Abstract
The classical way to probe small distances is to carry out a scattering experiment. This was the method of Rutherford who used the scattering of α-particles from a thin gold foil to show that the gold atom had its positive charge concentrated in a small central core. Rutherford’s experiments established the size of the gold nucleus to be of order 10−12 cm. Our present experiments with lepton probes are able to resolve distances in the 10−14 − 10−15 cm range, small enough compared to the radius of the nucleon, ≃ 8 × 10−14 cm, to be sensitive to whatever might be inside. Indeed, deep inelastic scattering measurements using electron and muon beams have provided persuasive evidence that the nucleons, and presumably all hadrons, are made of quarks and gluons. The measurements may be interpreted to give the momentum distribution, not only of the dominant flavors of quarks, but of the gluons as well.
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References
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Anderson, H.L. (1980). Deep Inelastic Muon and Electron Scattering as a Probe for Quarks and Gluons in the Nucleon. In: Preparata, G., Aubert, JJ. (eds) Probing Hadrons with Leptons. Ettore Majorana International Science Series, vol 5. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3102-5_5
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