Abstract
Investigation of the mutagenicity of body fluids constitutes a valuable source of information to elucidate the fate of genotoxic chemicals in the body and to reveal the exposure to such chemicals. The biotransformation and transport of chemicals in body fluids can be studied experimentally by perfusion systems. In vitro perfusion of rat liver, combined with Salmonella or mammalian cells as indicator systems for mutagenicity, has been a useful device to study the activation of promutagens by an intact liver and the excretion of metabolites via the bile. The in vivo exposure of experimental animals and humans to genotoxic chemicals can be investigated by means of mutagenicity studies of body fluid samples. The predominant and most useful material for such studies has been urine samples, combined with bacterial tests for mutagenicity. Concentration of urine by means of non polar resins, the addition of β-glucuronid- ase for splitting conjugates and the use of fluctuation test with bacteria have increased the sensitivity and the application of these urine assays.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
L. Ehrenberg and S. Osterman-Golkar, Alkylation of macromolecules for detecting mutagenic agents, Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis, 1:105–127 (1980).
S. Jensen, Alkylation of hemoglobin for monitoring dose of genotoxic exposure, This symposium (1982).
M. G. Garbridge and M. S. Legator, A host-mediated microbial assay for the detection of mutagenic compounds, Proc. Soc. Biol Med., 130:831–834 (1969).
D. Jenssen, B. Beije, and C. Ramel, Mutagenicity testing on Chinese hamster V79 cells treated in thein vitroliver perfusion system, Comparative investigation of differentin vitrometabolizing systems with dimethylnitrosamine and benzo(a)- pyrene, Chem.-Biol. Interactions, 27:27–39 (1979).
B. Beije, D. Jenssen, E. Arrhenius, and M.-A. Zetterqvist, Isolated liver perfusion — a tool in mutagenicity testing for the evaluation of carcinogens, Chem.-Biol. Interactions, 27:41–57 (1979).
U. Rannug and B. Beije, The mutagenic effect of 1,2-dichloro- ethane onSalmonella typhimurium, II. Activation by the isolated perfused rat liver, Chem-Biol. Interactions, 24:265–285 (1979) .
U. Rannug, A. Sundvall, and C. Ramel, The mutagenic effect of 1,2-dichloroethane onSalmonella typhimurium, I. Activation through conjugation with glutathione in vitro, Chem.-Biol. Interactions, 20:1–16 (1978).
B. Beije and D. Jenssen, Investigation of styrene in the liver perfusion/cell culture system, No indication of styrene-7,8- oxide as the principal mutagenic metabolite produced by the intact rat liver, Chem.-Biol. Interactions, 39:57–76 (1982).
W. E. Durston and B. N.Ames, A single method for the detection of mutagens in urine: Studies with the carcinogen 2- acetyl-aminofluorene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 71:737–741 (1974).
M. S. Legator, L. Truong, and T. H. Connor, Analysis of body fluids including alkylation of macromolecules for detection of mutagenic agents, in: Chemical Mutagens, Principles, and Methods for Their Detection (A. Hollaender, ed.), Vol. 5, 1–23 (1980) .
V. Minnich, M. E. Smith, D. Thompson, and S. Kornfield, Detection of mutagenic activity in human urine using mutant strains ofSalmonella typhimurium, Cancer, 38:1253–1258 (1976).
D. Siebert, A new method for testing genetically active metabolites: Urinary assay with cyclophosphamide (Endoxan, Cytoxan) andSaccharomyces cerevisiae, Mutation Res., 17:307–314 (1973).
D. Siebert and U. Simon, Cyclophosphamide: Pilot study of genetically active metabolites in the urine of a treated human patient. Induction of mitotic gene conversions in yeast, Muta¬tion Res., 19: 65–72 (1973).
D. Siebert and U. Simon, Genetic activity of metabolites in the ascitic fluid and in the urine of a human patient treated with cyclophosphamide: Induction of mitotic gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mutation Res., 21:257–264 (1973).
E. Yamasaki and B. N. Ames, Concentration of mutagens from urine by adsorbtion with the nonpolar resin XAD-2: Cigarette smokers have mutagenic urine, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 74:3555–3559 (1977).
R. M. Putzrath, D. Langley, and E. Eisenstadt, Analysis of mutagenic activity in cigarette smokers urine by high performance liquid chromatography, Mutation Res., 85:97–108 (1981).
D. J. Killian, T. O. Pullin, T. H. Connor, and M. S. Legator, Mutagenicity of epichlorohydrin in the bacterial assay system: Evaluation by directin vitroactivity andin vivoactivity of urine from exposed humans and mice, Abstr. 8th Ann. Meeting of the Environmental Mutagen Soc., Aa-12 (1977)
M. H. L. Green, B. A. Bridges, A. M. Rogers, O. Horspool, W. J. Muriel, J. W. Bridges, and J. R. Fry, Mutagen screening by a simplified bacterial fluctuation test: Use of microsomal preparations and whole liver cells for metabolic activation, Mutation Res., 48:287–294 (1977).
K. Falck, P. Grohn, M. Sorsa, H. Vainio, E. Heinonen, and L. Holsti, Mutagenicity in urine of nurses handling cytostatic drugs, Lancet, 1250–1251 (1979).
R. R. Monson and L. J. Fine, Cancer mortality and morbidity among rubber workers, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 61:1047–1053 (1978).
B. Holberg, B. Sjöström, and S. Olsson, A toxicological survey of chemicals used in the Swedish rubber industry, Investigation Report, 1977:19. National Board of Occupational Safety and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (1977).
M. Sorsa, J. Maki-Paakkanen, and H. Vainio, Identification of mutagen exposures in the rubber industry by the sisterm chromatid exchange method, Cytogenet, and Cell Genetics, 33:68–73 (1982).
K. Falck, M. Sorsa, and H. Vainio, Mutagenicity in urine of workers in rubber industry, Mutation Res., 79:45– 52 (1980).
M. Sorsa, K. Falck, and H. Vainio, Detection of worker exposure to mutagens in the rubber industry by the use of the urinary mutagenicity assay, in: Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Environmental Mutagens, Tokyo (T. Sugimura, S. Kondo, H. Takebe, eds.), 323–329 (1982).
R. van Doom, C. M. Leidekkers, R. P. Bos, R. M. E. Brouns, and P. T. Henderson, Detection of human exposure to electro- philic compounds by assay of thioether detoxication products in urine, Ann. Occup. Hyg., 24:77–92 (1981).
H. Vainio, H. Savolainen, and I. Kilpikari, Urinary thioether of employees of a chemical plant, Brit. J. Industrial Med., 35: 232–234 (1978).
A. Hedenstedt, U. Rannug, C. Ramel, and C. A. Wachtmeister, Mutagenicity and metabolism studies on 12 thiuram and dithio- carbamate compounds used as accelerators in the Swedish rubber industry, Mutation Res., 68:313–325 (1979).
A. Hedenstedt, C. Ramel, and C. A. Wachtmeister, Mutagenicity of rubber vulcanization gases inSalmonella typhimurium, J. Toxicol, and Environm. Health, 8:805–814 (1981).
A. Hedenstedt-Rannug and C. Ostman, Application of mutagenicity test for detection and some assessment of genotoxic agents in the rubber work atmosphere, in: Short-Term Bioassays in the Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures (M. D. Waters, S. S. Sandhu, Y. Lewtas, L. Claxton, N. Chernoff, eds.), Plenum Press, 541–553 (1983).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ramel, C. (1984). Short Term Tests on Body Fluids. In: de Serres, F.J., Pero, R.W. (eds) Individual Susceptibility to Genotoxic Agents in the Human Population. Environmental Science Research, vol 30. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2765-3_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2765-3_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9709-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2765-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive