Abstract
When a valence electron of an atom is excited into an orbit with sufficiently high principal quantum number n and therefore far from the ionic core, the properties of the atom appear hydrogenic. The energy of these highly excited levels is given by the Rydberg formula, and so the states are also called Rydberg states. The phenomenological quantum defect δ ℓ depends on the angular momentum ℓ. For states of low ℓ, where the orbits of the classical Bohr-Sommerfeld theory are ellipses of high eccentricity, the penetration and polarization of the electron core by the valence electron lead to large quantum defects and strong departures from the hydrogenic behaviour. As ℓ increases, the orbits become more circular and the atom becomes more hydrogenic, δ;ℓ changing with δ;-5.
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Walther, H. (1984). Radiation Interaction of Rydberg Atoms. In: Barut, A.O. (eds) Quantum Electrodynamics and Quantum Optics. NATO ASI Series, vol 110. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2783-7_15
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2783-7_15
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