Skip to main content

Emotion Expressions and Personality Integration in Infancy

  • Chapter
Emotions in Personality and Psychopathology

Part of the book series: Emotions, Personality, and Psychotherapy ((CISJ))

Abstract

In this chapter, Dr. Buechler and I suggest some new ways of thinking about emotions in infancy. The concept of emotional development is considered too broad to treat as a single topic. The chapter discusses four developmental processes relating to the emotions and to infant development and infant well- being. The expressions of the emotions in infancy are seen as critical in personality integration and the development of infant-parent and other social relationships. The question of the predictive value of emotion response patterns in infancy is placed in perspective, in part by considering the value of studying emotions in infancy apart from the issue of continuity of infant emotion traits.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ainsworth, M. D. The development of infant-mother interaction among the Ganda. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behavior, Vol. 2. New York: Wiley, 1963, pp. 76–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D., Bell, S. M., & Stayton, D. J. Infant-mother attachment and social development. In M. P. M. Richards (Ed.), The integration of a child into a social world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allport, G. W. Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. Q., Weller, G. M., & Waldrop, M. F. “Newborn and pre-schooler: Organization of behavior and relations between periods,” Monograph of the Society for Research in Child Development, Vol. 132, No. 142, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, S., & Ainsworth, M. Infant crying and maternal responsiveness. Child Development, 1972, 43, 1171–1190.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernal, J. Attachment: Some problems and possibilities. In M. P. M. Richards (Ed.), The integration of a child into a social world. London: Cambridge Universities Press, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bims, B. Individual differences in human neonates’ responses to stimulation. Child Development, 1965, 30 (1), 249–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birns, B., Barten, S., & Bridger, W. Individual differences in temperamental characteristics of infants. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1969, 31, 1071–1082.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birns, B., & Golden, M. Prediction of intellectual performance at three years from infant test and personality measures. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 1972, 18, 53–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bower, T. G. R. The object in the world of the infant. Scientific American, 1971, 225(4), 30–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. Maternal care and mental health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1951, 3, 355–534.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. Attachment and loss: Separation, anxiety, and anger, Vol. 2. New York: Basic Books, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brazelton, T. B. The origins of reciprocity: The early mother-infant interaction. In M. Lewis and L. Rosenblum (Eds.), The Effect of the Infant on its caregiver. New York: Wiley, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brazelton, T. B., Tronick, E., Adamson, L., Als. H., & Weise, S, Early mother-infant reciprocity. Parent-Infant interaction. Amsterdam: CIBA Foundation, Associated Scientific Publishers, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, K. M. B. Emotional development in early infancy. Child Development, 1932, 3, 324 - 341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronson, G. W. The fear of novelty. Psychological Bulletin, 1968, 69, 350–358.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bronson, G. W. Fear of visual novelty: Developmental patterns in males and females. Developmental Psychology, 1970, 2, 33–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronson, G. W. Infant’s reactions to unfamiliar persons and novel objects. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, Vol. 37, No. 3, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronson, G. W. General issues in the study of fear: Section I I. In M. Lewis and L. A. Rosenblum (Eds.), The origins of fear. New York: Wiley, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brossard, M. D. The infant’s conception of object permanence and his reactions, 1974. Cited in M. M. Haith and J. J. Campos, Human infancy, Annual Review of Psychology. Palo Alto, Califo.: Annual Reviews, Inc., 1977, p. 283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, B. M., & Hersher, L. Mother-infant interaction in the first year of life. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 1964, 10, 119–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey, W. B. A simplified method for measuring infant temperament. The Journal of Pediatrics 1970 77, 188–194.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casler, L. Maternal deprivation: A critical reveiw of the literature. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1961, 26 (2, Serial No. 80).

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlesworth, W. R. The role of surprise in cognitive development. In D. Elkind & J. Flavell (Ed.), Studies in cognitive development. London: Oxford University Press, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlesworth, W. R. General issues in the study of fear: Section IV. In M. Lewis & L. A. Rosenblum (Eds.), The origins of fear. New York: Wiley, 1974. pp. 254–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlesworth, W. R., & Kreutzer, M. A. Facial expressions of infants and children. In Paul Ekman (Ed ), Darwin and facial expression, a century of research in review. New York: Academic Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., & Sroufe, L. A. An organizational view of affect: Illustration from the study of Down’s syndrome infants. In M. Lewis & L. A. Rosenblum (Ed.), The development of affect. New York: Plenum Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L. B., & Gelber, E. Infant visual memory. In L. B. Cohen and P. Salapatek (Eds.), Infant perception: From sensation to cognition. New York: Academic Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C. R. The expression of emotions in man and animal. London: John Murray, 1872.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C. R. A biographical sketch of an infant. Mind, 1877, 2, 286–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Décarie, T. G. Affective development and cognition in a Piagetian context. In M. Lewis and L. Rosenblum (Ed.), The development of affect. New York: Plenum Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichenwald, H. F., & Fry, P. C. Nutrition and learning. Science, 1969, 163, 644–648.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. Unmasking the face. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ellsworth, P. Emotion in the human face: Guidelines for research and an integration of findings. New York: Pergamon Press, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emde, R. N., Gaensbauer, T., & Harmon, R. J. Emotional expression in infancy: A biobehavioral study. New York: International Universities Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emde, R. N., & Harmon, R. J. Endogenous and exogenous smiling systems in early infancy. The Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 1972, 11 (2), 177–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emde, R. N., Katz, E. L., & Thorpe, J. K. Emotional expressions in infancy: II. Early deviations in Down’s syndrome. In M. Lewis & L. A. Rosenblum (Eds.), The development of affect. New York, Plenum Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emde, R. N., Kligman, D. H., Reich, J. H., & Wade, T. D. Emotional expression in infancy: I. Initial studies of social signalling and an emergent model. In M. Lewis and L. Rosenblum (Ed.), The development of affect. New York: Plenum Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emde, R. N., & Robinson, J. The first two months: Recent research in developmental psychobiology and the changing view of the newborn. In J. Noshpitz & J. Call (Eds.), Basic handbook of child psychiatry. New York: Basic Books, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Escalona, S. K. The roots of individuality. Chicago: Aldine, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Escalona, S. K., & Heider, G. M. Prediction and outcome: A study in child development. New York: Basic Books, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, J. Infant’s delayed recognition: Memory and forgetting. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1973, 16, 424–450.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flavell, J. H. Cognitive development. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fry, P. S. Affect and resistance to temptation. Developmental Psychology, 1975, 11, 466–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golden, M., & Birns, B. Social class and cognitive development in infancy. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 1968, 14, 139–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodenough, F. L. The expression of the emotions in infancy. Child Development, 1931, 2, 96–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodenough, F. L. Expression of the emotions in a blind-deaf child. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1932–1933, 27, 328–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goulet, J. Notion de causalité et réactions á la personne étrangere chez le jeune enfant. In T. Gouin-Décarie (Ed.), La réaction à la personne etrangere. Montreal: Presses de l’Universite de Montreal, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, H. F. The nature of love. American Psychologist, 1958,13, 673–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, H. F. Early social deprivation and later behavior in the monkey. In A. Abrams, H. H. Garner, & J. E. P. Toman (Ed.), Unfinished tasks in the behavioral sciences. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiatt, S., Campos, J. J., & Emde, R. N. Fear, surprise, and happiness: The patterning of facial expression in infants. Paper presented at the meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans, March 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinde, R. A. Mothers’and infants’ roles: Distinguishing the questions to be asked. In M. O’Conner (Ed)., Parent-infant interaction. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. L. Development synthesis of affect and cognition and its implications for altruistic motivation. Developmental Psychology, 1975, 11, 607–622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. L. The arousal and development of empathy. In M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.), The development of affect. New York: Plenum Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. The face of emotion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. Patterns of emotions: A new analysis of anxiety and depression. New York: Academic Press, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. The emergence of emotions and development of consciousness in infancy. In J. M. Davidson, & R. J. Davidson, (Eds.), The psychobiology of consciousness. New York: Plenum Press, 1978.(a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. On the development of emotions and emotion-cognition relationships in infancy. In M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.), The development of affect. New York: Plenum Press, 1978.(b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, E., Campos, J. J., & Fischer, K. W. The question of decalage between object permanence and person permanence. Developmental Psychology, 1978,

    Google Scholar 

  • Judd, E., & Lewis, M. The effects of birth order and spacing on mother-infant relationships. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York, April 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J. Change and continuity in infancy. New York: Wiley, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J. Emergent themes in human development. American Scientist, 1976, 64, pp. 186–196.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J. Infancy: Its place in human development. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.(a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J. On emotion and its development: A working paper. In M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Ed.), The development of affect. New York: Plenum Press, 1978.(b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, I. C., & Rosenblum, L. A. The waning of the mother-infant bond in two species of macaque. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behavior, Vol. 4. London: Methuen, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klaus, M. H., Trause, M. A., & Kennell, J. H. “Does human maternal behavior after delivery show a characteristic pattern?” Parent-Infant Interaction. Amsterdam: CIBA Foundation, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaBarbera, J. D., Izard, C. E., Vietze, P., & Parisi, S. A. Four- and six-month-old infant’s visual responses to joy, anger, and neutral expression. Child Development, 1976, 47, 535–538.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landis, C. Studies of Emotional Reactions: I. A preliminary study of facial expression. The Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1924, 7, 325–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., & Gallas, H. Cognitive performance in the 12-week-old infant: The effects of birth order, birth spacing,sex, and social class. Unpublished research bulletin, Educational Testing Service, Princeton, N.J., 1976,

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., & Goldberg, S. Perceptual-cognitive development in infancy: A generalized expectancy model as a function of the mother-infant relationship. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 1969, 15, 81–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., & Lee-Painter, S. An interactional approach to the mother-infant dyad. In M. Lewis and L. A. Rosenblum (Eds.), The effect of the infant on its caregiver. New York: Wiley, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., & Rosenblum, L. A. (Eds.). The effect of the infant on its caregiver. New York: Wiley, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ling, D., & Ling, A. H. Communication development in the first three years of life. Journal of Speech Hearing Research, 1974, 17, 146–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDevitt, S. C. A longitudinal assessment of continuity and stability in temperamental characteristics from infancy to early childhood. Unpublished thesis, Temple University, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGhee, P. E. Cognitive development and children’s comprehension of humor. Child Development, 1971, 42, 12–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGhee, P. E. Cognitive mastery and children’s humor. Psychological Bulletin, 1972, 81, 721–730.(a)

    Google Scholar 

  • McGhee, P. E. Development of children’s ability to create a joking relationship. Child Development, 1974, 45, 552–556. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D. J., Cohen, L. B., & Hill, K. T. A methodological investigation of Piaget’s theory of object concept development in the sensory-motor period. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1970, 9, 59–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mischel, T. P. Cognitive conflict and the motivation of thought. In T. P. Mischel (Ed.), Cognitive development and epistomology. New York: Academic Press, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mischel, W. Personality and assessment. New York: Wiley, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, H. A. Methodological issues in studying mother-infant interactions. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1965, 35, 482–486.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, H. A. Sex, age and state as determinants of mother-infant interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 1967, 13, 19–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oster, H., & Ekman, P. Facial behavior in child development. In A. Collins (Ed.), Minnesota Symposium on Child Development, Vol. 11. New York: Thomas Crowell, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paradise, E., & Curcio, F. Relationship of cognitive and affective behavior to fear of strangers in male infants. Developmental Psychology, 1974, 10, 4, 476–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parisi, S., & Izard, C. E. Five-, seven-, and nine-month-old infants’ facial responses to twenty stimulus situations. Unpublished manuscript, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, F. A. Personal communication with R. N. Emde, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. The construction of reality in the child (1937). Translated by Margaret Cook. New York: Basic Books, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. The psychology of the child. New York: Basic Books, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinneau, S. R. A critique on the article by Margaret Ribble. Child Development, 1950, 21, 203–228.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinneau, S. R. The infantile disorders of hospitalism and anaclitic depression. Psychological Bulletin, 1955, 52, 429–452.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prechtl, H. F. The mother-child interaction in babies with minimal brain damage. In B, M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behavior, Vol. 2. New York: Wiley, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Provence, S., & Lipton, R. C. Infants in institutions: A comparison of their development with family-reared infants during the first year of life. New York: International Universities Press, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsay, D. S., & Campos, J. J. The Onset of representation and entry into stage 6 of object permanence development. Developmental Psychology, 1978, 14, 79 - 86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rheingold, H. L. The modification of social responsiveness in institutional babies. Monographs of Soc. Res. Child Development, 1956, 21, No. 63 (No. 2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenhan, D., Underwood, B., & Moore, B. S. Affect moderates self-gratification and altruism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1974, 30, 546–552.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothbart, M. K. Laughter in young children. Psychological Bulletin, 1973, 80, 247 - 256.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothbart, M. K. Development of a caretaker report temperament scale for use with 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month-old infants. Paper presented at SRCD meeting. New Orleans, March 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter M. Psychological development—Predictions from infancy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1970, 11, 49 - 62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sander, L. Regulation and organization in the early infant-caretaker system. In R. J. Robinson (Ed.), Brain and early behavior. London: Academic Press, 1969, pp. 311–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarr, S., & Salapatek, P. Patterns of fear development during infancy. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 1970, 16, 53–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, E. S., & Bayley, N. Maternal behavior, child behavior and their intercorrelations from infancy through adolescence. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1963,28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, H. R. The onset of fear of strangers and the incongruity hypothesis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1966, 7, 95–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, H. R. The growth of sociability. London: Penguin Books, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, H. R., & Emerson, P. E. The development of social attachments in infancy. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1964, 5 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, G. E., Fair, P. L., Salt, P. S., Mandel, M. R., & Klerman, J. L. Facial muscle patterning to affective imagery in depressed and non-depressed subjects. Science, 1976, 192, 489–491.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, M. The ability of observers to judge the emotional characteristics of the crying of infants, and of the voice of an adult. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 1927, 7, 335–351. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, M. The differentiation of emotional responses in infants: I. Judgments of emotional responses from motion picture views and from actual observations. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 1927, 7, 265–285. (b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, M. The differentiation of emotional responses in infants: III. A proposed theory of the development of emotional responses in infants. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 1928, 8, 385–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, R., & Izard, C. E. Emotion recognition in the severly mentally retarded. Unpublished manuscript, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siqueland, E. R. Biological and experiential determinants of exploration in infancy. Paper presented at the First National Biological Conference, Detroit, Michigan, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sostek, A. M., & Anders, T. Relationships among the Brazelton neonatal scale, Bayley infant scales, and early temperament. Child Development, 1977, 48, 320–323.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spitz, R. A. Hospitalism: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1945, 1, pp. 53–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spitz, R. A. Hospitalism: A follow-up report. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1946, 2, 113–117.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spitz, R. A. A genetic field theory of ego formation: Its implications for pathology. New York: International Universities Press, Inc. 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitz, R. A. The first year of life. New York: International Universities Press, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitz, R. A., & Wolf, K. M. The smiling response: A contribution to the ontogenesis of social relations. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 1946, 34, 57–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sroufe, L. A. Emotional expression in infancy. Unpublished manuscript, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sroufe, L. A., & Wunsch, J P. The development of laughter in the first year of life. Child Development, 1972, 45, 1326–1344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stayton, D. J., & Ainsworth, M. D. Individual differences in infant responses to brief everyday separation as related to other infant and maternal behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 1973, 9, 126–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stayton, D. J., Ainsworth, M. D., & Main, M. B. The development of separation behavior in the first year of life: Protest, following and greeting. Developmental Psychology, 1973, 8, 213–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stechler, G., & Carpenter, G. A viewpoint on early affective development. In J. Hellmuth (Ed.), The exceptional infant, Vol. 1. Seattle: Special Child Publications, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, D. Mother and infant at play: The dyadic interaction involving facial, vocal, and gaze behaviors. In M. Lewis and L. Rosenblum (Eds.), The effect of the infant on its caregiver. New York: Wiley, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, L. J., Smith, H. T., & Murphy, L. B. (Eds.), The competent infant. New York: Basic Books, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thoman, E. B. How a rejecting baby affects mother-infant synchrony. Parent-infant interaction. Amsterdam: CIBA Foundation, Associated Scientific Publishers, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, A., & Chess, S. Temperament and development. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, A., Chess, S., & Birch, H. G. Temperament and behavior disorders in children. New York: New York University Press, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, A., Chess, S., Birch, H, G., Hertzig, M. E., & Korn, S. Behavioral individuality in early childhood. New York: New York University Press, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, S. S. Affect, Imagery, consciousness, Vol. 1. The positive affects. New York; Springer,

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, S. S. Affect, imagery, consciousness, Vol. 2. The negative affects. New York: Springer, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  • Uzgiris, I. C., & Hunt, J. McV. An instrument for assessing infant psychological development. Mimeographed paper. Psychological Development Laboratory, University of Illinois, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wachs, T. D., Uzgiris, I. C., & Hunt, J. Mcv. Cognitive development in infants of different age levels and from different environmental backgrounds: An exploratory investigation. Merrill- Palmer Quarterly, 1971, 77, 283–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. S. Smiling, cooing, and ‘the game.’ Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 1972,18, 323 –340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, H . Lecture series No. 3: J. S. Bruner, Processes of Cognitive Growth: Infancy. Worcester, Mass.: Clark University Press with Barre Publishers, 1968, pp. 35–45, 56–58, 62–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, P. H. Observations on newborn infants. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1959, 27, 110–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, P. H. The natural history of crying and other vocalizations in early infancy. In B, M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of Infant Behavior, Vol. 4. London: Methuen, 1969, pp. 81–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarrow, L. J. Research in dimensions of early maternal care. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 1963, 9, 101–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarrow, L. J., Rubenstein, J. L., & Pedersen, F. A. Infant and environment: Early cognitive and motivational development. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarrow, L. J. Rubenstein, J. L., Pedersen, F. A., & Jankowski, J. J. Dimensions of early stimulation and their differential effects on infant development. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 4, 1971, Minneapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zigler, E. The retarded child as a whole person. In D. K. Routh (Ed.), The experimental study of mental retardation. Chicago: Aldine, 1973, pp. 231–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zigler, E., Levine, J., & Gould, L. Cognitive challenge as a factor in children’s humor appreciation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1967, 6, 332–336.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M., & Mellstrom, M., Jr. The contribution of persons, situations, modes of responses, and their interactions in self-reported responses to hypothetical and real anxiety- inducing situations. In D. Magnussen and N. S. Endler (Eds.), Personality at the crossroads: Current issues in interactional psychology. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Izard, C.E., Buechler, S. (1979). Emotion Expressions and Personality Integration in Infancy. In: Izard, C.E. (eds) Emotions in Personality and Psychopathology. Emotions, Personality, and Psychotherapy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2892-6_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2892-6_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-2894-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2892-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics