk, Br. J. Nutr. 44: 7–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Hollis, B. W., Roos, B. A., Draper, H. H., and Lambert, P. W., 1981, Occurrence of vitamin D sulfate in human milk whey, I. 111: 384–390.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hollis, B. W., Roos, B. A., and Lambert, P. W., 1981, Vitamin D and its metabolites in human and bovine milk with respect to vitamin D intake, milk fractionation and vitamin D binding protein content, Fed. Proc. 40: 898.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Kobayashi, H., Kanno, C., Yamauchi, K., and Tsugo, J., 1975, Identification of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols and their contents in human milk, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 380: 282–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Nail, P. A., Thomas, M. R., and Eakin, R., 1980, The effect of thiamin and riboflavin supplementation on the level of those vitamins in human breast milk and urine, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 198–204.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Roderuck, C., Williams, H. H., and Macy, I. G., 1946, Metabolism of women during the reproductive cycle, VIII. The utilization of thiamine during lactation, J. Nutr. 32: 249–265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Roderuck, C., Coryell, M. N., Williams, H. H., and Macy, I. G., 1946, Metabolism of women during the reproductive cycle, IX. The utilization of riboflavin during lactation, J. Nutr. 32: 267–283.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ramasastri, B. V., 1965, Folate activity in human milk, Br. J. Nutr. 19: 581–586.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Tamura, T., Yoshimura, Y., and Arakawa, T., 1980, Human milk folate and the folate status in lactating mothers and their infants, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 193–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Roepke, J. L. B. and Kirksey, A., 1979, Vitamin Be nutriture during pregnancy and lactation. II. The effect of long-term use of oral contraceptives, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32: 2249–2256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. West, K. D. and Kirksey, A., 1976, Influence of vitamin Bg intake on the content of the vitamin in human milk, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29: 961–969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Samson, R. R. and McClelland, D. B. L., 1980, Vitamin Bj2 in human colostrum and milk. (Quantitation of the vitamin and its binder and the uptake of bound vitamin BJ2 by intestinal bacteria), Acta Paediatr. Scand. 69: 93–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Stuart, J. E. and Connellan, P., 1973, Ascorbic acid studies in aborigines, Aust. Paediatr. J. 9: 159–163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kirksey, A., Ernst, J. A., Roepke, J. L., and Tsai, T.-L., 1979, Influence of mineral intake and use of oral contraceptives before pregnancy on the mineral content of human colostrum and of more mature milk, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32: 30–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Vaughan, L. A., Weber, C. W., and Kemberling, S. R., 1979, Longitudinal changes in the mineral content of human milk, Am.J. Clin. Nutr. 32: 2301–2306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Morrison, S. D., 1952, Human Milk: Yield, Proximate Principles and Inorganic Constituents, Technical Communication No. 18, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Slough, England.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Keenan, B. S., Buzek, S. W., Garza, C., and Nichols, B. L., 1981, Longitudinal and diurnal changes in human milk sodium and potassium, Fed. Proc. 40: 931.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Siimes, M. A., Vuori, E., and Kuitunen, P., 1979, Breast milk iron—A declining concentration during the course of lactation, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 68: 29–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Vuori, E. and Kuitunen, P., 1979, The concentrations of copper and zinc in human milk. A longitudinal study, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 68: 33–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Berfenstam, R., 1952, Studies on blood zinc. Clinical and experimental investigation into the zinc content of plasma and blood corpuscles with special reference to infancy, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 41 (Supplement 87): 3–97.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Rajalakshmi, K. and Srikantia, S. G., 1980, Copper, zinc and magnesium content of breast milk of Indian women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 664–669.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Underwood, E. J., 1977, Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 4th ed., Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Vuori, E., 1979, A longitudinal study of manganese in human milk, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 68: 571–573.