Skip to main content

The Emerging Neurobiology of Mood Disorder

  • Chapter
Mood Disorders

Abstract

The direction of current biological research into affective illness has grown naturally from the burgeoning of neuroscience. The rapidly advancing field of biochemical pharmacology has been a particular stimulus, and much of the theory guiding investigation both in the clinic and in the laboratory can be traced back to this source. We will place this body of knowledge at the core of this review and draw its connections with other areas of investigation. For example, the biochemical information gathered in metabolic studies of depressed persons is complemented by recent studies in clinical psychopharmacology. Together, these two bodies of data may facilitate a more precise approach to drug treatment. Similarly, specific measures of sleep disturbance and steroid metabolism appear to be highly correlated with clinical state. Such state-dependent variables may permit a biologically based diagnostic assessment, thus assisting clinical judgment and inferring the potential importance of routine neurophysiological and endocrinological testing in the clinic setting.

From the particular effect of an already well-known drug on a particular mental process, the possibility exists to better recognize the true nature of the latter. Emil Kraepelin1 Psychiatry (1913)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Kraepelin, E. Psychiatry, 8th ed. Liepzig: Thieme, 1913.

    Google Scholar 

  2. McKinney, W. T. Animal models in psychiatry. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 1974, 17, 529–541.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Cade, J. F. J. The story of lithium. In F. J. Ayd and B. Blackwell (Eds.), Discoveries in biological psychiatry, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1970, pp. 218–229.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Goodwin, F., and Bunney, W. E., Jr. Depression following reserpine: A re-evaluation. Seminars in Psychiatry, 1971, 3, 435–448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kline, N. S. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: An unfinished picaresque tale. In F. J. Ayd and B. Blackwell (Eds), Discoveries in biological psychiatry, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1970, pp. 218–229.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Zeller, E. A., and Borsky, J. In vivo inhibition of liver and brain monoamine oxidase by 1-isonicotinyl-2-isopropyl hydrazine. Proceedings of the society for experimental biology and medicine, 1952, 81, 459–461.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Udenfriend, S. Metabolism of 5-hydroxytriptamine. In G. P. Lewis (Ed.), 5-Hydroxytriptamine: Proceedings of a symposium held in London on lst-2nd April, 1957, New York: Pergamon, 1958, pp. 43–49.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kuhn, R. The imipramine story. In F. J. Ayd and B. Blackwell (Eds.), Discoveries in biological psychiatry, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1970, pp. 205–217.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ström-Olsen, R., and Weil-Malherbe, H. Humoral changes in manic-depressive psychosis with particular reference to the excretion of catecholamines in urine. Journal of Mental Science, 1958, 104, 696–704.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Prange, A. J. The pharmacology and biochemistry of depression. Diseases of the Nervous System, 1964, 25, 217–221

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Schildkraut, J. Catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1965, 122, 509–522.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bunney, W. E., Jr., and Davis, M. Norepinephrine in depressive reactions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1965, 13, 483–494.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Lapin, I., and Oxenkrug, G. Intensification of the central serotonergic process as a possible determinant of thymoleptic effect. Lancet, 1969, 1, 132–136.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Coppen, A. Defects in monoamine metabolism and their possible importance in the pathogenesis of depressive syndromes. Psychiatria, Neurologia, Neurochirurgia, 1969, 72, 173–180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bergsman, A. The urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradenaline in some mental states. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica, 1959, 34, 105–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Shinfuku, N., Omura, M., and Kayano, M. Catecholamines excretion in manic-depressive psychosis. Yonoga Acta Medicine, 1961, 5, 109–114.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ebert, M. W., Post, R. M., and Goodwin, F. K. Effect of physical activity on urinary 3-methoxy-4- hydroxyphenylglycol excretion in depressed patients. Lancet, 1972, 2, 766–767.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Coppen, A. Depressed states and indolealkylamines. Advances in pharmacology, 1968, 6, 283–291.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Maas, J. W., and Landis, D. H. In vivo studies of the metabolism of norepinephrine in the central nervous system. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1968, 163, 147–162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Maas, J. W., Fawcett, J. A., and Dekirmenjian, H. Catecholamine metabolism, depressive illness and drug response. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1972, 26, 252–262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Ashcroft, G. W., Crawford, T. B. B., Eccleston, D., Sharman, D. F., MacDougall, F. J., Stanton, J. B., andBinns, J. K. 5-hydroxyindole compounds in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with psychiatric or neurological diseases. Lancet, 1966, 2, 1049–1052.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Dencker, S. J., Malm, U. Roos, B., and Werdinius, B. Acid monoamine metabolites of cerebrospinal fluid in mental depression and mania. Journal of Neurochemistry, 1966, 13, 1545–1548.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Mendels, J., Frazer, A., and Fitzgerald, R. G. Biogenic amine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid in depressed and manic patients. Science, 1972, 175, 1380–1382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Coppen, A., Prange, A. J., Whybrow, P. C., and Noguera, R. Abnormalities of indoleamines in affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1972, 26, 474–478.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Swann, A. C., Secunda, S., Davis, J. M., Robins, E., Hanin, I., Koslow, S. H., and Maas, J. W. CSF monoamine metabolites in mania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1983, 140, 396–400.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Coppen, A., Prange, A. J., Whybrow, P. C., Noguera, R., and Paez, J. M. Methysergide in mania. Lancet, 1969, 1, 338–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Post, R. M., Lake, C. R., Jimerson, D. C., Bunney, W. E., Wood, J. H., Ziegler, M. G., and Goodwin, F. K. Cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine in affective illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1978, 135, 907–912.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wehr, T., and Goodwin, F. K. Catecholamines in depression. Handbook of studies on depression. New York: Excerpta Medica, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Shaw, D. M., Camps, F. E., and Eccleston, E. G. 5-hydroxytryptamine in the hindbrain of depressive suicides. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1967, 113, 1407–1411.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bourne, H. R., Bunney, W. E., Colburn, R. W., Davis, J. M., Davis, N. J., Shaw, D. M., and Coppen, A., Noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the hindbrains of suicidal patients. Lancet, 1968, 2, 805–808.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Robinson, D. S., and Nies, A. Aging, monoamines, and monoamine oxidase levels. Lancet, 1972, 2, 290–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Axelrod, J. Biochemical and pharmacological approaches in the study of sympathetic nerves. In F. G. Worden, J. P. Swazey, and G. Adelman (Eds.), The Neurosciences: Paths of Discovery, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1975, pp. 191–207.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Pare, C. M. B., and Sandler, M. J. A clinical and biochemical study of a trial of iproniazid in the treatment of depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1959, 22, 247–251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Goodwin, F. K., Brodie, H. K. H., Murphy, D. L., and Bunney, W. E. L-dopa, catecholamines and behavior: A clinical and biochemical study in depressed patients. Biological Psychiatry, 1970, 2, 341–366.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Coppen, A., Shaw, D. M., Herzberg, B., and Maggs, R. Tryptophan in the treatment of depression. Lancet, 1967, 2, 1178–1180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Herrington, R. N., Bruce, A., and Johnstone, E. C. Comparative trial of L-tryptophan and ECT in severe depressive illness. Lancet, 1974, 2, 731–734.