Abstract
This elegant and classic paper by two nonanalyst psychiatrists was one of the earliest to plead for mutual understanding between the warring camps of behavioral therapy and dynamic psychotherapy. Building their thesis logically and step by step, the authors discuss both the similarities and the differences between the two approaches with clarity and objectivity. They debunk some of the exaggerated claims of many behavioral therapists but, at the same time, point out the comparable limitations of psychodynamic psychotherapy. They correctly point out that for certain types of clinical problems one approach may be superior to the other and that for others a combination of both therapies may be indicated. They illustrate not only how different symptoms can have different meanings, but also how the same symptoms, e.g., anxiety, can result from either limited situational factors or deep-seated personality problems, or even somatic pathology. Similarly, phobias may range from simple, easily desensitized ones to extremely complex ones for which behavioral techniques alone are totally unavailing without benefit of prior or concomitant dynamic psychotherapy. Thus, far from being mutually contradictory, behavior and psychodynamic therapies are seen as complementary.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abell, R. G. and Cowan, J. (1964). The applications of modern learning theory to the psychoanalytic process. Paper given at Learning Theory Symposium of 6th Int. Congr. Psychotherapy, London.
Alexander, F . (1963). The dynamics of psychotherapy in the light of learning theory. Amer. J. Psychiat 120, 440–8. [See also Chapter 1, this volume.]
Bandura, A. (1964). Behavioral modification through modelling procedures. In L. Krasner and L. P. Ullmann (eds.). Research in Behaviour Modification. London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Beech, H. R. (1963). Some theoretical and technical difficulties in the application of behavior therapy. Bull. Brit. Psychol. Soc. 16, 25–33.
Berlyne, D. E. (1964). Emotional aspects of learning. In Annual Review of Psychology, vol. xv, pp. 115–42. (Ed. P. R. Farnsworth et al.)
Burnham, W. A. (1925). The Normal Mind. New York: Appleton.
Chomsky, N. (1959). Verbal behavior, by B. F. Skinner (a review). Language, 35, 26–58.
Cooper, J. E., Gelder, M. G. and Marks, I. M. (1965). Results of behavior therapy in 77 cases. Brit. Med. J. 1, 1222–5.
Dollard, J. and Miller, N. E. (1950). Personality and Psychotherapy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Eysenck, H. J. (1960). Behaviour Therapy and the Neuroses. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Eysenck, H. J. (1964). Psychotherapy or behavior therapy. Ind. Psychol. Rev. 1, 33–41.
Farrell, B. A. (1951). The scientific testing of psycho-analytic findings and theory. Brit. J. Med. Psychol. 24, 35–41.
Fish, F. J. (1964). An Outline of Psychiatry. Bristol: John Wright and Sons.
French, T. M. (1933). Interrelations between psychoanalysis and the experimental work of Pavlov. Amer. J. Psychiat. 89, 1165–203.
Freud, S. (1919). Collected Papers, 2, 392. London: Hogarth Press.
Gantt, W. H. (1944). Experimental Basis for Neurotic Behaviour. New York: Harper.
Gelder, M. G. and Marks, I. M. (1966). Severe agoraphobia. A controlled prospective trial of behavior therapy. Brit J. Psychiat. 112, 309–319.
Gelder, M. G., Marks, I. M., Sakinofsky, I. and Wolff, H. H. (1964). Behavior therapy and psychotherapy in phobic disorders: alternative or complementary procedures? Paper given at Learning Theory Symposium of 6th Int. Congr. Psychotherapy, London.
Grossberg, J. M. (1964). Behavior therapy: a review. Psychol. Bull. 62, 73–88.
Herzberg, A. (1941). Short treatment of neuroses by graduated tasks. Brit. J. Med. Psychol. 19, 19–36.
Hilgard, E. R. and Marquis, D. G. (1940). Conditioning and Learning. New York: Appleton- Century-Crofts.
Janet, P. (1925). Psychological Healing, vol. I. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Jersild, A. T. and Holmes, F. B. (1935). Children’s fears. J. Psychol. 1, 75.
Jones, H. G. (1964). Basic principles of learning applied to behavior therapy. Paper given at Learning Theory Symposium at 6th Int. Congr. Psychotherapy, London.
Jones, M. C. (1924a). A laboratory study of fear: the case of Peter. Ped. Sem 31, 308–15.
Jones, M. C. (1924b). The elimination of childrens fears. J. Exp. Psychol 7, 382–90.
Kanfer, F. H. (1961). Comments on learning in psychotherapy. Psychol. Rep. Monograph Supplement 6 - V9, 681–699.
Kanfer, F. H. (1965): Vicarious Human Reinforcement: A glimpse into the Black Box. Chapter in L. Krasner and L. P. Ullmann (eds.). Research in Behaviour Modification. London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Kimble, G. A. (1961). Revised Version of Conditioning and Learning (by Hilgard and Marquis), p. 473. London: Methuen.
Kardiner, A., Karush, A. and Ovesey, L. (1959). A methodological study of Freudian theory. J. New. Ment. Dis. 129, 341–56.
Kubie, L. S. (1934). Relation of the conditioned reflex to psychoanalytic technique. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 32, 1137–42.
Leonhard, K. (1963). Individualtherapie der Neurosen. Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
Liddell, H. (1958). History and prospects of the behavior farm laboratory at Cornell University. In W. H. Gantt (ed.): Physiological Bases of Psychiatry. Springfield: Charles C Thomas.
McDougall, W. (1923). An Outline of Psychology. London: Methuen.
Marks, I. M. (1965). Patterns of meaning in psychiatric patients. Maudsley Monograph, no. 13. Oxford University Press.
Marks, I. M. and Gelder, M. G. (1965). A controlled retrospective study of behavior therapy in phobic patients. Brit. J. Psychiat. 111, 561–73.
Massermann, J. H. (1943). Behaviour and Neurosis. Chicago: University Press.
Meige, H. and Feindel, E. (1907). Tics and Their Treatment. London: S. Appleton.
Metzner, R . (1961). Learning theory and the therapy of neurosis. Brit. J. Psychol. Monogr. Suppl. no. 33.
Moore, N. (1965). Behavior therapy in bronchial asthma: a controlled study of some factors. Unpublished dissertation for D.P.M., University of London and Institute of Psychiatry libraries.
Mowrer, O. H. (1950). Learning Theory and Personality Dynamics. New York: Ronald Press.
Pearce, J. (1964). Aspects of transvestism. Unpublished M.D. thesis, University of London.
Piers, G. and Piers, M. W. (1964). Modes of learning and the analytic process. Paper given at the Learning Theory Symposium of 6th Int. Congr. Psychotherapy, London.
Poore, G. V. (1878). An analysis of 75 cases of “writer’s cramp” and impaired writing power. Med. Chir. Trans. 61, 111–45.
Roth, M. (1959). The phobic-anxiety depersonalization syndrome. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 52, 587.
Schilder, P. (1929). Conditioned reflexes. Cited by French (1933).
Shoben, E. J. (1949). Psychotherapy as a problem in learning theory. Psychol. Bull. 46, 366–92.
Strupp, H. H. (1960). Psychotherapists in Action. New York: Grune and Stratton.
Watson, J. B. (1916). Behavior and the concept of mental disease. J. Phil. Psychol, and Scientific Method, 13, 589–97.
Watson, J. B. and Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions J. Exp. Psychol. 3, 1–14.
Wolf, E. (1964). The sociodynamics of functional psychiatric disorders. Paper given at 1st Int. Congr. Soc., Psychiatry, London.
Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition. Stanford University Press.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Plenum Publishing Corporation
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Marks, I.M., Gelder, M.G. (1980). Common Ground between Behavior Therapy and Psychodynamic Methods. In: Marmor, J., Woods, S.M. (eds) The Interface Between the Psychodynamic and Behavioral Therapies. Critical Issues in Psychiatry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3000-4_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3000-4_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-3002-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-3000-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive