Abstract
Trace elements often have a bimodal or even a trimodal effect. Severe deficiency of certain trace metals can result in death or severe crippling of an animal or in birth defects of the newborn. The next level of intake is the nutritional level where chronic deficiency over a lifetime may cause major diseases such as cancer and heart disease. The next level of intake is the toxic level which may result in severe crippling or death of the animal. The primary area of concern in this chapter will be the nutritional intake level and the deficiency level and their relationship to animal or human disease. The trace elements described in this chapter are: chromium; cobalt; copper; fluorine; iodine; iron; manganese; molybdenum; nickel; silicon; selenium; tin; vanadium; and zinc.
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Shamberger, R.J. (1980). Trace Metals in Health and Disease. In: Brewster, M.A., Naito, H.K. (eds) Nutritional Elements and Clinical Biochemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3168-1_8
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