Abstract
A common definition of communication involves nothing more than the moving of information in time from one place to another. From this point of view, it is of little consequence whether the trafficked ware consists of random noise, the 1010 bits of information inherent in a strand of DNA programmed to rebuild itself, or some configuration of signs, as a sonata by Mozart, charged with high aesthetic value. If information is available, it can be communicated.
The peculiarity of the case is just that there are so many sources of possible deception in most of the observations that the whole lot of them may be worthless…. I am also constantly baffled as to what to think of this or that particular story, for the sources of error in any one observation are seldom fully knowable.
William James (in Murphy & Ballou 1960:310, 320).
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Umiker-Sebeok, J., Sebeok, T.A. (1980). Introduction: Questioning Apes. In: Sebeok, T.A., Umiker-Sebeok, J. (eds) Speaking of Apes. Topics in Contemporary Semiotics. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3012-7_1
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