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Coppen, A., Whybrow, P. C., Noguera, R., Maggs, R. and Prange, A. J. The comparative antidepressant value of L-tryptophan and imipramine with and without attempted potentiation by liothyronine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1972, 26, 234–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Mendels, J., and Frazer, A. Brain biogenic amine depletion and mood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1974, 30, 447–451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gyermek, L. The pharmacology of imipramine and related antidepressants. In International Review of neurobiology, vol. 9. New York: Academic Press, 1966, pp. 95–143.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Singer, I., and Rotenberg, D. Mechanism of lithium action: Physiology in medicine. New England Journal of Medicine, 1973, 289, 254–260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Coppen, A., Gupta, R., Montgomery, S., Bailey, J., Burns, B., and de Ridder, J. J. Mianserin hydrochloride: A novel antidepressant. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1976, 129, 342–345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Charney, D. S., Heninger, G. R., Stenberg, D. E., Hafsted, K. M., Giddings, S., and Landis, D. H. Adrenergic receptor sensitivity in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1982, 39, 290–294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Lecrubier, Y., Puech, A. J., Jouvent, R., Simon, P., and Widlocher, D. A beta-adrenergic stimulant (salbutamol) versus clomipramine in depression: A controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1980, 136, 354–358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Petrie, W. M., Maffucci, R. J., and Woosley, R. L. Propranolol and depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1982, 139, 92–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Rackensperger, W., Fritsch, W., Schwarz, D., Stutte, K. H., and von Zerssen, D. Wirkung des Beta-Rezeptoren-Blockers Propanolol auf Manien. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten1976, 22, 223–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Charney, D. S., Menkes, D. B., and Heninger, G. R. Receptor sensitivity and the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatment: Implications for the etiology and therapy of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1981, 38, 1160–1180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Charney, D. S., Heninger, G. R., Stenberg, D. E., and Hafsted, K. M. Presynaptic adrenergic receptor sensitivity in depression: The effect of long-term desimipramine treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1981, 38, 1334–1340.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Krauthammer, C., and Klerman, G. L. Secondary mania: Manic syndromes associated with antecedent physical illness or drugs. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1978, 35, 1333–1339.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Maas, J. W. Biogenic amines and depression: Biochemical and pharmacological separation of two types of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1975, 32, 1357–1361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Goodwin, F. K., and Ebert, M. H. Recent advances in drug treatment of affective disorders. In M. E. Jarvik (Ed.), Psychopharmacology in the practice of medicine, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Asberg, M., Cronholm, B., Sjoquist, F., and Tuck, D. Relationship between plasma level and therapeutic effect of nortriptyline. British Medical Journal, 1971, 3, 331–334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Goodwin, F. K., and Post, R. M. Amine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid, brain and urine in the major mental illnesses. In D. Freedman (Ed.), The biology of the major psychoses: A comparative analysis, New York: Raven Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Schildkraut, J. J. Norepinephrine metabolites as biochemical criteria for classifying depressive disorders and predicting responses to treatment: Preliminary findings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1973, 130, 695–798.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Beckmann, H., and Goodwin, F. K. Central norepinephrine metabolism and the prediction of antidepressant response to imipramine and amitriptyline: Studies with urinary MHPG in unipolar depressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1973, 32, 17–21.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Cobbin, D. M., Requin-Blow, B., Williams, L. R., and Williams, W. O. Urinary MHPG levels and tricyclic antidepressant drug selection. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1979, 39, 1111–1115.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Schatzberg, A. F., Orsulak, P. J., Rosenbaum, A. H., Maruta, T., Kruger, E. R., Cole, J. O., and Schildkraut, J. J. Toward a biochemical classification of depressive disorders. V. Heterogeneity of unipolar depressions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1982, 139, 471–475.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Hollister, L. E., Davis, K. L., and Berger, P. A. Subtypes of depression based on excretion of MHPG and response to nortriptyline. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1980, 37, 1107–1110.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Prange, A. J., Wilson, I. C., Lynn, C. W., Alltop, L. B. and Stikeleather, R. A. L-tryptophan in mania: Contribution to the permissive hypothesis of affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1974, 30, 56–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Hauri, P., Chernik, D., and Hawkins, D. Sleep of depressed patients in remission. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1974, 31, 386–391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Olds, J. Mapping the mind onto the brain. In F. G. Worden, J. P. Swazey, and G. Adelman (Eds.), The neurosciences: Paths of discovery, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1975, pp. 375–400.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Whybrow, P. C., and Mendels, J. Towards a biology of depression: Some suggestions from neurophysiology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1969, 125, 45–54.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Whatmore, G. B. Some neurophysiologic differences between schizophrenia and depression, American Journal of Psychiatry, 1966, 123, 712–716.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Whatmore, G. B., and Ellis, R. M. Some neurophysiologic aspects of depressed states: An electromyographic study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1959, 1, 70–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Whatmore, G. B., and Ellis, R. M. Further neurophysiologic aspects of depressed states: An electromyographic study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1962, 6, 243–253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Goldstein, I. B. The relationship of muscle tension and autonomic activity to psychiatric disorders. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1965, 27, 39–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Flor-Henry, P. On certain aspects of the localisation of the cerebral systems regulating and determining emotion. Biological Psychiatry, 1979, 14, 677–698.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Shagass, C., and Schwartz, M. Cerebral cortical reactivity in psychotic depressions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1962, 6, 235–242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Paulson, G. W., and Gottlieb, F. A longitudinal study of the electroencephalographic arousal response in depressed patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1961, 133, 524–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Wilson, W. P., and Wilson, N. Observations on the duration of photically elicited arousal responses in depressive psychosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1961, 133, 438–440.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. McCarron, L. T. Psychophysiological discriminants of reactive depression. Psychophysiology, 1973, 10, 223–230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Schottstaedt, W. W., Grace, W. J., and Wolff, H. G. Life situations, behavior, attitudes, emotions and renal excretion of fluid and electrolytes. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 1956, 1, 287– 291.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Russell, G. F. M. Body weight and balance of water, sodium and potassium in depressed ptients given ECT. Clinical Science, 1960, 19, 327–336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Anderson, W. McC., and Dawson, J. Verbally retarded depression and sodium metabolism. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1963, 109, 225–230.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Shaw, D. M. Mineral metabolism, mania and melancholia. British Medical Journal, 1966, 2, 262–267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kupfer, D. J., and Foster, G. F. Interval between onset of sleep and rapid-eye-movement sleep as an indicator of depression. Lancet, 1972, 2, 684–686.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Kripke, D. F., Mullaney, D. J., Atkinson, M., and Wolfe, S. E. Circadian rhythm disorders in manic depressives. Biological Psychiatry, 1978, 13, 335–351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Pflug, B. Therapeutic aspects of sleep deprivation. In Sleep: Physiology, biochemistry, psychology, pharmacology, clinical implications. 1st European Congress on Sleep Research, Basel, 1972. Basel: Karger, 1973, pp. 185–191.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Wehr, T. A., Wirz-Justice, A., and Goodwin, F. K. Phase advance of the circadian sleep-wake cycle as an antidepressant. Science, 1979, 206, 710–713.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Board, F. A., Wadeson, R., and Persky, H. Depressive affect and endocrine function. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1957, 78, 612–620.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Sachar, E. J., Mackenzie, J. M., Binstock, W. A., and Mack, J. E. Corticosteroid response to psychotherapy of depressions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1967, 16, 461–469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Stokes, P. E. Studies in the control of adrenocortical function in depression. In T. Williams, M. Katz, and J. A. Shields (Eds.), Recent advances in the psychobiology of depressive illness, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1972. pp. 199–211.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Sachar, E. J., Hellman, I., Roffwarg, H., Halpern, F., Fukushima, D., and Gallagher, T. Disrupted 24-hour patterns of Cortisol secretion in psychotic depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1973, 28, 19–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Carroll, B. J., Curtis, G. C., and Mendels, J. Neuroendocrine regulation in depression. II. Discrimination of depressed from nondepressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1976, 33, 1051–1057.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Hellman, L., Weitzman, E., Roffwarg, H., Fukushima, D., Yoshida, K., and Gallagher, T. F. Cortisol is secreted episodically in Cushing’s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1970, 30, 411–418.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Carroll, B. J., Martin, F. I. R., and Davies, B. M. Resistance to suppression by dexamethasone of plasma 11-OHCS levels in severe depressive illness. British Medical Journal, 1968, 3, 285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Carroll, B. J., Feinberg, M., Greden, J. F., Tarika, J., Albala, A. A., Haskett, R. F., James, N. M., Kronpol, Z., Lohr, N., Steiner, M., Vigne, I. P., and Young, E. A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia: Standardization, validation and clinical utility. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1981, 38, 15–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Sachar, E. J., Asnis, G., Nathan, S., Halbreich, U., Cabrizi, M. A., and Halpern, F. S. Dextroamphetamine and cortisol in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1980, 37, 755–757.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Curzon, G. Tryptophan pyrrolase—a biochemical factor in depressive illness? British Journal of Psychiatry, 1969, 115, 1367–1374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Whybrow, P. C., Prange, A. J., and Treadway, C. R. Mental changes accompanying thyroid gland dysfunction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1969, 20, 48–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Prange, A. J., Wilson, I. C., Rabon, A. M., and Lipton, M. A. Enhancement of imipramine antidepressant activity by thyroid hormone. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1969, 126, 457–469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Whybrow, P. C., Coppen, A., Prange, A. J., Noguera, R., and Bailey, J. E., Thyroid function and the response to L-liothyronine in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1972, 26, 242–245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Rogers, M., and Whybrow, P. C. Clinical hypothyroidism occurring during lithium treatment: Two case histories and a review of thyroid function in 19 patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1971, 128, 158–162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Gold, M. S., Pottash, A. C., Mueller, E. A., and Extein, L. Grades of thyroid failure in 100 depressed and anergic psychiatric inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1981, 138, 253–255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Whybrow, P. C., and Prange, A. J. A hypothesis of thyroid-catecholamine receptor interaction: Its relevance to affective illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1981, 38, 106–113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Ashcroft, G. A., Extein, I., and Murray, L. G. Modified amine hypothesis for the etiology of affective illness. Lancet, 1972, 2, 573–577.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Bunney, W. E., Post, R. M., and Andersen, A. E. A neuronal receptor sensitivity mechanism in affective illness: A review of evidence. Communications in Psychopharmacology, 1977, 1, 393–405.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Cannon, W. B., and Rosenblueth, A. The super-sensitivity of denervated structures: A law of denervation. New York: Macmillan, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Ghose, K., Turner, P., and Coppen, A. Intravenous tyramine response in depression. Lancet, 1975, 1, 1317–1318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Friedman, M. J. Does receptor supersensitivity accompany depressive illness? American Journal of Psychiatry, 1978, 135, 107–109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Pickar, D., Cohen, R. M., Murphy, D. L., and Fried, D. Tyramine infusions in bipolar illness: Longitudinal changes in pressor sensitivity and behavior effects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1979, 136, 1460–1463.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Mandell, A. J. Neurobiological mechanisms of presynaptic metabolic adaptation and their organization: Implications for a pathophysiology of the affective disorders. In A. J. Mandell (Ed.), Neurobiological Mechanisms of Adaptation and Behavior, New York: Raven Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Banerjee, S. P., Kung, L. S., Riggi, S. J., and Chanda, S. K. Development of beta-adrenergic receptor subsensitivity by antidepressants. Nature, 1977, 268, 455–456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Racagni, G., Mocchetti, I., and Brunello, N. Presynaptic mechanisms and neurotransmitter interactions in rat central noradrenergic system after prolonged antidepressant treatment. Presented at the 21st meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, Puerto Rico, December 15–17,

    Google Scholar 

  104. Janowsky, A., Okada, F., Manier, D. H., Applegate, C. D.. Sulser, F., and Steranka, L. R. Role of serotonergic input in the regulation of the beta-adrenergic receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system. Science, 1982, 1982, 900–901.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Springer-Verlag, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Whybrow, P.C., Akiskal, H.S., McKinney, W.T. (1984). The Emerging Neurobiology of Mood Disorder. In: Mood Disorders. Critical Issues in Psychiatry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2729-5_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2729-5_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9692-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2729-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics