Skip to main content

Trophic and Neurite-Promoting Factors for Cholinergic Neurons

  • Chapter
Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neuronal Development

Abstract

The term neuronotrophic factor (NTF) designates a biological macromolecule that is required for the maintenance and general growth capabilities of selected nerve cells (Varon, 1977; Varon and Adler, 1980). The prototype for such factors has been nerve growth factor (NGF), a protein discovered some 30 years ago that acts both in vivo and in vitro on sensory and sympathetic peripheral neurons (e.g., Levi-Montalcini and Angeletti 1968; Varon, 1975a; Green and Shooter, 1980; Thoenen and Barde, 1980; Varon and Skaper, 1983a,b). Virtually all the NGF studies have relied on the use of tissue-culture techniques for the quantitative measure and monitoring of its biological activities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adler, R., and Varon, S., 1980, Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors: V. Segregation of survival- and neurite-promoting activities in heart conditioned media, Brain Res. 188: 437 – 448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, R., and Varon, S., 1981a, Neuritic guidance by polyornithine attached materials of ganglionic origin, Dev. Biol. 81: 1 – 11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, R., and Varon, S., 1981b, Neuritic guidance by nonneuronal cells of ganglionic origin, Dev. Biol. 86: 69 – 80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, R., and Varon, S., 1982, Neuronal survival in intact ciliary ganglia in vivoand in vitro: CNTF as a target surrogate, Dev. Biol. 92: 470 – 475.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, R., Landa, K.B., Manthorpe, M., and Varon, S., 1979, Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors. II. Selective intraocular distribution of soluble trophic activity for ciliary ganglionic neurons, Science, 204: 1434 – 1436.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, R., Manthorpe, M., Skaper, S.D., and Varon, S., 1981, Polyornithine-attached neurite- promoting factors (PNPFs): Culture sources and responsive neurons, Brain Res. 206: 129 – 144.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, R., Manthorpe, M., and Varon, S., 1983, Lectin reactivity of PNPF, a polyornithine-binding neurite promoting factor, Dev. Brain Res. 6: 69 – 75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aguayo, A., David, S., Richardson, P., and Bray, G., 1982, Axonal elongation in peripheral and central nervous system transplants, Adv. Cell. Neurobiol. 3: 215 – 234.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appel, S.H., 1981, A unifying hypothesis for the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, parkinsonism, and Alzheimer’s disease, Ann. Neurol. 10: 499 – 505.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbin, G., Manthorpe, M., and Varon, S., 1981, Molecular behaviors of ciliary neuronotrophic factor, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 7: 554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbin, G., Manthorpe, M., and Varon, S., 1981, Molecular behaviors of ciliary neuronotrophic factor, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 7: 554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barde, Y.-A., Lindsay, R.M., Monard, D., and Thoenen, H., 1978, New factor released by cultured glioma cells supporting survival and growth of sensory neurones, Nature (London) 274: 818.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M.R., and Nurcombe, V., 1979, The survival and development of cholinergic neurons in skeletal muscle conditioned media, Brain Res. 173: 543 – 548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Björklund, A., and Stenevi, U., 1977, Reformation of severed septohippocampal cholinergic pathway in the adult rat by transplanted septal neurons, Cell Tissue Res. 185: 289 – 302.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonyhady, R.E., Hendry, I.A., Hill, C.E., and McLennan, I.S., 1980, Characterization of a cardiac muscle factor required for the survival of cultured parasymapthetic neurones, Neurosci. Lett. 18: 197 – 201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bottenstein, J.E., and Sato, G., 1979, Growth of a rat neuroblastoma cell line in serum-free supplemented medium, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76: 514 – 517.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bottenstein, J.E., Skaper, S.D., Varon, S., and Sato, G.H., 1980, Selective survival of neurons from chick embryo sensory ganglionic dissociates using defined, serum-free supplemented medium, Exp. Cell Res. 125: 183 – 190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnham, P., Raiborn, C., and Varon, S., 1972, Replacement of nerve growth factor by ganglionic non-neuronal cells for the survival in vitro of dissociated ganglionic neurons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69: 3556 – 3560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campenot, R.B., 1977, Local control of neurite development by nerve growth factor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74: 4516 – 4519.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campenot, R.B., 1982a, Development of sympathetic neurons in compartmentalized cultures. I. Local control of neurite growth by nerve growth factor, Dev. Biol. 93: 1 – 12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campenot, R.B., 1982b, Development of sympathetic neurons in compartmentalized cultures. II. Local control of neurite survival by nerve growth factor, Dev. Biol. 93: 13 – 21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, F., 1978, Induction of neurite outgrowth by a conditioned medium factor bound to culture substratum, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75: 5210 – 5213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, F., and Garrett, J.E., 1980, Elongating nerve fibers are guided by a pathway of material released from embryonic nonneuronal cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77: 6226 – 6228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornbrooks, C., Carey, D., Timpl, R., McDonald, J., and Bunge R., 1982, Immunohistochemical visualization of fibronectin and laminin in adult rat peripheral nerve and peripheral nerve cells in culture, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 8: 240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coughlin, M.D., Dibner, M.D., Boyer, D.M., and Black, I.B., 1978, Factors regulating development of an embryonic mouse sympathetic ganglion, Dev. Biol. 66: 513 – 528.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, W.M., 1973, Neuronal death as a regulative mechanism in the control of cell number in the nervous system, in: Development and Aging in the Nervous System( M. Rockstein and M.L. Sussman, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 19 – 41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebendal, T., Jordell-Kylberg, A., and Soderstrom, S., 1978, Stimulation by tissue explants on nerve fiber outgrowth in culture, Zoon, 6: 235 – 243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebendal, T., Belew, M., Jacobson, C.-O., and Porath, J., 1979, Neurite outgrowth elicited by embryonic chick heart: Partial purification of the active factor, Neurosci. Lett. 14: 91 – 95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edgar, D., and Thoenen, H., 1982, Modulation of NGF-induced survival of chick sympathetic neurons by contact with a conditioned medium factor bound to the substratum, Dev. Brain Res. 5: 89 – 92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, L.A., and Shooter, E.M., 1980, The nerve growth factor: Biochemistry, synthesis, and mechanism of action, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 3: 352 – 02.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gundersen, R.W., and Barrett, J.N., 1979, Neuronal chemotaxis: Chick dorsal root axons turn toward high concentrations of nerve growth factor, Science, 206: 1079 – 1080.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helfand, S.L., Smith, G., and Wessells, N.K., 1976, Survival and development in culture of dissociated parasympathetic neurons from ciliary ganglia, Dev. Biol. 50: 541 – 547.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helfand, S.L., Riopelle, R.J., and Wessells, N.K., 1978, Nonequivalence of conditioned medium and nerve growth factor for sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory neurons, Exp. Cell Res. 113: 39 – 45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, C.E., Huchet, M., and Changeux, J.-P., 1981, Neurite outgrowth from embryonic chicken spinal neurons is promoted by media conditioned by muscle cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.: 2625 – 2629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, E., Manthorpe, M., Skaper, S.D., Davis G.E., and Varon, S., 1983, Influences of culture media on the survival and neuritic growth of chick embryo ciliary ganglion neurons in monolayer cultures, In Vitro 19: 280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honegger, P., Lenoir, D., and Favrod, P., 1979, Growth and differentiation of aggregating fetal brain cells in a serum-free, defined medium, Nature (London) 282: 305 – 308.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jirikowski, G., Reisert, I., and Pilgrim, C.H., 1981, Neuropeptides in dissociated cultures of hypothalamus and septum: Quantitation of immunoreactive neurons, Neuroscience, 6: 1953 – 1960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kligman, D., 1982a, Isolation of a protein from bovine brain which promotes neurite extension from chick embryo cerebral cortex neurons in defined medium, Brain Res. 250: 93 – 100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kligman, D., 1982b, Neurite outgrowth from cerebral cortical neurons is promoted by medium conditioned over heart cells, J. Neurosci. Res. 8: 281 – 287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kromer, L., Björklund, A., and Stenevi, U., 1981, Innervation of embryonic hippocampal implants by regenerating axons of cholinergic septal neurons in the adult rat, Brain Res. 210: 153 – 172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landa, K.B., Adler, R., Manthorpe, M., and Varon, S., 1980, Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors. III. Developmental increase of trophic activity for chick embryo ciliary ganglionic neurons in their intraocular target tissues, Dev. Biol. 74: 401 – 408.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lander, A.D., Fujii, D.K., Gospodarowicz, D., and Reichardt, L.F., 1982, Characterization of a factor that promotes neurite outgrowth: Evidence linking activity to a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, J. Cell Biol. 94: 574 – 585.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landmesser, L., and Pilar, G., 1978, Interactions between neurons and their targets during in vivo synaptogenesis, Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 37: 2016 – 2022.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letourneau, P.C., 1978, Chemotactic response of nerve fiber elongation to nerve growth factor, Dev. Biol. 66: 183 – 196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levi-Montalcini, R., and Angeletti, P.U., 1968, Nerve growth factor, Physiol. Rev. 48: 534 – 569.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, E., and Cotman, C.W., 1980, Mechanisms of septal lamination in the developing hippocampus revealed by outgrowth of fibers from septal implants. II. Absence of guidance by degenerative debris, J. Neurosci. 2: 66 – 77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longo, F.M., Manthorpe, M., and Varon, S., 1982, Spinal cord neuronotrophic factors (SCNTFs). I. Bioassay of schwannoma and other conditioned media, Dev. Brain Res. 3: 277 – 294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longo, F. M., Manthorpe, M., Skaper, S. D., Lundborg, G., and Varon, S., 1983a, Neuronotrophic activities accumulate in vivowithin silicone nerve regeneration chambers, Brain Res. 261: 109 – 117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longo, F. M., Manthorpe, M., Skaper, S. D., Lundborg, G., and Varon, S., 1983a, Neuronotrophic activities accumulate in vivowithin silicone nerve regeneration chambers, Brain Res. 261: 109 – 117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lundborg, G., Dahlin, L.B., Danielsen, N., Gelberman, R.H., Longo, F.M., Powell, H.C., and Varon, S., 1982a, Nerve regeneration in silicone chambers: Influence of gap length and presence of distal stump, Exp. Neurol. 76: 361 – 375.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lundborg, G., Longo, F.M., and Varon, S., 1982b, Nerve regeneration model and trophic factors in vivo, Brain Res. 232: 157 – 161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manthorpe, M., Skaper, S.D., Adler, R., Landa, K.B., and Varon, S., 1980, Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors. IV. Fractionation properties of an extract from selected chick embryonic eye tissues, J. Neurochem. 34: 69 – 75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manthorpe, M., Adler, R., and Varon, S., 1981a, Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors. VI. Age- dependent requirements by chick embryo ciliary ganglionic neurons, Dev. Biol. 85: 156 – 163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manthorpe, M., Varon, S., and Adler, R., 1981b, Neurite-promoting factor (NPF) in conditioned medium from RN22 schwannoma cultures: Bioassay, fractionation and other properties, J. Neurochem. 37: 759 – 767.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manthorpe, M., Skaper, S.D., and Varon, S., 1981c, Neuronotrophic factors and their antibodies: In vitro microassays for titration and screening, Brain Res. 230: 295 – 306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manthorpe, M., Skaper, S.D., Barbin, G., and Varon, S., 1982a, Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors (CNTF’s). VII. Concurrent activities on certain nerve growth factor-responsive neurons, J. Neurochem. 38: 415 – 421.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manthorpe, M., Barbin, G., and Varon, S., 1982b, Isoelectric focusing of the chick eye ciliary neuronotrophic factor, J. Neurosci. Res. 8: 233 – 239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manthorpe, M., Longo, F.M., and Varon, S., 1982c, Comparative features of spinal neuronotrophic factors in fluids collected in vitroand in vivo, J. Neurosci. Res. 8: 241 – 250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manthorpe, M., Luyten, W., Longo, F.M., and Varon, S., 1983a, Endogenous and exogenous factors support neuronal survival and choline acetyltransferase activity in embryonic spinal cord cultures, Brain Res. 267: 57 – 66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manthorpe, M., Nieto-Sampedro, M., Skaper, S.D., Lewis, E.R., Barbin, G., Longo, F.M., Cotman, C.W., and Varon, S., 1983b, Neuronotrophic activity in brain wounds in the developing rat: Correlation with implant survival in the wound cavity, Brain Res. 267: 47 – 56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manthorpe, M., Nieto-Sampedro, M., Skaper, S.D., Lewis, E.R., Barbin, G., Longo, F.M., Cotman, C.W., and Varon, S., 1983b, Neuronotrophic activity in brain wounds in the developing rat: Correlation with implant survival in the wound cavity, Brain Res. 267: 47 – 56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manthorpe, M., Nieto-Sampedro, M., Skaper, S.D., Lewis, E.R., Barbin, G., Longo, F.M., Cotman, C.W., and Varon, S., 1983b, Neuronotrophic activity in brain wounds in the developing rat: Correlation with implant survival in the wound cavity, Brain Res. 267: 47 – 56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manthorpe, M., Williams, L.R., Barbin, G., Selak, I., and Varon, S., 1983e, Trophic and toxic factors for central neurons in rat brain wound fluid (in prep.).

    Google Scholar 

  • McLennan, I.S., and Hendry, I.A., 1980, Influences of cardiac extracts on cultured ciliary ganglia, Dev. Neurosci. 3: 1 – 10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Messer, A., 1981, Primary monolayer cultures of the rat corpus striatum: Morphology and properties related to acetylcholine and γ-aminobutyrate, Neuroscience 6: 2677 – 2687.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieto-Sampedro, M., Lewis, E.R., Cotman, C.W., Manthorpe, M., Skaper, S.D., Barbin, G., Longo, F.M., and Varon, S., 1982, Brain injury causes a time-dependent increase in neuronotrophic activity at the lesion site, Science, 217: 860 – 861.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieto-Sampedro, M., Lewis, E.R., Cotman, C.W., Manthorpe, M., Skaper, S.D., Barbin, G., Longo, F.M., and Varon, S., 1982, Brain injury causes a time-dependent increase in neuronotrophic activity at the lesion site, Science, 217: 860 – 861.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishi, R., and Berg, D.K., 1977, Dissociated ciliary ganglion neurons in vitro: Survival and synapse formation, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74: 5174 – 5175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panula, P., Rechardt, L., and Hervonen, H., 1979, Observations on the morphology and histochemistry of the rat neostriatum in tissue culture, Neuroscience, 4: 235 – 248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, E.R., and Crain, S.M., 1982, Nerve growth factor attenuates neurotoxic effects of taxol on spinal cord-ganglion explants from fetal mice, Science, 217: 377 – 379.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman-Schonfeld, A., Thai, L.J., Horowitz, S.G., and Katzman, R., 1981, Heart conditioned medium promotes cholinergic regeneration in vivo, Brain Res. 229: 541 – 546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roufa, D., Cornbrooks, C., Johnson, M., and Bunge, M., 1982, Preparation of homogeneous populations of immature Schwann cells from early embryonic sympathetic ganglia, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 8: 240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, G.H., Pardee, A.B., and Sirbasku, D.A. (eds.), 1982, Growth of Cells in Hormonally Defined Media, Vol. 9, Cold Spring Harbor Conference on Cell Proliferation, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, R.H., Björklund, A., and Stenevi, U., 1981, Intracerebral grafting of dissociated CNS tissue suspensions: A new approach for neuronal transplantation to deep brain sites, Brain Res. 218: 347 – 356.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selak, I., Skaper, S.D., and Varon, S., 1983a, Age-dependent requirements of sympathetic neurons in serum-free cultures, Dev. Brain Res. 7: 171 – 179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selak, I., Barbin, G., Manthorpe, M., and Varon, S., 1983b, Trophic and toxic factors for CNS neurons in beef brain extracts (in prep.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Skaper, S.D., and Varon, S., 1982, Ionic behaviors and nerve growth factor dependence in developing chick ganglia. II. Studies with purified neurons of dorsal root ganglia, Dev. Biol. 98: 257 – 264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skaper, S.D., Adler, R., and Varon, S., 1979, A procedure for purifying neuron-like cells in cultures from central nervous tissues with a defined medium, Dev. Neurosci. 2: 233 – 237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skaper, S.D., Selak, I., and Varon, S., 1982, Molecular requirements for survival of cultured avian and rodent dorsal root ganglionic neurons responding to different trophic factors, J. Neurosci. Res. 8: 251 – 261.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skaper, S.D., Selak, I., and Varon, S., 1983a, Serum- and substratum-dependent modulation of neuritic growth, J. Neurosci. Res. 9: 359 – 369.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skaper, S.D., Selak, I., and Varon, S., 1983b, Characterization and partial purification of a neurite inhibitory factor from fetal calf serum (submitted).

    Google Scholar 

  • Skaper, S.D., Selak, I., Manthorpe, M., and Varon, S., 1984, Chemically defined requirements for the survival of cultured 8-day chick embryo ciliary ganglionic neurons, Brain Res. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Skaper, S.D., Davis, G.E., Moonen, G., Manthorpe, M., and Varon, S., 1983d, Serum inhibits neuritic growth from primary ciliary ganglionic neurons (in prep.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, P.S., and Schaumburg, H.H. (eds.), 1980, Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thoenen, H., and Barde, Y.-A., 1980, Physiology of nerve growth factor, Physiol. Rev. 60: 1284 – 1335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., 1975a, Nerve growth factor and its mode of action, Exp. Neurol. 48: 75 – 92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., 1975b, In vitro approaches to the study of neural tissue aging, in: Survey of the Aging Nervous System(G. Maletta, ed.), DHEW Publication No. NIH 74-296, pp. 59 – 76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., 1977, Neural growth and regeneration: A cellular perspective, Exp. Neurol. 54: 1 – 6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., and Adler, R., 1980, Nerve growth factors and control of nerve growth, Curr. Top. Dev. Biol.16: 207 – 252.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., and Adler, R., 1981, Trophic and specifying factors directed to neuronal cells, Adv. Cell. Neurobiol. 2: 115 – 163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., and Bunge, R.P., 1978, Trophic mechanisms in the peripheral nervous system, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1: 327 – 361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., and Lundborg, G., 1983, In vivo model for peripheral nerve regeneration and the presence of neuronotrophic factors, in: Nervous System Regeneration(A.M. Giuffridastella, B. Haber, G.A. Hashim, and J.R. Perez-Polo eds.), Alan R. Liss, New York 19: 221 – 240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., and Manthorpe, M., 1982, Schwann cells: An in vitroperspective, Adv. Cell. Neurobiol. 3: 35 – 95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., and Manthorpe, M., 1982, Schwann cells: An in vitroperspective, Adv. Cell. Neurobiol. 3: 35 – 95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., and Raiborn, C.W., Jr., 1969, Dissociation, fractionation and culture of embryonic brain cells, Brain Res. 12: 180 – 199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., and Raiborn, C., 1972, Dissociation, fractionation and culture of chick embryo sympathetic ganglionic cells, J. Neurocytol. 1: 211 – 221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., and Skaper, S.D., 1983a, The Na+, K+-pump may mediate the control of nerve cells by nerve growth factor, Trends Biochem. Sci. 8: 22 – 25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., and Skaper, S.D., 1983b, Nerve growth factor and neuronotrophic functions, in: Somatic and Autonomic Nerve-Muscle Interactions( G. Burnstock, G. Urbova, and R. O’Brien eds.), Elsevier-North-Holland, Amsterdam pp. 213 – 251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., and Somjen, G., 1979, Neuron-glia interactions, Neurosci. Res. Program Bull. 17: 1 – 239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., Nomura, J., Perez-Polo, J.R., and Shooter, E.M., 1972, The isolation and assay of the nerve growth factor proteins, in: Methods and Techniques of Neurosciences( R. Fried, ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 203 – 229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., Raiborn, C., and Tyszka, E., 1973, In vitrostudies of dissociated cells from newborn mouse dorsal root ganglia, Brain Res. 54: 51 – 63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., Raiborn, C., and Norr, S., 1974, Association of antibody to nerve growth factor with ganglionic non-neurons (glia) and consequent interference with their neuron-supportive action, Exp. Cell Res. 88: 247 – 256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., Manthorpe, M., and Adler, R., 1979, Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors. I. Survival, neurite outgrowth and choline acetyltransferase activity in monolayer cultures from chick embryo ciliary ganglia, Brain Res. 173: 29 – 5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., Skaper, S.D., and Manthorpe, M., 1981, Trophic activities for dorsal root and sympathetic ganglionic neurons in media conditioned by Schwann and other peripheral cells, Dev. Brain Res. 1: 73 – 87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., Manthorpe, M., and Longo, F.M., 1982, Growth factors and motor neurons, in: Advances in Neurology, Human Motor Neuron Diseases (L.P. Rowland, ed.), Raven Press, New York 36:453–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., Adler, R., Manthorpe, M., and Skaper, S.D., 1983a, Culture strategies for trophic and other factors directed to neurons, in: Neuroscience Approached through Cell Culture, (S.E. Pfeiffer, ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2: 53 – 77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., Adler, R., Manthorpe, M., and Skaper, S.D., 1983a, Culture strategies for trophic and other factors directed to neurons, in: Neuroscience Approached through Cell Culture, (S.E. Pfeiffer, ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2: 53 – 77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., Engvall, E., Ruoslahti, E., Longo, F.M., and Manthorpe, M., 1983c, Laminin promotes axonal regeneration from cultured PNS and CNS neurons, Trans. Am. Soc. Neurochem. 14: 225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varon, S., Manthorpe, M., Longo, F.M., and Williams, L.R., 1983d, Growth factors in regeneration of neural tissue, in: Nerve, Organ, and Tissue Regeneration: Research Perspectives, ( F.J. Seil, ed.) Academic Press, New York pp. 127 – 155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L.R., Longo, F.M., Powell, H.C., Lundborg, G., and Varon, S., 1983a, Spatial-temporal progress of peripheral nerve regeneration within a silicone chamber: Parameters for a bioassay, J. Comp. Neurol. 218: 460 – 470.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L.R., Longo, F.M., Powell, H.C., Lundborg, G., and Varon, S., 1983a, Spatial-temporal progress of peripheral nerve regeneration within a silicone chamber: Parameters for a bioassay, J. Comp. Neurol. 218: 460 – 470.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Varon, S., Manthorpe, M. (1984). Trophic and Neurite-Promoting Factors for Cholinergic Neurons. In: Black, I.B. (eds) Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neuronal Development. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2717-2_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2717-2_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9686-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2717-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics