Skip to main content

The Interaction of Hormones, Behavior, and Social Context in Nonhuman Primates

  • Chapter
Hormones and Aggressive Behavior

Abstract

Hormones are often regarded as one independent variable responsible for the behavior (the dependent variable) of an individual. Hormones are seen as the physiological mechanism underlying behavior and are treated as a “cause” of certain behavioral patterns—“behavioral patterns,” because hormonal levels are not viewed as stimuli that release specific fixed action patterns but as the regulators of motivational states that increase or decrease the probabilities of specific classes of response to environmental stimuli.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Beach, F. A. Retrospect and prospect in sex and behavior. New York: Wiley, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, I. S. Social status of two hybrids in a wild troop of Macaca irus. Folia Primatologia, 1968, 8, 121–131.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, I. S., & Gordon, T. P. Behavioral research in breeding colonies of Old World monkeys. Laboratory Animal Science, 1977, 27, 532–540.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, I. S., & Gordon, T. P. Inter and intraspecific sexual behavior in two species of macaque: A possible behavioral barrier to gene flow. Behavioral Processes, 1979, 4, 265–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, I. S., & Gordon, T. P. The social component of dominance relationships in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto). Animal Behaviour, 1980, 28, 1033–1039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, I. S., Rose, R. M., & Gordon, T. P. Behavioral and environmental events influencing primate testosterone levels. Journal of Human Evolution, 1974, 3, 517–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, I. S., Rose, R. M., & Gordon, T. P. Behavioral and hormonal responses of male rhesus monkeys introduced to females in breeding and non-breeding seasons. Animal Behaviour, 1977, 25, 609–614.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, I. S., Gordon, T. P., Rose, R. M., & Peterson, M. S. Influences of sexual and social stimuli upon circulation levels of testosterone in male pigtail macaques. Behavioral Biology, 1978, 24, 400–404.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, I. S., Rose, R. M., Gordon, T. P., & Grady, C. L. Agonistic rank, aggression, social context, and testosterone in male pigtail monkeys. Aggressive Behavior, 1979, 5, 329–339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, I. S., Gordon, T. P., & Peterson, M. Role behavior of an agonadal male rhesus monkey in a heterosexual group. Folia Primatologia, 1979, 32, 263–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, L. A., Dilley, S. R., & Keverne, E. B. Suppression of oestrogen-induced LH surges by social subordination in talapoin monkeys. Nature (London), 1978, 275, 56–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coe, C. L., Mendoza, S. P., Davidson, J. M., Smith, E. R., Dallman, M. F., & Levine, S. Hormonal response to stress in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Neuroendocrinology, 1978, 26, 367–377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coimbra-Filho, A. F., & Maia, A. de A. Phases of the reproductive process in Macaca mulatta (Zimmerman, 1780) at IIha do Pinherio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Cercopithecidae, Primates). Review of Brazilian Biology, 1977, 37, 71–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conaway, C. H., & Koford, C. B. Estrous cycles and mating behavior in a free-ranging band of rhesus monkeys. Journal of Mammalogy, 1965, 45, 577–587.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, R. I. M., & Dunbar, E. P. Dominance and reproductive success among female gelada baboons. Nature (London), 1977, 266, 351–352.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, G. G., & Resko, J. A. Plasma testosterone and male dominance in a Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) troop compared with repeated measures of testosterone in laboratory males. Hormones and Behavior, 1974, 5, 251–259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gavan, J. A., & Hutchinson, T. C. The problem of age estimation: A study using rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1973, 38, 69–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldfoot, D. A. Hormonal and social determinants of sexual behavior in the pigtail monkey (Macaca nemestrina). In G. B. A. Stoelinga & J. J. van der Werff ten Bosch (Eds.), Normal and abnormal development of brain and behavior. Leiden: University of Leiden Press, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, R. L., Hotchkiss, J., Karsch, F. J., & Knobil, E. Diurnal variations in serum testosterone concentrations in the adult male rhesus monkey. Biology of Reproduction, 1974, 11, 624–630.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, T. P. Mating patterns in the rhesus monkey: Social, seasonal and hormonal variables. American Zoologist, 1981, 21, 185–195.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, T. P., & Bernstein, I. S. Seasonal variation in sexual behavior of all-male rhesus troops. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1973, 38, 221–225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, T. P., Rose, R. M., & Bernstein, I. S. Seasonal rhythm in plasma testosterone levels in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): A three year study. Hormones and Behavior, 1976, 7, 229–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, T. P., Bernstein, I. S., & Rose, R. M. Social and seasonal influences on testosterone secretion in the male rhesus monkey. Physiology and Behavior, 1978, 21, 623–627.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, T. P., Rose, R. M., Grady, C. L., & Bernstein, I. S. Effects of increased testosterone secretion on the behavior of adult male rhesus living in a social group. Folia Primatologica, 1979, 32, 149–160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goy, R. W., Phoenix, C. H., & Resko, J. A. Relationship of testosterone level to sexual behavior in juvenile rhesus monkeys. American Zoologist, 1965, 5, 713.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, K. R. L. Aggression in monkey and ape societies. In J. D. Carthy & F. J. Ebling (Eds.), The natural history of aggression. London: Academic Press, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Holst, D. Social stress in tree shrews: Problems, results and goals. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1977, 120, 71–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurme, V. O., & van Wagenen, G. Basic data on the emergence of permanent teeth in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1961, 105, 105–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keverne, E. B., Leonard, R. A., Scruton, D. M., & Young, S. K. Visual monitoring in social groups of talapoin monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin). Animal Behaviour, 1978, 26, 933–944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koford, C. B. Population dynamics of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago. In I. DeVore (Ed.), Primate behavior: Field studies of monkeys and apes. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D. E., Swenson, R. B., & Collins, D. C. Correlation of serum testosterone levels with age in male chimpanzees. Steroids, 1977, 29, 471–481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michael, R. P., & Bonsall, R. W. A three-year study of an annual rhythm in plasma androgen levels in male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in a constant laboratory environment. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 1977, 49, 129–131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michael, R. P., & Wilson, M. I. Effects of castration and hormone replacement in fully adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Endocrinology, 1974, 95, 150–159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michael, R. P., & Wilson, M. I. Mating seasonality in castrated male rhesus monkeys. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 1975, 43, 325–328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michael, R. P., & Zumpe, D. Annual cycles of aggression and plasma testosterone in captive male rhesus monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1978, 3, 217–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michael, R. P., Wilson, M., & Plant, T. M. Sexual behaviour of male primates and the role of testosterone. In R. P. Michael & J. H. Crook (Eds.), Comparative ecology and behaviour of primates. London: Academic Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michael, R. P., Setchell, K. D. R., & Plant, T. M. Diurnal changes in plasma testosterone and studies on plasma corticosteroids in non-anaesthetized male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Endocrinology, 1974, 63, 325–335.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieschlag, E. Circadian rhythm of plasma testosterone. In J. Aschoff, F. Ceresa, & F. Halberg (Eds.), Chronobiological aspects of endocrinology. Stuttgart: Schattauer, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perachio, A. A., Alexander, M., & Marr, L. D. Hormonal and social factors affecting evoked sexual behavior in rhesus monkeys American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1973, 38, 227–232.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perachio, A. A., Alexander, M., Marr, L. D., & Collins, D. C. Diurnal variations of serum testosterone levels in intact and gonadectomized male and female rhesus monkeys. Steroids, 1977, 29, 21–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phoenix, C. H. The role of testosterone in the sexual behavior of laboratory male rhesus. In C. H. Phoenix (Ed.), Symposia of the 4th International Congress of Primatology (Vol. 2): Primate reproductive behavior. Basel: Karger, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phoenix, C. H. The role of androgens in the sexual behavior of adult male rhesus monkeys. Advances in Behavioral Biology, 1974, 2, 249–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phoenix, C. H. Steroids and sexual behavior in castrated male rhesus monkeys. Hormones and Behavior, 1978, 10, 1–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phoenix, C. H., Dixson, A. F., & Resko, J. A. Effects of ejaculation on levels of testosterone, cortisol and luteinizing hormone in peripheral plasma of rhesus monkeys. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1977, 91, 120–127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plant, T. M., Zumpe, D., Sauls, M., & Michael, R. P. An annual rhythm in the plasma testosterone of adult male rhesus monkeys maintained in laboratory. Journal of Endocrinology, 1974, 62, 403–404.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, R. M., Bernstein, I. S., & Holaday, J. W. Plasma testosterone, dominance rank and aggressive behavior in a group of male rhesus monkeys. Nature, 1971, 231, 366–368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, R. M., Gordon, T. P., & Bernstein, I. S. Plasma testosterone levels in the male rhesus: Influences of sexual and social stimuli. Science, 1972, 178, 643–645.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, R. M., Bernstein, I. S., Gordon, T. P., & Catlin, S. F. Androgens and aggression. A review. In R. L. Holloway (Ed.), Primate aggression, territoriality, and xenophobia. New York: Academic Press, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, R. M., Bernstein, I. S., & Gordon, T. P. Consequences of social conflict on plasma testosterone levels in rhesus monkeys. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1975, 37, 50–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, R. M., Gordon, T. P., & Bernstein, I. S. Diurnal variation in plasma testosterone and cortisol in rhesus monkeys living in social groups. Journal of Endocrinology, 1978, 76, 67–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, R. M., Bernstein, I. S., Gordon, T. P., & Lindsey, J. G. Changes in testosterone and behavior during adolescence in the male rhesus monkeys. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1978, 40, 60–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowell, T. E. Hierarchy in the organization of a captive baboon group. Animal Behaviour, 1966, 14, 430–443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowell, T. E. Baboon menstrual cycles affected by social environment. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 1970, 21, 133–141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowell, T. E. Reproductive cycles of the talapoin monkey (Miopithecus talapoin). Folia Primatologica, 1977, 28, 188–202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sade, D. S. Seasonal cycle in size of testes of free-ranging Macaca mulatta. Folia Primatologica, 1964, 2, 171–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sade, D. S. Determinants of dominance in a group of free-ranging rhesus monkeys. In S. A. Altmann (Ed.), Social communication among primates. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snipes, C. A., Forest, M. G., & Migeon, C. J. Plasma androgen concentrations in several species of Old and New World monkeys. Endocrinology, 1969, 85(5), 941–945.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenbergh, J. G., & Drickamer, L. C. Reproductive coordination among free-ranging rhesus monkeys. Physiology and Behavior, 1974, 13, 373–376.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A. P. Behavior of agonadal free-ranging rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1969, 31, 261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A. P., & Vessey, S. H. Behavior of free-ranging castrated rhesus monkeys. Folia Primatologia, 1968, 9, 1–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E. O. Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zamboni, L., Conaway, C. H., & van Pelt, L. Seasonal changes in production of semen in free- ranging rhesus monkeys. Biology of Reproduction, 1974, 11, 251–267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bernstein, I.S., Gordon, T.P., Rose, R.M. (1983). The Interaction of Hormones, Behavior, and Social Context in Nonhuman Primates. In: Svare, B.B. (eds) Hormones and Aggressive Behavior. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3521-4_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3521-4_20

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-3523-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-3521-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics