Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evolution of Eyes and Photoreceptor Organelles in the Lower Phyla

  • Chapter
Photoreception and Vision in Invertebrates

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((NSSA,volume 74))

Abstract

How could such a complex organ as the vertebrate eye have evolved by natural selection of numerous, successive, slight modifications? Charles Darwin posed this question but could not answer it satisfactorily because of the rather limited knowledge of invertebrate eyes in his day.

The eye altering alters all. William Blake, The Mental Traveller, 1800.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bannister, L.H. (1965) The fine structure of the olfactory surface of teleostean fishes. Quart. J. Microsc. Sci. 106: 333–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannister, L.H. (1968) Fine structure of the sensory endings in the vomero-nasal organ of the slow-worm Anguis fragilis. Nature (Lond) 217: 275–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedini, C., Ferrero E., Lanfranchi, A. (1977) Fine structural changes induced by circadian light-dark changes in photoreceptors of Dalyelliidae ( Turbellaria: Rhabdocoela). J Ultrastruct Res. 58: 66–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Besharse, J.C., Pfenninger, K.H. (1980) Membrane assembly in retinal photoreceptors. 1. Freeze-fracture analysis of cytoplasmic vesicles in relationship to disc assembly. J Cell Biol. 87: 451–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blest, A.D. (1978) The rapid synthesis and destruction of photoreceptor membrane by a dinopid spider: a daily cycle. Proc Roy Soc Lond. B 200: 463–483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bok, D., Hall, M.O., O’Brien, P. (1977) The biosynthesis of rhodopsin as studied by membrane renewal in rod outer segments. In: International Cell Biology 1976-1977. Ed. B.R. Brinkley., K.R. Porter. New York, Rockefeller Univ. Press, p. 608–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollerup, G., Burr, A.H. (1979) Eyespot and other pigments in nematode esophageal muscle cells. Can J Zool. 57: 1057–1069.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boschek, C.B., Hamdorf, K. (1976). Rhodopsin particles in the photoreceptor membrane of an insect. Z. Naturforsch. 31c: 763 and facing plate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandenburger, J.L., Eakin, R.M. (1970) Pathway of incorporation of vitamin A H2 into photoreceptors of a snail Helix aspersa. Vision Res. 10: 639–653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandenburger, J.L., Eakin, R.M., Reed, C.T. (1976) Effects of light- and dark-adaptation on the photic microvilli and photic vesicles of the pulmonate snail Helix aspersa. Vision Res. 16: 1205–1210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandenburger, J.L., Woollacott, R.M., Eakin, R.M. (1973) Fine structure of eyespots in tornarían larvae ( Phylum: Hemichordata). Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat. 142: 89–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Britten, R.J., Davidson, E.H. (1969) Gene regulation for higher cells: a theory. Science 165: 349–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Britten, R.J., Davidson, E.H. (1971) Repetitive and non-repetitive DNA sequences and a speculation on the origins of evolutionary novelty. Quart Rev Biol. 46: 111–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, H.M., Ito, H., Ogden, T.E. (1968) Spectral sensitivity of the planarian ocellus. J Gen Physiol. 51: 255–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burr, A.H. (1979) Analysis of phototaxis in nematodes using directional statistics. J Compar Physiol. 134: 85–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burr, A.H. (1983) Photomovement behavior in simple invertebrates (This volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burr, A.H., Burr, C. (1975) The amphid of the nematode Oncholaimus vesicarlus: Ultrastructural evidence for a dual function as a chemoreceptor and photoreceptor. J Ultrastruct Res. 51: 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burr, A.H., Schiefke, R., Bollerup, G. (1975) Properties of a hemoglobin from the chromatrope of the nematode Mermis nigrescens. Biochim Biophys Acta. 405: 404–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burr, A.H., Webster, J.M. (1971) Morphology of the eyespot and description of two pigment granules in the esophageal muscle of a marine nematode, Oncholaimus vesicarius. J Ultrastruct Res. 36: 621–632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, K.S., Morita, M., Best, J.B. (1974a) Ultra- structure of the photoreceptor of the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala. I Normal eye Cell Tissue Res. 148: 143–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, K.S., Morita, M., Best, J.B. (1974b) Ultra-structure of the photoreceptor of the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala. II. Changes induced by darkness and light Cytobiol. 8: 320–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherry, R.J. (1979) Rotational and lateral diffusion of membrane proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 559: 289–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A.W., Millecchia, R., Mauro, A. (1969) The ventral photoreceptor cells of Limulus. I. The microanatomy. J Gen Physiol. 54: 289–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clement, P. (1980) Phylogenetic relationships of rotifers, as derived from photoreceptor morphology and ultrastructural analyses. Hydrobiol. 73: 93–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clement, P., Wurdak, E. (1983) Photoreceptors and photoreception in rotifers (This volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, N.A. (1926) The species of Mermis. J Parasitol. 13: 66–72 and Plate II.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, N.A. (1929) The chromatropism of Mermis subnigrescens, a nemic parasite of grasshoppers. J Wash Acad Sci. 19: 159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coomans, A. (1981) Phylogenetic implications of the photoreceptor structure. In: Origine dei Grandi Phyla dei Metazoi. Rome, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, p. 23–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Couillard, P. (1983) Photoreception in Protozoa, an overview (This volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Croll, N.A. (1966) A contribution to the light sensitivity of the “chromatrope” of Mermis subnigrescens. J Helminthol. 40: 33–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croll, N.A., Evans, A.A.F., Smith, J.M. (1975) Comparative nematode photoreceptors. Comp Biochem Physiol. 51A: 139–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croll, N.A., Riding, I.L., Smith, J.M. (1972) A nematode photoreceptor. Comp Biochem Physiol. 42A: 999–1009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darnell, J.E. (1982) Variety in the level of gene control in eukaryotic cells. Nature (Lond.) 297: 365–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C. (1859) On the Origin of Species. London, John Murray (Facsimile of First Edition: Cambridge, Harvard Univ. Press, 1966 ), p. 186–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, E.H., Britten, R.J. (1979) Regulation of gene expression: possible role of repetitive sequences. Science 204: 1052–1059.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, E.H., Galau, G.A., Angerer, R.C., Britten, R.J. (1975) Comparative aspects of DNA organization in Metazoa. Chromosoma (Berl.) 51: 253–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, E.H., Klein, W.H., Britten, R.J. (1977) Sequence organization in animal DNA and a speculation on hnRNA as a coordinate regulatory transcript. Devel Biol. 55: 69–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dentler, W.L. (1981) Microtubule-membrane interactions in cilia and flagella. Int. Rev Cytol. 72: 1–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dover, G. (1982) Molecular drive: a cohesive mode of species evolution. Nature 299: 111–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eakin, R.M. (1963) Lines of evolution of photoreceptors. In: General Physiology of Cell Specialization. Ed. D. Mazia & A. Tyler. New York, McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eakin, R.M. (1972) Structure of invertebrate photoreceptors. In: Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. VII/1. Ed. H.J.A. Dartnall. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 625–684.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eakin, R.M. (1979) Evolutionary significance of photoreceptors: In retrospect. Amer Zool. 19: 647–653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eakin, R.M. (1982) Continuity and diversity in photoreceptors In: Visual Cells in Evolution. Ed. J.A. Westfall. New York, Raven Press, p. 91–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eakin, R.M., Brandenberger, J.L. (1979) Effects of light on ocelli of seastars. Zoomorphol. 92: 191–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eakin, R.M., Brandenburger, J.L. (1981) Unique eye of probable evolutionary significance. Science 211: 1189–1190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eakin, R.M., Westfall, J.A. (1962) Fine structure of the photoreceptors in the hydromedusan Polyorchis penicillatus. Proc Nat Acad Sei US. 48: 826–833.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckert, R., Brehm, P. (1979) Ionic mechanisms of excitation in Paramecium. Ann. Rev Biophys Bioeng. 8: 353–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eguchi, E. (1965) Rhabdom structure and receptor potentials in single crayfish retinular cells. J. Cell Comp Physiol, 66: 411–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eguchi, E., Waterman, T.H. (1976) Freeze-etch and histochemical evidence for cycling in crayfish photoreceptor membranes. Cell Tissue Res. 169: 419–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellenby, C. (1964) Hemoglobin in the “chromatrope” of an insect parasite nematode. Nature (Lond.) 202: 615 histochemical evidence for cycling in crayfish photoreceptor membranes. Cell Tissue Res. 169: 419–434. 616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellenby, C., Smith, L. (1966) Hemoglobin in a marine nematode. Nature (Lond.) 210: 1372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faure-Fremiet, E. (1961) Cils vibrátiles et flagelles. Biol Rev 36: 464–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faure-Fremiet, E., Rouiller, C. (1957) Le flagelle interne d’une Chrysomonadale: Chromulina psammobiá. Comptes Rend. Acad Sci Fr. 244: 2655–2657.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fein, A., Szuts, E.Z. (1982) Photoreceptors: Their Role in Vision. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 104–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernández, H.R., Nickel, E.E. (1976) Ultrastructural and molecular characteristics of crayfish photoreceptor membranes. J. Cell Biol, 69: 721–732.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, K.W., Smyth, R.D. (1980) Light antennas in phototactic algae. Microbiol. Rev. 44: 572–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fournier, A. (1983) Photoreceptors and photosensitivity in Platyhelminthes (This volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Galau, G.A., Chamberlin, M.E., Hough, B.R., Britten, R.J., Davidson, E.H. (1976) Evolution of repetitive and nonrepetitive DNA. In: Molecular Evolution. Ed. F.J. Ayala. Sunderland, Mass., Sinauer Assoc., Inc, p. 200–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith, T.H., Wehner, R. (1977) Restrictions on rotational and translational diffusion of pigment in the membranes of a rhabdomeric photoreceptor. J. Gen Physiol, 70: 453–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorman, A.L.F., McReynolds, J.S. (1978) Ionic effects on the membrane potential of hyperpolarizing photoreceptors in scallop retina. J. Physiol, 275: 345–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorman, A.L.F., McReynolds, J.S., Barnes, S.N. (1971) Photoreceptors in primitive chordates: fine structure, hyperpolarizing receptor potentials, and evolution. Science 172: 1052–1054.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouras, P., Zrenner, E. (1979) The blue sensitive cone system. Exerpta Medica Int Cong Ser 450: 379–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, C.R., Bergquist, P.R. (1982) Phylogenetic relationships within the invertebrata in relation to the structure of septate junctions and the development of “occluding” junctional types. J Cell Sci 53: 279–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hermans, C.O., Eakin, R.M. (1969) Fine structure of the cerebral ocelli of a sipunculid, Phascolosoma agassizii. Z Zellforsch 100: 325–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand, E. (1978) Bacterial phototaxis. In: Taxis and Behavior. Ed. G.L. Hazelbauer. London, Chapman and Hall, p. 35–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holtzman, E., Mercurio, A.M. (1980) Membrane circulation in neurons and photoreceptors: some unresolved issues. Int Rev Cytol 67: 1–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hope, W.D. (1967) Free-living marine nematodes of the genera Pseudocella Filipjev, 1927, Thorocostoma Marion, 1980, and Deontostoma Filipjev, 1916 ( Nematoda: Leptosomatidae) from the west coast of North America. Trans Amer Microsc Soc 86: 307–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, R.L., Woollacott, R.M. (1980) Photoreceptors of bryozoan larvae ( Cheilostomata, Cellularoidea). Zool Scripta 9: 129–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffreys, A.J. (1982) Evolution of globin genes. In: Genome Evolution. Ed. G.A. Dover XXX R.B. Flavell. London, Academic Press, p. 157–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerjaschki, D., Hörandner, H. (1976) The development of mouse olfactory vesicles and their cell contacts: a freeze-etching study. J. Ultrastruct Res, 54: 420–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kikuchi, M., Aoki, K. (1982) The photoreceptor cell in the pineal organ of the Japanese common newt. Experentia 38: 1450–1451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Land, M.F. (1981) Optics and vision in invertebrates. In: Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. VII/6B. Ed. H. Autrum. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 471–592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Land, M.F. (1983a) Mollusca. (This volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Land, M.F. (1983b) Crustacea. (This volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Laskey, R.A. (1979) Biochemical processes in early development. In: Companion to Biochemistry, Vol 2. Ed. A.T. Bull, J.R. Lagnado., J.O. Thomas. London, Longman Group Ltd., p. 137–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, B. (1980) Gene Expression, Vol. 2, 2nd Edition. New York, Wiley., Sons, p. 949–957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. A., Hodgkin, J. A. (1977) Specific neuroanatomical changes in chemosensory mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. J Comp Neurol, 172: 489–510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, P.F.R. (1982) Globin pseudogenes. Cell 28: 683–684.

