Abstract
The lectures presented under this title consisted largely of material drawn from the American Physical Society’s Study Group on Solar Photovoltaic Energy Conversion. The panel was chaired by the author. The other members were D. DeWitt (IBM), J.P. Gollub (Haverford College), R.N. Hall (General Electric), C.H. Henry (Bell Labs), J.J. Hopfield (Princeton University), T.C. McGill (CalTech), A. Rose (Boston University), J. Tauc (Brown University), R.M. Thomson (National Bureau of Standards), M.S. Wrighton (MIT), and J.H. Martin (Harvard University), who served as Executive and Technical Assistant to the Study. The following material is abstracted from the Study Group’s report on which the lectures focused, with some editorial alterations from the original. The reader should refer to the published report, “Solar Photovoltaic Energy Conversion” (1979, American Physical Society, 35 E. 45th St., New York, NY 10017) for definitive information concerning the Study Group’s conclusions. The following precis, however, should serve to convey the substance of these conclusions.
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References
Our estimate of 5 · 1012 kWh/year is only an approximate number necessary to determine the magnitude of 1% PV generation. This estimate is consistent with estimates in references 24–27.
D. Costello, D. Posner, J. Doane, D. Schiffel, and K. Lawrence Photovoltaic Venture Analysis Final Report Vol. 1, SERI/TR-52-040, 1978, Table 11.
Aerospace Corporation Energy and Transportation Division, Mission Analysis of Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion, SAN/1101/PA8-1/1–4, 1977.
General Electric Co. Space Division, Conceptual Design and Systems Analysis of Photovoltaic Systems, AL0-3686-14, Vols. 1–3, March, 1977.
Westinghouse Electric Corp., Conceptual Design and Systems Analysis of Photovoltaic Power Systems, ALO/2744-13, Vols. 1–5, April 1977.
Spectrolab Inc., Photovoltaic Systems Concept Study, ALO-2748-12, April 1977.
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General Electric Co. Electric Utility Systems Engineering Dept., Requirements Assessment of Photovoltaic Power Plant in Electric Utility Systems, EPRI report ER-685-54, June 1978.
J.W. Doane, R.P. O’Toole, R.G. Chamberlain, P.B. Bos, and P.D. Maycock, The Cost of Energy from Utility-Owned Solar Electric Systems, A Required Revenue Methodology for ERDA/EPRI Evaluations, ERDA/JPL-1012-76/3, June 1976.
This assumes that support structure costs for central power stations can be reduced to the levels used in the cost model in the latter part of this Section.
Resource Planning Associates, Inc., Institutional Analysis of Solar Total Energy Systems, 3rd Quarterly Report, ALO/3786-2, Jan. 1978. V. Chobotov and B. Siegel, FVSC 13, 1179 (1978)
Sandia Project Integration Meeting, Nov. 1978. D. Schueler, Sandia, private communication of PV System Definition Project results.
The capacity factor is the percentage of time a plant is in operation. E.A. DeMeo and P.B. Bos in “Perspectives on Utility Owned Central Station Photovoltaic Applications,” EPRI report ER-589-SR, attribute a capacity factor of 50% to intermediate load plants and compare PV systems with conventional intermediate load plants.
EPRI Technical Assessment Guide, August 1977.
Analysis of Alternative Energy Futures, Office of the Assistant Director for Systems Analysis, February 4, 1977 (Dept. of Energy).
W. Vedder, General Electric Co., 1978 (private communication).
Aerospace Corp., Aerospace report ATR-78 (7692-01)-l, Vol. 2, prepared by Sherman H. Clark Associates (FL spread reflects regional variations in coal prices).
General Electric Co., Solar Central Receiver Prototype Heliostat, Phase I, Executive Summary provided by R.H. Horton.
D.G. Schueler and G.J. Jones, PVSC 13 1160 (1978); this paper presents a summary of the results of a number of systems studies.
JPL Project Integration Meeting, August 1978.
G.B. Gaines et al., PVSC 13, 615 (1978).
D.K. Zimmerman, PVSC 13, 680 (1978).
We thank D. Zimmerman of Boeing and R. Alben of GE for helpful discussions on this point.
Aerospace Corp., Reference 17.
Exxon Company, USA’s Energy Outlook 1978-1990.
Electrical World, “28th Annual Electrical Industry Forecast,” Sept. 15, 1977.
“Future Sources of Electricity,” Speech presented at Edison Electric Institute, April 11, 1978, by Floyd L. Culler of EPRI.
General Electric Co., Reference 8.
From Reference 7.
J.W. Litchfield et al., A Methodology for Identifying Materials Constraints to Implementation of Solar Energy Technologies (Battelle Pacific NW Laboratories, Richland, WA 99352), July 1978. J.N. Hartley, “Photovoltaic Materials Assessment”, in Proceedings of the Photovoltaics Program Semi-Annual Review, Advanced Materials R & D Branch, October 4-6, 1977, Golden, CO, CONF-771051, pp. 83–112.
Data furnished by W. Stolte of Bechtel Corp.
Boeing Engineering & Construction, SAN/1604-1. Vol. 3, p. 4.
Spectrolab Inc., Reference 6, p. 7–73.
Bureau of Mines Bulletin 667, Mineral Facts and Problems, 1976.
General Electric Co., Reference 8, Vol. 2, p. N-21.
Personal communication, Professor Martin Wolf (University of Pennsylvania).
General Electric Co., Reference 8.
General Electric Space Division, Applied Research on Energy Storage and Conversion for Photovoltaic and Wind Energy Systems, HCP/T-22221-01/1, January, 1978.
P.F. Pittman, Westinghouse Electric Corp. Research and Development Center, Conceptual Design and Systems Analysis of Photovoltaic Power Systems Final Report, ALO/2744-13(Vol.5), May, 1977.
From An Assessment of Energy Storage Systems Suitable for Use by Electric Utilities, EPRI report EM-264, Vol. 2, July 1976, pp. 4-48, 4.4.3.1. we obtain: \(\begin{array}{l}Lead - acid\,battery\,capital\,\cos t\,in\,1985\,\,40\,\$ /kWh\,of\,storage\,rating\\{\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} novations\,to\,extend\,life\,to\,20\,years\,40\\Buildings\,20\\Total\,capital\,Investment\,100\,\$ /kWh\,of\,storage\,rating\end{array}\) At a fixed charge rate of 15%, the cost of storage per kWh of electricity generated by the total system using mid-1980’s batteries is \(\left( {.0019\,kW{h_s}/kW{h_e}} \right)\,\left( {100\$ /kW{h_s}} \right)\left( {.15} \right) = .03\$ /kW{h_e},\) where kWhs denotes storage capacity and kWhe denotes system electrical output.
From Reference 37, Vol. 2, p. E41, we obtain \(\begin{array}{l}{\mathop{\rm Im}\nolimits} proved\,lead - acid\,battery\,in\,1995\,\,35\$ /kW{h_s}\\Lifetime\,of30\,years\,with\,no\,renovations\,needed\end{array}\) Then the cost of storage using mid-19901s batteries is \(.0019 \cdot 35 \cdot .15 = .01\,\$ /kW{h_e}\)
From Reference 4, Tables VII-8, VI-3, and VI-5, we obtain the following information concerning auxiliary generators: Turbine costs Advanced combustion turbine Availability 85.5 % Annual O&M (fixed) Annual O&M (use-related) 150 $/kWp rating .6 $/kW capacity .00207 $/k~ generated by turbine Levelization factor used for O&M 1.87 Fuel costs (assumed heat rate 11 500 Btu/kWh) Liquid fuel at 3.6 $/MBtu .041 $/kWh generated by turbine .35 % annual real inflation of fuel cost assumed, giving a levelization factor of 1.98 With the system data given in Table 9 and on the page following it in the text, the contribution of auxiliary generation to the cost of each total system kWh generated is then calculated as .00014 kWp/kWh .15 150/.855 $/kWp (capital cost) t (.6 .00014/.855 + .0021 .093) 1.87 (O&M) + .041 .093 1.98 (fuel) = .01 $/kWh
Reference 34.
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Ehrenreich, H. (1980). Solar Photovoltaic Energy Conversion. In: Wilson, R. (eds) Energy for the Year 2000. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3153-7_2
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