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Casey, C. E., 1977, The content of some trace elements in infant milk foods and supplements available in New Zealand, N. Z. Med. J. 85: 275–278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kumpulainen, J. and Vuori, E., 1980, Longitudinal study of chromium in human milk, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 2299–2302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Jensen, R. G., Clark, R. M., and Ferris, A. M., 1980, Composition of lipids in human milk: A review, Lipids 15: 345–355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Haroon, Y., Shearer, M. J., Rahim, S., Gunn, W. G., McEnery, G., and Barkhan, P., 1982, The content of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in human milk, cows’ milk, and infant formula foods determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, J. Nutr. 112: 1105–1117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Man, E. B. and Benotti, J., 1969, Butanol-extractable iodine in human and bovine colostrum and milk, Clin. Chem. 15: 1141–1146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Shearer, T. R. and Hadjimarkos, D. M., 1975, Geographic distribution of selenium in human milk, Arch. Environ. Health 30: 230–233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Khan, L. and Belavady, B., 1973, Basal metabolism in pregnant and nursing women and children, Indian J. Med. Res. 61: 1853–1860.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Venkatachalam, P. S. and Gopalan, C., 1960, Basal metabolism and total body water in nursing women, Indian J. Med. Res. 48: 507–510.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Hambraeus, L., 1977, Proprietary milk versus human breast milk in infant feeding. A critical appraisal from the nutritional point of view, Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. 24 (1): 17–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. World Health Organization, 1965, Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation, Technical Report Series No. 302, WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  68. National Research Council, Food and Nutrition Board, 1980, Recommended Dietary Allowances, 9th ed., National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Department of Health and Social Security, Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy, 1979, Recommended Daily Amounts of Food Energy and Nutrients for Groups of People in the United Kingdom, Report on Health and Social Subjects No. 15, Her Majesty’s Stationery office, London.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, 1974, Handbook on Human Nutritional Requirements, Nutrition Studies No. 28, FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Adelson, S., 1960, Some problems in collecting dietary data from individuals, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 36: 453–461.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Kaucher, M., Moyer, E. Z., Richards, A. J., Williams, H. H., Wertz, A. L., and Macy, I. G., 1945, The diet of lactating women and the collection and preparation of food and human milk for analysis, Am. J. Dis. Child. 70: 142–147.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Edozien, J. C., Kahn, M. A. R., and Waslien, C. I., 1976, Human protein deficiency: Results of a Nigerian village study, J. Nutr. 106: 312–328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Whitehead, R. G., Hutton, M., Miiller, E., Rowland, M. G. M., Prentice, A. M., and Paul, A., 1978, Factors influencing lactating performance in rural Gambian mothers, Lancet 2: 178–181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Fomon, S. J., Ziegler, E. E., Filer, L. J., Anderson, T. A., Edwards, B. B., and Nelson, S. E., 1978, Growth and serum chemical values of normal breast-fed infants, Acta Paediatr. Scand. Supplement 273.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Food and Agriculture Organization, 1957, Report of Second Committee on Calorie Requirements, Nutrition Studies No. 15, FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Thomson, A. M., Hytten, F. E., and Billewicz, W. Z., 1970, The energy cost of human lactation, Br. J. Nutr. 24: 565–572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Appel, J. A. and King, J. C., 1979, Energy needs during pregnancy and lactation, Fam. Comm. Health, 1 (4): 7–18.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Naismith, D.J. and Ritchie, C. D., 1975, The effect of breast-feeding and artificial feeding on body-weights, skinfold measurements and food intakes of forty-two primiparous women, Proc. Nutr. Soc. 34: 116A–117A.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Whichelow, M. J., 1975, Success and failure of breast-feeding in relation to energy intake, Proc. Nutr. Soc. 35: 62A–63A.

    Google Scholar 

  81. English, R. M. and Hitchcock, N. E., 1968, Nutrient intakes during pregnancy, lactation and after the cessation of lactation in a group of Australian women, Br. J. Nutr. 22: 615–624.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Geissler, C., Calloway, D. H., and Margen S., 1978, Lactation and pregnancy in Iran. II. Diet and nutritional status, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 341–354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Sims, L. S., 1978, Dietary status of lactating women. 1. Nutrient intakes from food and from supplements, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 73: 139–146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Blackburn, M. W. and Calloway, D. H., 1976, Energy expenditure and composition of mature, pregnant and lactating women, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 69: 29–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Gopalan, C. and Belavady, B., 1961, Nutrition and lactation, Fed. Proc. 20 (Supplement 7): 177–184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Schutz, Y., Lechtig, A., and Bradfield, R. B., 1980, Energy expenditures and food intakes of lactating women in Guatemala, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 892–902.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Harrison, G. A., Boyce, A. J., Piatt, C. M., and Serjeantson, S., 1975, Body composition changes during lactation in a New Guinea population, Ann. Human Biol. 2: 395–398.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Karmarkar, M. G., Rajalakshmi, R., and Ramakrishnan, C. V., 1963, Studies on human lactation. I. Effect of dietary protein and fat supplementation on protein, fat and essential amino acid contents of breast milk, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 52: 473–480.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Deb, A. K. and Cama, H. R., 1962, Studies on human lactation. Dietary nitrogen utilization during lactation, and distribution of nitrogen in mother’s milk, Br. J. Nutr. 16: 65–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Prentice, A. M., Whitehead, R. G., Roberts, S. B., Paul, A. A., Watkinson, M., Prentice, A., and Watkinson, A. M., 1980, Dietary supplementation of Gambian nursing mothers and lactational performance, Lancet 2: 886–888.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Food and Agricultural Organization, 1957, Report of the Committee on Protein Requirements, Nutrition Studies No. 16, FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Hitchcock, N. E. and English, R. M., 1966, Nutrient intake during lactation in Australian women, Br. f. Nutr. 20: 599–607.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Goldsmith, N. F. and Johnston, P. O., 1975, Bone mineral: Effects of oral contraceptives, pregnancy and lactation, J. Bone foint Surg. 57A: 657–668.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Atkinson, P. J. and West, R. R., 1970, Loss of skeletal calcium in lactating women, J. Obstet. Gynaecol Br. Commonw. 77: 555–560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Paterson, C. R., 1978, Calcium requirements in man: A review, Postgrad. Med. J. 54: 244–248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Bassir, O., 1959, Nutrition studies on breast milk of Nigerian women—Supplementing the maternal diet with a protein-rich plant product, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 53: 256–261.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Belavady, B. and Gopalan, C., 1960, Effect of dietary supplementation on the composition of breast milk, Indian J. Med. Res. 48: 518–523.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Davis, D. P., and Evans, T. I., 1976, Failure to thrive at the breast, Lancet 2: 1194–1195.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Egli, G. E., Egli, N. S., and Newton, M., 1961, The influence of the number of breast feedings on milk production, Pediatrics 27: 314–317.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Lindblad, B. S., Ljungquist, A., Gebre-Mehdin, M., and Rahimtoola, R. J., 1977, The composition and yield of human milk in developing countries, in: Food and Immunology, Symposia of the Swedish Nutrition Foundation XIII ( H. McFarlane, L. Hambraeus, and L. A. Hanson, eds.), Almquist and Wiksell, Stockholm, pp. 125–132.

    Google Scholar 

  101. National Research Council, Food and Nutrition Board, 1958, Recommended Dietary Allowances, Publication No. 302, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Thomson, A. M. and Black, A. E., 1975, Nutritional aspects of human lactation, Bull. WHO 52: 163–177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Lonnerdal, B., Forsum, E., and Hambraeus, L., 1976, The protein content of human milk. 1. A transversal study of Swedish normal material, Nutr. Rep. Int. 13: 125–134.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Wallgren, A., 1944-1945, Breast milk consumption of healthy full term infants, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 32: 778–790.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Picciano, M. F., Calkins, E. J., Garrick, J. R., and Deering, R. H., 1981, Milk and mineral intakes of breast fed infants, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 70: 189–194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Becroft, T. C., 1967, Child-rearing practices in the highlands of New Guinea: A longitudinal study of breast feeding, Med. J. Aust. 2: 598–602.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Bailey, K. V., 1965, Quantity and composition of breast milk in some New Guinea populations, J. Trop. Pediatr. 11: 35–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Senecal, J., 1959, Alimentation de l’enfant dans les pays tropicaux et subtropicaux, UNESCO Cour. 9: 1–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Sosa, R., Klaus, M., and Urrutia, J. J., 1976, Feed the nursing mother: thereby the infant, J. Pediatr. 88: 668–670.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Lunn, P. G., Watkinson, M., Prentice, A. M., Morrell, P., Austin, S., and Whitehead, R. G., 1981, Maternal nutrition and lactational amenorrhoea, Lancet 1: 1428–1429.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Prema, K., Nadamuni Naidu, A., Neelakumari, S., and Ramalakshmi, B. A., 1981, Nutrition-fertility interaction in lactating women of low income groups, Br. J. Nutr. 45: 461–467.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Lindblad, B. S. and Rahimtoola, R. J., 1974, A pilot study of the quality of human milk in a lower socio-economic group in Karachi, Pakistan, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 63: 125–128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Carneiro, T. A. and de Oliveira, J. E. D., 1973, Nutritional studies in human lactation in Brazil, Environ. Child. Health 19: 384–387.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Hanafy, M. M., Morsey, M. R. A., Seddick, Y., Habib, H. A., and el Lozy, M., 1972, Maternal nutrition and lactation performance. A study in urban Alexandria, J. Trop. Pediatr. 18: 187–191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Insull, W., Hirsch, J., James, T., and Ahrens, E. H., 1959, The fatty acids of human milk. II. Alterations produced by manipulation of caloric balance and exchange of dietary fats, J. Clin. Invest. 38: 443–450.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Crawford, M. A., Stevens, P., Msuya, P., and Munhambo, A., 1974, Lipid composition of human milk: Comparative studies on African and European mothers, Proc. Nutr. Soc. 33: 50A–51A.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Lauber, E. and Reinhardt, M., 1979, Studies on the quality of breast milk during 23 months of lactation in a rural community of the Ivory Coast, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32: 1159–1173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Read, W. C., Lutz, P. G., and Tashjian, A., 1965, Human milk lipids. III. Short-term effects of dietary carbohydrate and fat, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 17: 184–187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Wellby, M., O’Halloran, M. W., and Wellby, M. L., 1973, Maternal diet and lipid composition of breast milk, Lancet 2: 458–459.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Naismith, D. J., 1973, Kwashiorkor in Western Nigeria: A study of traditional weaning foods with particular reference to energy and linoleic acid, Br. J. Nutr. 30: 567–576.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Kon, S. K. and Mawson, E. H., 1960, Human Milk, Special Report Series No. 219, Medical Research Council, London.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Deodhar, A. D., Rajalakshmi, R., and Ramakrishnan, C. V., 1964, Studies on human lactation, Part III. Effect of dietary vitamin supplementation on vitamin contents of breast milk, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 53: 42–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Morley, D., 1973, Paediatric Priorities in the Developing World, Butterworths, London.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Ejderhamn, J. and Hamfelt, A., 1980, Pyridoxal phosphate concentration in blood in newborn infants and their mothers compared with the amount of extra pyridoxal taken during pregnancy and breast feeding, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 69: 327–330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Thomas, M. R., Kawamoto, J., Sneed, S. M., and Eakin, R., 1979, The effects of vitamin C, vitamin Be and vitamin B12 supplementation on the breast milk and maternal status of well-nourished women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32: 1679–1685.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Foukas, M. D., 1973, An antilactogenic effect of pyridoxine, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. 80: 718.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Jathar, V. S., Kamath, S. A., Parikh, M. N., Rege, D. V., and Satoskar, R. S., 1970, Maternal milk and serum vitamin Bi2, folic acid, and protein levels in Indian subjects, Arch. Dis. Child. 45: 236–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Osifo, B. O. A. and Onifade, A., 1980, Effect of folate supplementation and malaria on the folate content of human milk, Nutr. Metab. 24: 176–181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Jahhav, M., Webb, J. K. G., Vaishnava, S., and Baker, S. J., 1962, Vitamin -Bi2 deficiency in Indian infants, Lancet 2: 903–907.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Tarjan, R., Kramer, M., Szoke, K., Londer, K., Szarvas, T., and Dworschak, E., 1965, The effect of different factors on the composition of human milk. II. The composition of human milk during lactation, Nutr. Diet. 7: 136–154.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Gunther, M., 1952, Composition of human milk and factors affecting it, Br. J. Nutr. 6: 215–220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Peters, F. E., 1953, Chemical composition of New Hebridean milk, Br. J. Nutr., 7: 208–211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Hambidge, K. M., 1977, Trace Elements in pediatric nutrition, Adv. Pediatr. 24: 191–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Murray, M. J., Murray, A. B., Murray, N. J., and Murray, M. B., 1978, The effect of iron status of Nigerian mothers on that of their infants at birth and 6 months, and on the concentration of iron in breast milk, Br. J. Nutr. 39: 627–630.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Vuori, E., Makinen, S. M., Kara, R., and Kuitunen, P., 1980, The effects of the dietary intakes of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc on the trace element content of human milk, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 227–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Carmichael, D., Hegenauer, J., Lem, M., Ripley, L., Saltman, P., and Hatlen, L., 1977, Iron supplementation of the lactating mouse and suckling neonate, J. Nutr. 107: 1377–1384.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Henriques, V. and Roche, A., 1929, La teneur en fer du lait peut-elle augmenter sous l’influence d’ingestion ou d’injection de sel de fer? Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol. 11: 679–692.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Thomson, C. D. and Robinson, M. F., 1980, Selenium in human health and disease with emphasis on those aspects peculiar to New Zealand, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 313–323.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Hofvander, Y. and Petros-Barvazian, A., 1978, WHO collaborative study on breast feeding, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 67: 556–560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Department of Health and Social Security, Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy, 1978, Breast Feeding, Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Malcolm, L. A., 1970, Growth, malnutrition, and mortality of the infant and toddler in the Asai Valley of the New Guinea Highlands, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 23: 1090–1095.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Huffman, S. L., Chowdbury, A. K. M. A., Chakraborty, J., and Simpson, N. K., 1980, Breast-feeding patterns in rural Bangladesh, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 144–154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Kamal, I., Hefnawi, F., Ghoneim, M., Talaat, M., Younis, N., Tagui, A., and Abdalla, M., 1969, Clinical, biochemical, and experimental studies on lactation II. Clinical effects of gestagens on lactation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 105: 324–334.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Murray, J. and Murray, A. B., 1979, Breast milk and weights of Nigerian mothers and their infants, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32: 737.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Jelliffe, D. B. and Maddocks, I., 1964, Notes on ecologic malnutrition in the New Guinea highlands, Clin. Pediatr. 3: 432–438.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Antonov, A. N., 1947, Children born during the Siege of Leningrad in 1942, J. Pediatr. 30: 250 - 259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Smith, C. A., 1947, Effects of maternal undernutrition upon the newborn infant in Holland (1944-1945), J. Pediatr. 30: 229 - 243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Dennis, J. K. and Bytheway, W. R., 1965, Changes in body weight after delivery, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. 72: 94–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Norgan, N. G., Ferro-Luzzi, A., and Durnin, J. V. G. A., 1974, The energy and nutrient intake and energy expenditure of 204 New Guinean adults, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Res. B 268: 309–348.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Prentice, A., Prentice, A. M., and Whitehead, R. G., 1981, Breast-milk fat concentrations of rural African women. 2. Long-term variations within a community, Br. J. Nutr. 45: 495–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Bailey, K. V., 1962, Rural nutrition studies in Indonesia. VI. Field surveys of lactating women, Trop. Geogr. Med. 14: 11–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Walker, A. R. P., Richardson, B., and Walker, F., 1972, The influence of numerous pregnancies and lactations on bone dimensions in South African Bantu and Caucasian mothers, Clin. Sci. 42: 189–196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Fairney, A., Naughten, E., and Oppe, T. E., 1977, Vitamin D and human lactation, Lancet 2: 739–741.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Geissler, C., Margen, S., and Calloway, D. H., 1979, Lactation and pregnancy in Iran. III. Hormonal factors, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32: 1097–1111.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Hytten, F. E., 1954, Clinical and chemical studies in human lactation. VIII. Relationship of the age, physique, and nutritional status of the mother to the yield and composition of her milk, Br. Med. J. 2: 844–845.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Hytten, F. E., 1954, Clinical and chemical studies in human lactation. VI. The functional capacity of the breast, Br. Med. J. 1: 912–915.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Rosa, F. W., 1977, Resolving the “Public Health Dilemma” of steroid contraception and its effects on lactation, Am. J. Pub. Health 66: 791–792.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Koetswang, S., Bhiraleus, P., and Chiemprajert, T., 1972, Effect of oral contraceptives on lactation, Fertil. Steril. 23: 24–28.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Lonnerdal, B., Forsum, E., and Hambraeus, L., 1980, Effect of oral contraceptives on composition and volume of breast milk, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 816–824.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Hull, V. J., 1981, The effects of hormonal contraceptives on lactation: Current findings, methodological considerations, and future priorities, Stud. Fam. Plan. 12: 134–155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Kader, M. M. A. and Kamal, I., 1969, Clinical, biochemical, and experimental studies on lactation. III. Biochemical changes induced in milk by gestagens, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 105: 978–985.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Wynn, V., 1975, Vitamins and oral contraceptive use, Lancet 1: 561–564.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Lewis, C. M. and King, J. C., 1980, Effect of oral contraceptive agents on thiamin, riboflavin, and pantothenic acid status in young women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 832–838.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Bossé, T. R. and Donald, E. A., 1979, The vitamin B6 requirement in oral contraceptive users, Parts I and II, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32: 1015–1032.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Chopra, J. G., 1972, Effect of steroid contraceptives in lactation, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 25: 1202–1214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. McClelland, D. B. L., McGrath, J., and Samson, R. R., 1978, Microbial factors in human milk, Acta Paediatr. Scand. Supplement 271.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Ahn, C. H. and MacLean, W. C., 1980, Growth of the exclusively breast-fed infant, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 183–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Waterlow, J. C., Ashworth, A., and Griffiths, M., 1980, Faltering in infant growth in less-developed countries, Lancet 2: 1176–1179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. World Health Organization, 1981, Contemporary Patterns of Breast-Feeding, WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Kulski, J. K. and Hartmann, P. E., 1981, Changes in human milk composition during the initiation of lactation, Aust.J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 59: 101–114.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Fomon, S. J. and May, C. D., 1958, Metabolic studies of normal full-term infants fed pasteurized human milk, Pediatrics 22: 101–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Kagan, B. M., Felix, N., Molander, C. W., Busser, R. J., and Kalman, D., 1963, Body water changes in relation to nutrition of premature infants, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 110: 830–839.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Goldman, H. I., Karelitz, S., Acs, H., and Seifter, E., 1962, The relationship of the sodium, potassium and chloride concentration of the feeding to the weight gain of premature infants, Pediatrics 30: 909–916.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Pohlandt, F., 1974, Cystine: A semi-essential amino acid in the newborn infant, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 63: 801–804.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Rassin, D. K., Gaull, G. E., Ràihâ, N. C. R., and Heinonen, K., 1977, Milk protein quantity and quality in low-birth-weight infants. IV. Effects of tyrosine and phenylalanine in plasma and urine, J. Pediatr. 90: 356–360.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Sturman, J. A., Rassin, D. K., and Gaull, G. E., 1977, Taurine in development, Life Sci. 21: 1–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Shahani, K. M., Kwan, A. J., and Friend, B. A., 1980, Role and significance of enzymes in human milk, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 1861–1868.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Hytten, F. E., 1954, Clinical and chemical studies in human lactation. VII. The effect of differences in yield and composition of milk on the infant’s weight gain and the duration of breast-feeding, Br. Med. J. 1: 1410–1413.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Belavady, B., 1978, Lipid and trace element composition of human milk, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 67: 566–571.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Southgate, D. A. T., Widdowson, E. M., Smits, B. J., Cooke, W. T., Walker, C. H. M., and Mathers, N. P., 1969, Absorption and excretion of calcium and fat by young infants, Lancet 1: 487–489.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Widdowson, E. M., Dauncey, M. J., Gairdner, D. M. T., Jonxis, J. H. P., and Pelikan- Filipkova, M., 1975, Body fat of British and Dutch infants, Br. Med. J. 1: 653–655.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Gairdner, D. M. T., 1974, The effect of diet on the development of the adipose organ, Proc. Nutr. Soc. 33: 119–121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Crawford, M. A., Laurance, B. M., Hall, B., and Munhambo, A., 1976, Milk lipids and their variabilities, Curr. Med. Res. Opinion 4 (Supplement l): 33–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Friedman, G. and Goldberg, S. J., 1975, Concurrent and subsequent serum cholesterol of breast- and formula-fed infants, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 28: 42–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Ginsburg, B.-E. and Zetterstrôm, R., 1980, Serum cholesterol concentrations in early infancy, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 69: 581–585.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Glueck, S. J., Tsang, R., Balestreri, W., and Fallot, R., 1972, Plasma and dietary cholesterol in infancy: Effects of early low and moderate dietary cholesterol intake on subsequent responses to increased dietary cholesterol, Metabolism 21: 1181–1192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Jenness, R., 1974, The composition of milk, in: Lactation: A Comprehensive Treatise, Volume III, ( B. L. Larson and V. R. Smith, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 3–101.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Higginbottom, M. C., Sweetman, L., and Nyham, W. L., 1978, A syndrome of methylmalonic aciduria, homocystinuria, megaloblastic anemia and neurologic abnormalities in a Vitamin Bi2-deficient breast-fed infant of a strict vegetarian, N. Engl. J. Med. 299: 317–323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Nelson, W. E., Vaughan, V. C., McKay, R. J., and Behrman, R. E., (eds.), 1979, Textbook of Pediatrics, 11th ed., W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Widdowson, E. M., 1977, Breast feeding and rickets, Lancet 2: 560.

    Google Scholar 

  191. O’Connor, P., 1977, Vitamin D deficiency in rickets in two breast-fed infants who were not receiving vitamin D supplementation, Clin. Pediatr. 16: 361–363.

    Google Scholar 

  192. O’Hara-May, J. and Widdowson, E. M., 1976, Diets and living conditions of Asian boys in Coventry with and without signs of rickets, Br. J. Nutr. 36: 23–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Ozsoylu, S., 1977, Breast feeding and rickets, Lancet 2: 560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Almroth, S. G., 1978, Water requirements of breast-fed infants in a hot climate, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 1154–1157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Fomon, S. J., 1974, Infant Nutrition, 2nd ed., W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Kingston, M. E., 1973, Biochemical disturbances in breast-fed infants with gastroenteritis, J. Pediatr. 82: 1073–1079.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Lealman, G. T., Logan, R. W., Hutchinson, J. H., Kerr, M. M., Fulton, A. M., and Brown, C. A., 1976, Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium concentrations in plasma during the first week of life and their relation to type of milk feed, Arch. Dis. Child. 51: 377–384.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Oppé, T. E. and Redstone, D., 1968, Calcium and phosphorus levels in healthy newborn infants given various types of milk, Lancet 1: 1045–1048.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Saarinen, U. M., Siimes, M. A., and Dallman, P. R., 1977, Iron absorption in infants: High bioavailability of iron as indicated by the extrinsic tag method of iron absorption and by concentration of serum ferritin, J. Pediatr. 91: 36–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. McMillan, J. A., Landaw, S. A., and Oski, F. A., 1976, Iron sufficiency in breast-fed infants and the availability of iron from human milk, Pediatrics 58: 686–691.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Casey, C. E., Walravens, P. A., and Hambidge, K. M., 1981, Availability of zinc: Loading tests with human milk, cow’s milk and infant formulas, Pediatrics 68: 394–396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Hambidge, K. M., Walravens, P. A., Casey, C. E., Brown, R. M., and Bender, C., 1979, Plasma zinc concentrations of breast-fed infants, J. Pediatr. 94: 607–608.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Walravens, P. A. and Hambidge, K. M., 1976, Growth of infants fed a zinc-supplemented formula, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29: 1114–1121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Hambidge, K. M., Walravens, P. A., and Neldner, K. H., 1978, Zinc and acrodermatitis enteropathica, in: Zinc and Copper in Clinical Medicine ( K. M. Hambidge and B. Nichols, eds.), Spectrum Publications, New York, pp. 81–98.

    Google Scholar 

  205. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition, 1976, Iron supplementation for infants, Pediatrics 58: 765–768.

    Google Scholar 

  206. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition, 1979, Fluoride supplementation: Revised dosage schedule, Pediatrics 63: 150–152.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Hamberg, L., 1971, Controlled trial of fluoride in vitamin drops for the prevention of caries in children, Lancet 1: 441–442.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Gordon, H. H., Levine, S. Z., and McNamara, H., 1947, Feeding of premature infants: A comparison of human and cow’s milk, Am. J. Dis. Child. 73: 442–452.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Fomon, S. J., 1977, Human milk in premature infant feeding: Report of a second workshop, Am. J. Pub. Health 67: 361–363.

    Google Scholar 

  210. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition, 1977, Nutritional needs of low- birth-weight infants, Pediatrics 60: 519–530.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Fomon, S. J., Ziegler, E. E., and Vázquez, H. D., 1977, Human milk and the small premature infant, Am. J. Dis. Child. 131: 463–467.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Ráihá, N. C. R., Heinonen, K., Rassin, D. K., and Gaull, G. E., 1976, Milk protein quantity and quality in low-birth-weight infants: 1. Metabolic responses and effects on growth, Pediatrics 57: 659–674.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Atkinson, S. A., Anderson, G. H., and Bryan, M. H., 1980, Human milk: Comparison of the nitrogen composition in milk from mothers of premature and full-term infants, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 811–815.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Stevens, L. H., 1969, The first kilogram: 2. The protein content of breast milk of mothers of babies of low birth weight, Med. J. Aust. 2: 555–557.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Heird, W. C., 1977, Feeding the premature infant. Human milk or artificial formula? Am. J. Dis. Child. 131: 468–469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Schultz, K., Soltész, G., and Mestyân, J., 1980, The metabolic consequences of human milk and formula feeding in premature infants, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 69: 647–652.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Atkinson, S. A., Bryan, M. H., Radde, I. C., Chance, G. W., and Anderson, G. H., 1977, Effect of premature birth on total N and mineral concentration in human milk, Proc. Vth Western Hemisphere Nutr. Cong. (Québec) pp. 46–47.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Water, L. A., Olson, A. C., Heldt, G. P., and Perman, J. A., 1979, Changes in lactose content of breast milk during lactation in mothers of premature infants, Pediatr. Res. 13: 410.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Chan, G. W., 1979, Preterm and term breast milk calcium and vitamin D, Pediatr. Res. 13: 396.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Lemons, J. A., Hall, D., Benson, J., and Simmons, M. A., 1979, Composition of preterm breast milk, Pediatr. Res. 13: 403.

    Google Scholar 

  221. Adcock, E. W., Ginsberg, A. K., and Malloy, M. H., 1980, Qualitative differences in amino acid content of human milk from mothers of preterm and term infants, Pediatr. Res. 14: 495.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Burland, W. L., Simpson, K., and Lord, J., 1971, Response of low birth-weight infants to treatment with folic acid, Arch. Dis. Child. 46: 189–194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Hovi, L., Hekali, R., and Siimes, M. A., 1979, Evidence of riboflavin depletion in breast¬fed newborns and its further acceleration during treatment of hyperbilibubinemia by phototherapy, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 68: 567–570.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Rowe, J. C., Wood, D. H., Rowe, D. W., and Raizz, L. G., 1979, Nutritional hypophosphatemic rickets in a premature infant fed breast milk, N. Engl. J. Med. 300: 293–296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, 80262, USA

    Clare E. Casey & K. Michael Hambidge

Authors
  1. Clare E. Casey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. Michael Hambidge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 80262, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Margaret C. Neville Ph.D.

  2. Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 80262, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Marianne R. Neifert M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Casey, C.E., Michael Hambidge, K. (1983). Nutritional Aspects of Human Lactation. In: Neville, M.C., Neifert, M.R. (eds) Lactation. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3688-4_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3688-4_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-3690-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-3688-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation