Abstract
In the framework of the standard hot big bang cosmological model, the present density, temperature (TO ≈ 3°K) and Hubble constant (HO ≈ 10-10 years-1) are extrapolated back in time according to the Friedmann expansion law a(t) ~ t1/2 (or a(t) ~ t2/3). In this way one is able to describe the physical processes in the early Universe at least up to the “hadronic stage” characterized by the temperature T ~ 1 GeV. However, within this theory one has to postulate the values of some dimensionless parameters, e.g. nB/nY ~ 10-8 and aT ≳ 1028 (a is the radius of the curvature of the Universe), which are adiabatic invariants. Moreover, the very existence of the nonzero (and very high) temperature in the early Universe cannot be explained in the hot big bang model. The description of matter by spontaneously broken gauge theories allows one to consider much earlier stages of the evolution up to T ≈ TP l ≈ 1019 GeV, and to raise a question whether the temperature of the Universe could have been originated from vacuum phase transitions.1,2
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© 1984 Plenum Press, New York
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Lapchinsky, V.G., Nekrasov, V.I., Rubakov, V.A., Veryaskin, A.V. (1984). Quantum Field Theories with Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in External Gravitational Fields of Cosmological Type. In: Markov, M.A., West, P.C. (eds) Quantum Gravity. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2701-1_15
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