    Google Scholar 

  • McReynolds, J.S., Gorman, A.L.F. (1974) Ionic basis of hyperpolarizing receptor potential in scallop eye: increase in permeability to potassium ions. Science, 183: 658–659.

    Google Scholar 

  • McReynolds, J.S., Gorman, A.L.F. (1975) Hyperpolarizing photoreceptors in the eye of a primitive chordate Salpa democratica. Vision Res., 15: 1181–1186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melkonian, M., Robenek, H. (1980a) Eyespot membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardii: a freeze-fracture study. J Ultrastruct Res., 72: 90–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melkonian, M., Robenek, H. (1980b) Eyespot membranes in newly released zoospores of the green alga Chlorosarcinopsis gelatinosa ( Chlorosarcinales) and their fate during zoospore settlement. Protoplasma 104: 129–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menco, B.P.M., Dodd, G.H., Davey, M. (1976) Presence of membrane particles in freeze-etched bovine olfactory cilia. Nature (Lond.) 263: 597–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickel, E., Menzel, R. (1976) Insect UV- and green-photorecep- tor membranes studied by freeze-fracture technique. Cell Tissue Res., 175: 357–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolson, G.L. (1979) Topographic display of cell surface components and their role in transmembrane signaling. Current Topics in Devel. Biol., 13: 305–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nultsch, W., Hader, D.-P. (1979) Photomovement of motile microorganisms. Photochem Photobiol., 29: 423–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olive, J. (1980) The structural organization of mammalian retinal disc membranes. Int Rev Cytol., 64: 107–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palade, G. (1975) Intracellular aspects of the process of protein synthesis. Science 189: 347–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papermaster, D.S., Schneider, B.G. (1982) Biosynthesis and morphogenesis of outer segent membranes in vertebrate photoreceptor cells. In: Cell Biology of the Eye. Ed. D.S. McDevitt. New York. Academic Press, p. 475–531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papermaster, D.S., Schneider, B.G., Besharse, J.C. (1979) Assembly of rod photoreceptor membranes. Immunocytochemical and autoradiographic localization of opsin in smooth vesicles of the inner segment. J Cell Biol., 83: 275a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poo, M.P., Cone, R.A. (1974) Lateral diffusion of rhodopsin in the photoreceptor membrane. Nature (Lond.) 247: 438–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohlich, P. (1975) The sensory cilium of retinal rods is analogous to the transitional zone of motile cilia. Cell Tissue Res. 161: 421–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohlich, P., Tar, E. (1968) The effect of prolonged light deprivation on the fine structure of planarian photoreceptors. Z Zellforsch. 90: 507–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohlich, P., Torok, L.J. (1961) Elektronenmikroskopische untersuchungen des auges von planarien. Z Zellforsch., 54: 362–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohlich, P., Torok, L.J. (1962) The effect of light and darkness on the fine structure of the retinal clubs of Dendrocoelum lacteum. Quart. J Microsc Sci., 103: 543–548.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roof, D.J., Heuser, J.E. (1982) Surfaces of rod photoreceptor disc membranes: integral membrane components. J Cell Biol., 95: 487–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, M.D., Stasek, C.R., Hermans, C.O. (1978) The ultrastructure and evolutionary significance of the cerebral ocelli of Mytilus edulis, the bay mussel. The Veliger 21: 10–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saibil, H. (1982) An ordered membrane-cytoskeleton network in squid photoreceptor microvilli. J Mol Biol., 158: 435–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salvini-Plawen, L.V. (1982) On the polyphyletic origin of photoreceptors. In: Visual Cells in Evolution. Ed. J.A. Westfall. New York, Raven Press, p. 137–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salvini-Plawen, L.V., Mayr, E. (1977) On the evolution of photoreceptors and eyes. Evolutionary Biol. 10: 207–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satir, B.H. (1980) The role of local design in membranes. In: Membrane-Membrane Interactions. Ed. N.B. Gilula. New York, Raven Press, p. 45–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schinz, R.H., Lo, M-V.C., Larrivee, D.C., Pak, W.L. (1982) Freeze-fracture study of the Drosophila photoreceptor membrane: mutations affecting membrane particle density. J Cell Biol., 93: 961–969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui, I.A., Viglierchio, D.R. (1970) Ultrastructure of photoreceptors in the marine nematode Deontostoma californicum. J Ultrastruct Res., 32: 558–571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singla, C.L. (1974) Ocelli of hydromedusae. Cell Tissue Res. 149: 413–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singla, C.L., Weber, C. (1982a) Fine structure studies of the ocelli of Polyorchis penicillatus ( Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae) and their connection with the nerve ring. Zoomorphol. 99: 117–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singla, C.L., Weber, C. (1982b) Fine structure of the ocellus of Sarsia tubulosa ( Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae). Zoomorphol. 100: 11–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, R.H., Fisher, S.K., Anderson, D.H. (1980) Disk morphogenesis in vertebrate photoreceptors. J Comp. Neurol. 190: 501–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stent, G.S. (1977) Introduction: cerebral hermeneutics. In: Function and Formation of Neural Systems. Ed. G.S. Stent. Berlin, Dahlem Konferenzen, p. 13–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, A. (1966) Ultrastructure of the eyes in three freshwater triclad worms. Amer Zool. 6: 615–616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabata, M., Tamura, T., Niwa, H. (1975) Origin of the slow potential in the pineal organ of the rainbow trout. Vision Res. 15: 737–740.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takasu, N., Yoshida, M. (1982) Freeze-fracture study of medusan ocelli. Jap. J. Ophthalmol. 26: 90–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Usukura, J., Yamada, E. (1978) Observations on the cytolemma of the olfactory receptor cell in the newt. Cell Tissue Res. 188: 83 - 98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, J.W., Campbell, C.A. (1975) Genetic regulation and the fossil record. Amer Sei. 63: 673–680.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanfleteren, J.R. (1982) A monophyletic line of evolution? Ciliary induced photoreceptor membranes. In: Visual Cells in Evolution. Ed. J. A. Westfall. New York, Raven Press, p. 107–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanfleteren, J.R., Coomans, A. (1976) Photoreceptor evolution and phylogeny., Z. Zool Syst Evolut-forsch. 14: 157–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, S. (1978) Nematode Chemotaxis and chemoreceptors. In: Taxis and Behavior. Ed. G.L. Hazelbauer. London, Chapman and Hall, p. 141–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waterman, T.H. (1981) Polarization sensitivity. In: Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. VII/6B. Ed. H. Autrum. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 281–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, C. (1981) Structure, histochemistry, ontogenetic development, and regeneration of the ocellus of Cladonema radiatum Dujardin (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae). J Morphol., 167: 313–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, C. (1982a) Electrical activity in response to light of the ocellus of the hydromedusan, Sarsia tubulosa. Biol. Bull. 162: 413–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, C. (1982b) Electrical activities of a type of electroretinogram recorded from the ocellus of a jellyfish Polyorchis penicillatus ( Hydromedusae ). J Exp Zool., 223: 231–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whaley, W.G., Dauwalder, M. (1979) The golgi apparatus, the plasma membrane and functional integration. Int Rev Cytol., 58: 199–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittle, A.C. (1976) Reticular specializations in photoreceptors: a review. Zool. Scripta 5: 191–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, D.C. (1976) Action spectrum and electrophysiological responses correlated with the photophobic response of Stentor coeruleus. Photochera Photobiol. 24: 261–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woollacott, R.M., Eakin, R.M. (1973) Ultrastructure of a potential photoreceptor organ in the larva of an entoproct. J Ultrastruct Res. 43: 412–425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woollacott, R.M., Zimmer, R.L. (1972) Fine structure of a potential photoreceptor organ in the larva of Bugula neritina (Bryozoa). Z. Zellforsch. 123: 458–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, M., Yoshida, M. (1978) Fine structure of the ocelli of a synaptid holothurian, Opheodesoma spectabilis, and the effects of light and darkness. Zoomorphol. 90: 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamasu, T., Yoshida, M. (1973) Electron microscopy on the photoreceptors of an anthomedusa and a scyphomedusa. Publ. Seto Mar Lab. 20: 757–778.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamasu, T., Yoshida, M. (1976) Fine structure of complex ocelli of a cubomedusan, Tamoya bursaria Haeckel. Cell Tissue Res. 1970: 325–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, M. (1979) Extraocular photoreception. In: Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. VII/6A. Ed. H. Autrum. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 581–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer, R.L., & Woollacott, R.M. (1977) Structure and classification of gymnolaemate larvae. In: Biology of Bryozoans. Ed. R.M. Woollacott., R.L. Zimmer. New York, Academic Press, p. 57–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zrenner, E., & Gouras, P. (1979) Blue-sensitive cones of the cat produce a rodlike electroretinogram. Invest Ophthalmol. 18: 1076–1081.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, B.C., V5A 1S6, Canada

    A. H. Burr

Authors
  1. A. H. Burr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    M. A. Ali

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Burr, A.H. (1984). Evolution of Eyes and Photoreceptor Organelles in the Lower Phyla. In: Ali, M.A. (eds) Photoreception and Vision in Invertebrates. NATO ASI Series, vol 74. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2743-1_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2743-1_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9699-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2743-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation