Skip to main content

Clinical and Histopathological Aspects of Premalignant Lesions

  • Chapter
Oral Oncology

Part of the book series: Developments in Oncology ((DION,volume 20))

Abstract

Carcinoma of the oral cavity may be associated with or preceded by lesions that carry a serious risk of malignant changes. These so-called precancerous lesions may precede the development of carcinoma by months or by years. The WHO has defined a precancerous lesion as “a morphologically altered tissue in which cancer is more likely to occur than in its apparently normal counterpart,” whereas a premalignant condition is defined as “a generalized state associated with a significantly increased risk of cancer” [1]. According to the present viewpoints, the following pathological lesions and conditions are considered premalignant: leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and submucous fibrosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Pindborg JJ. Oral Cancer and Precancer. Bristol: Wright & Sons, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Buchner A, Hansen LS. Pigmented nevi of the oral mucosa: A clinicopathologic study of 32 new cases and review of 75 cases from the literature. Part 1. Oral Surg (48): 131–142, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Buchner A, Hansen LS. Pigmented nevi of the oral mucosa: A clinicopathologic study of 32 new cases and review of 75 cases from the literature. Part 2. Oral Surg (49): 55–62, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Schwimmer E. A szájüreg és nyelv nyálkahártya némely ritka kóralakjáról. Orv Egyesület Evkönyve, 1877, 48 sz.

    Google Scholar 

  5. WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Precancerous Lesions. Definition of leukoplakia and related lesions: An aid to studies on oral precancer. Oral Surg (46): 518–539, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Atkinson L, Chester IC, Smith FG, Ten Seldam REJ. Oral cancer in New Guinea. A study in demography and etiology. Cancer (17): 1289–1298, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Pindborg JJ, Joist O, Renstrup G, Roed-Petersen B. Studies in oral leukoplakia: A preliminary report on the prevalence of malignant transformation in leukoplakia based on a follow-up study of 248 patients. J Amer Dent Ass (76): 767–771, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Wahi PN, Mitai VP. Epidemiological study of precancerous lesions of the oral cavity: A preliminary report. Indian J Med Res (58): 1361–1391, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bruszt P. Stomato-onkologische Reihenuntersuchungen in sieben Gemeinden Südungarns. Schw Mschr Zahnheilk (72): 758–766, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Axéll T. A preliminary report on prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in a Swedish population. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol (3): 143–145, 1975.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gerry RG, Smith ST, Calton ML. The oral characteristics of Guamanians including the effects of betel chewing on the oral tissues. Oral Surg (5): 762–781, 1952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Mehta F, Sanjana MK, Shroff BC, Doctor RHC. Incidence of leukoplakia among “pan” (betal leaf) chewers and “bidi” smokers: A study of a sample survey. Indian J Med Res (49): 393–398, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Pindborg JJ, Kalapessi HK, Kale SA, Singh B, Talverkhan B. Frequency of oral leukoplakias and related conditions among 10,000 Bombayites. J All India Dent Ass (37): 1–2, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Pindborg JJ, Chawla TN, Misra RK, Nagpaul RK, Gupta P. Frequency of oral carcinoma, leukoplakia, leukoedema, leukokeratosis, submucous fibrosis and lichen planus in 10,000 Indians in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. J Dent Res (44): 615–618, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Pindborg JJ, Rhatt M, Devanath KR, Narayana HR, Ramachandra S. Frequency of oral white lesions among 10,000 individuals in Bangalore, South India. Indian J Med Sci (20): 349–352, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Zachariah J, Matthew B, Varma NAR, Iqbal AM, Pindborg JJ. Frequency of oral mucosal lesions among 5,000 individuals in Trivandrum, South India. J All India Dent Ass (38): 290–294, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Pindborg JJ, Barmes OD, Roed-Petersen B. Epidemiology and leukoedema among Papuans and New Guineans. Cancer (22): 379–384, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bánóczy J, Radnai T, Reményi I. Módszertani tapasztalataink Dunakeszi és Felsógöd lakos-ságán végzett stomato-onkológiai szüróvizsgálatok alapján. Fogorv Szle (62): 118–122, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Mehta F, Pindborg JJ, Gupta PC, Daftary DK. Epidemiologic and histologic study of oral cancer and leukoplakia among 50,915 villagers in India. Cancer (24): 832–849, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Gangadarhan P, Paymaster JC. Leukoplakia, an epidemiologic study of 1504 cases observed at the Tata Memorial Hospital, Bombay, India. Brit J Cancer (25): 657–668, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Sonkodi I, Tóth K. Szegedi textilipari munkások stomato-onkológiai vizsgálata. Fogorv Szle (67): 165–169, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Silverman S, Bhargava K, Mani N, Smith LW, Malaowalla MA. Malignant transformation and natural history of oral leukoplakia in 57,518 industrial workers of Gujaret, India. Cancer (38): 1790–1795, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Wilsch L, Hornstein OP, Brüning H, Schwipper V, Lösel F, Schönberger A, Gunselmann W, Prestele H. Orale Leukoplakien II. Ergebnisse einer 1 jährigen poliklinischen Pilotstudie. Dtsch zahnärztl Zschr (33): 132–142, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Silverman S, Rozen RD. Observations on the clinical characteristics and natural history of oral leukoplakia. J Amer Dent Ass (76): 772–776, 1968.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Roed-Petersen B. Cancer development in oral leukoplakia. Follow-up of 331 patients. J Dent Res (50): 711–716, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Mela F, Mongini F. La terapie della lesioni leucoplasiche del cavo orale (In base di resultati di uno studio su 141 casi controllati a distanza dall’ intervento). Minerva Stomat (15): 804–811, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Bánóczy J: Follow-up studies in oral leukoplakia. J. Max.-Fac. Surg. (5): 69–75, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Baric JM, Alman JE, Feldman RS, Chauncey HH. Influence of cigarette, pipe, and cigar smoking, removable partial dentures, and age on oral leukoplakia. Oral Surg (54): 424–429, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Roed-Petersen B, Gupta PC, Pindborg JJ, Singh B. Association between oral leukoplakia and sex, age and tobacco habits. Bull Wld Hlth Org (47): 13–19, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Mehta S, Daftary DK, Shroff BC, Sanghvi LD. Clinical and histologic study of oral leukoplakia in relation to habits. A five-year follow-up. Oral Surg (28): 372–388, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Pindborg JJ, Roed-Petersen B, Renstrup G. Role of smoking in floor of the mouth leukoplakias. J. Oral Path (1): 22–29, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Lain E. Electrogalvanic lesions of the oral cavity produced by metallic dentures. J Amer Dent Ass (100): 717–723, 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Ullmann K. Leukoplakia caused by electrogalvanic current generated on the oral cavity. Wien klin Wschr (45): 840–852, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Bánóczy J, Roed-Petersen B, Pindborg JJ, Inovay J. Clinical and histologic studies on electrogalvanically induced oral white lesions. Oral Surg (48): 319–323, 1979.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Jepsen A, Winther JE. Mycotic infection in oral leukoplakia. Acta Odont Scand (23): 239–256, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Daftary DK, Mehta FS, Gupta PC, Pindborg JJ. The prevalence of Candida in 723 oral leukoplakias among Indian villagers. Scand J Dent Res (80): 75–79, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Restrup G. Occurrence of Candida in oral leukoplakias. Acta Path Microbiol Scand B (78): 421–424, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Burkhardt A, Seifert G. Morphologische Klassifikation der oralen Leukoplakien. Dtsch Med Wschr (102): 223–229, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Burkhardt A. Der Mundhöhlenkrebs und seine Vorstadien, G. Fischer. New York: Stuttgart, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Bánóczy J, Sugár L. Progressive and regressive changes in Hungarian oral leukoplakias in the course of longitudinal studies. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol (3): 194–197, 1975.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Clemmesen J. Statistical Studies in the Etiology of Malignant Neoplasms. København: Munksgaard, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Roed-Petersen B, Renstrup G. A topographical classification of the oral mucosa suitable for electronic data processing (its application to 560 leukoplakias). Acta Odont Scand (27): 681–695, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. World Health Organization. Oral Mucosa Manual, Geneva, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Mehta FS, Pindborg JJ, Hamner JE. Oral Cancer and Precancerous Conditions in India. København: Munksgaard, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Hornstein OP. Leukoplakien der Mundschleimhaut. Zlbl Haut u Geschlechtskrank. (139): 1–18, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Hornstein OP. Orale Leukoplakien I. Klassifikation, Differentialdiagnose, Atiologische Bedingungen der Kanzerisierung, Prognose. Dtsch zahnärztl Z (32): 497–505, 1977/b.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Sugár L, Bánóczy J. Vizsgálatok a szájnyálkahártya praecancerosisairól. Fogorv Szle (50): 347–353, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Sugár L, Bánóczy J. Untersuchungen bei Präkanzerose der Mundschleimhaut. Dtsch. Zahn-, Mund-Kieferheilk (30): 132–140, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Pindborg JJ, Renstrup G, Poulsen HE, Silverman S. Studies in oral leukoplakias: V. Clinical and histological signs of malignancy. Acta Odont Scand (21): 407–414, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Fischman SL, Ulmansky M, Sela J, Bab I, Gazit D. Correlative clinico-pathological evaluation of oral premalignancy. J Oral Pathol (11): 283–289, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Fasske E, Hahn W, Morgenroth K, Themann H. Die Leukoplakie der menschlichen Mundschleimhaut. Mitteilungsdienst (2): 7–24, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Popescu V, Sturza M. Stomatoscopy in the early diagnosis of buccal cancer. Int Dent J (18): 694–707, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Sigurdson A. Metodundersökninger vid oral slemmhimmediagnostik. Thesis, Stockholm, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Papanicolaou G, Traut W. Diagnosis of urterine cancer by the vaginal smear. New York, Commonwealth Fund, 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Bánóczy J. Exfoliative cytologic examinations in the early diagnosis of oral cancer. Int Dent J (26): 398–404, 1976.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Mehta FS, Daftary DK, Sahiar BE. A correlative histocytological study of epithelial atypia in leukoplakia and submucous fibrosis lesions amongst Indian villagers in a mass screening programme. Indian J Cancer (7): 18–25, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Dabelsteen E, Roed-Petersen B, Smith J, Pindborg JJ. The limitation of exfoliative cytology for the detection of epithelial atypia in oral leukoplakias. Brit J Cancer (25): 21–24, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Bánóczy J, Rigó O. Comparative cytologic and histologic studies in oral leukoplakia. Acta Cytol (20): 308–312, 1976.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Bánóczy J. Exfoliative cytological changes in oral leukoplakias. J Dent Res (48): 17–21, 1969.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Silverman J, Galante M. Oral Cancer. San Francisco: University of California, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Shafer WG, Waldron CA. A clinical and histopathological study of oral leukoplakia. Surg/ Gynecol Obstetr (112): 411–420, 1961.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Waldron CA, Shafer WG. Leukoplakia revisited. A clinicopathologic study 3256 oral leukoplakias. Cancer (36): 1386–1392, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Grässel-Pietrusky R, Hornstein OP. Histologische Klassifikation oraler Präkanzerosen. Dtsch A Mund-Kiefer-Gesichts-Chir (6): 343–351, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Kramer IRH, Lucas RB, El-Labban N, Lister L. A computer-aided study on the tissue changes in oral keratoses and lichen planus, and an analysis of cases grouping by subjective and objective criteria. Brit J Cancer (24): 407–426, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kramer IRH, Lucas RB, El-Labban N, Lister L. The use of discriminant analysis for examining the histological features of oral keratoses and lichen planus. Brit J Cancer (24): 673–686, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kramer IRH. Precancerous conditions of the oral mucosa. Annals R Coll Surg England (45): 3–19, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  67. El-Labban N, Lucas RB, Kramer IRH. The mitotic values for the epithelium in oral keratoses and lichen planus. Brit J Cancer (25): 411–416, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kramer IRH, El-Labban N, Sonkodi S. Further studies on lesions of the oral mucosa using computer-aided analyses of histological features. Brit J Cancer (29): 223–231, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Bánóczy J, Csiba A. Comparative study of the clinical picture and histopathologic structure of oral leukoplakia. Cancer (29): 1230–1234, 1972.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Bánóczy J, Csiba A. Occurrence of epithelial dysplasia in oral leukoplakia. Oral Surg (42): 766–774, 1976.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Haim G. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen pathologischer Verhornungsvorgänge im Epithel der Schleimhaut. Stoma (17): 292–308, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Silverman J. Ultrastructure studies of oral mucosa. I. Comparison of normal and hyper-keratotic human buccal epithelium. J Dent Res (46): 1433–1443, 1967.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Frithiof L. Ultrastructure of the basement membrane in normal and hyperplastic human oral epithelium compared with that in preinvasive and invasive carcinoma. Acta Path et Microb Skand (200): 1–63, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Frithiof L. Ultrastructural changes in the plasma membrane in human oral epithelium. J Ultrastruct Res (32): 1–17, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Frithiof L. Electron microscopic observations on structures related to the epithelial basement membranes in squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Otolaryng (73): 323–334, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Schenk P. Die ultrastrukturelle Morphologie normalen und pathologischen oralen Epithelien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von dysplastischen und dyskeratotischen Veränderungen, Carcinoma in situ und invasivem Carcinoma. Thesis, Stockholm, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Bánóczy J, JuhászJ, Albrecht M. Ultrastructure of different clinical forms of oral leukoplakia. J Oral Pathol (9): 41–53, 1980.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Morgenroth K, Morgenroth Kjr. Untersuchungen von Mundschleimhautveränderungen mit dem Rasterelektronenmikroskop. Acta meditechn (18): 18–23, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Morganroth K, Morgenroth Kjr. Vergleichende stomatoskopische und rasterelektronenmik-roskopische Untersuchungen von Mundschleimhautveränderungen. Dtsch Zahnärztl Zschr (25): 199–207, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Matsumoto Y, Uchida T, Maruya M, Tokita M, Seto K, Watanabe Y. Scanning electron microscopic study of the human oral mucosa. J Dent Res (55): D. 176, 28, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Bánóczy J, Lapis K, Albrecht M. Scanning electron microscopic study of oral leukoplakia. J Oral Pathol (9): 145–154, 1980.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Frykholm O, Frithiof L, Fernström B, Moberger G, Blom S, Björn E. Allergy to copper derived from dental alloys as a possible cause of oral lesions of lichen planus. Acta derm venereol (49): 268–281, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Kövesi G, Bánóczy J. Follow-up studies in oral lichen planus. Int J Oral Surg (2): 13–19, 1973.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Lauffer J, Kuffer R. Le Lichen Plan Buccal. Paris: Masson et Cie, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Frithiof L, Bánóczy J. Ultrastructural observations in leukoedema exfoliativum mucosae oris (white sponge nevus). Oral Surg (41): 607–622, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Bánóczy J, Sugár L, Frithiof L. White sponge nevus: Leukoedema exfoliativum mucosae oris. Swed Dent J (66): 481–493, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Skach M, Svoboda O, Kubát K. Prisperich k problému leukoplakia. Acta Univ Carol Sect Med Suppl (10): 363–371, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Einhorn J, Wersäll J. Incidence of oral carcinoma in patients with leukoplakia of the oral mucosa. Cancer (20): 2189–2193, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Pindborg JJ, Mehta FS, Daftary DK. Incidence of oral cancer among 30,000 villagers in India in a 7-year follow-up study of oral precancerous lesions. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol (3): 86–88, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Pindborg JJ. Oral Cancer from an international point of view. J Canad Dent Ass (31): 219–226, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Mehta FS, Pindborg JJ. Spontaneous regression of oral leukoplakias among Indian villagers in a 5-year follow-up study. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol (2): 80–84, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Maerker R, Burkhardt A. Klinik oraler Leukoplakien und Präkanzerosen. Retrospektive Studie an 200 Patienten. Dtsch Z Mund-Kiefer-Gesichts-Chir (2): 206–220, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Pindborg JJ. Epidemiological studies of oral cancer. Intern Dent J (27): 172–178, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Roed-Petersen B, Renstrup G, Pinborg JJ. Candida in oral leukoplakia. Scand J Dent Res (78): 323–328, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Kramer IRH, El-Labban NG, Lee KW. The clinical features and risk of malignant transformation in sublingual keratosis. Brit Dent J (144): 171–180, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Roed-Petersen B, Bánóczy J, Pindborg JJ: Smoking habits and histological characteristics of oral leukoplakias in Denmark and Hungary. Brit J Cancer (28): 575–579, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Cawson RA. Premalignant lesions in the mouth. Brit Med Bull (31): 164–168, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Queyrat L. Erythroplasie du gland. Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr (22): 378–382, 1911.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Shafer WG, Waldron CA. Erythroplakia of the oral cavity. Cancer (36): 1021–1028, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Shear M. Erythroplakia of the mouth. Int Dent J (22): 460–473, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Mashberg A. Erythroplasia—Earliest sign of asymptomatic oral cancer. J Am Dent Ass (96): 615–620, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Shafer WG. Oral carcinoma in situ. Oral Surg (39): 227–238, 1975.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Laskaris G, Bovopoulou O, Nicolis G. Oral submucous fibrosis in a Greek female. Br J Oral Surg (19): 197–201, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Pindborg JJ. Is submucous fibrosis a precancerous condition on the oral cavity? Intern Dent J (22): 474–480, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Wahi PN, Kapur NL, Luthra KU, Srivastava MC. Submucous fibrosis of the oral cavity: 1. Clinical features. Bull Wld Hlth Org (35): 789–792, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Paymaster JC. Cancer of the buccal mucosa; a clinical study of 650 cases in Indian patients. Cancer (37): 431–435, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Bánóczy J. Oral Leukoplakia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, Boston

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bánóczy, J. (1984). Clinical and Histopathological Aspects of Premalignant Lesions. In: van der Waal, I., Snow, G.B. (eds) Oral Oncology. Developments in Oncology, vol 20. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2845-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2845-2_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9796-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2845-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics