Abstract
The history of Process Control can best be described as an evolutionary progression in which technology has been added, in piecemeal fashion, to extend the capabilities of the human operator. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, processes such as power generation merely required controlling the flow of water through sluice without the aid of instrumentation and computers. As the processes became larger, servomechanisms were added to compensate for the operator’s inability to respond quickly and accurately to changing conditions. The increased complexity inspired the field of Control Engineering and Automation and drastically changed the operator’s function from one of active involvement to one of passive monitoring. During the late 1940’s, the operator’s role was often determined by a “left-over” policy; functions that could not be automated were left to the human operator.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
M. A. Schultz, “Control of Nuclear Reactors and Power Plants”, McGraw Hill, New York (1961)
M. Sackman, “Computers, System Science and Evolving Society”, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1967), p. 122
W. T. Singleton, (ed.), “The Human Operator in Complex Systems”, Taylor and Francis Ltd., London (1971)
E. Edwards and F. P. Lees, “The Human Operator in Process Control”, The Institution of Chemical Engineers, London (1972)
E. Edwards and F. P. Lees, “The Human Operator in Process Control”, Taylor and Francis Ltd., London (1974)
E. Edwards in “Monitoring Behavior and Supervisory Control” (Sheridan and Johannsen, eds.), Plenum Press, New York (1976), p. 323
R. Grimm in “Monitoring Behavior and Supervisory Control” (Sheridan and Johannsen, eds.), Plenum Press, New York (1976), p. 447
U. Neisser, “Cognition and Reality”, W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco (1976), p. 1
R. Lachman, J. L. Lachman and E. C. Butterfield, “Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing”, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey (1979), p. 99
T. N. Cornsweet, “Visual Perception”, Academic Press, New York (1970), p. 2
S. W. Ransom and S. L. Clark, “The Anatomy of the Nervous System”, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia (1959), p. 264
C. H. Graham (ed.), “Vision and Visual Perception”, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1965), p. 50
R. F. Haines, “A Review of Peripheral Vision Capabilities for Display Layout Designers”, Proceedings of the Society for Information Display, 16 (4), 238–249 (1975)
W. E. Woodson and D. W. Conover, “Human Engineering Guide for Equipment Designers”, University of California Press, Berkeley (1964), p. 3–23
G. S. Wasserman, “Color Vision”, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1978), p. 27
S. Coren and J. S. Girgus, “Seeing is Deceiving: The Psychology of Visual Illusions”, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey (1978), p. 13
S. Coren and J. S. Girgus, “Seeing is Deceiving: The Psychology of Visual Illusions”, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey (1978), p. 20
C. E. Shannon, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication”, Bell System Technical Journal, 27, 379–423, 623–656 (1948)
N. Weiner, “Cybernetics”, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1948)
S. Coren and J. S. Girgus, “Seeing is Deceiving: The Psychology of Visual Illusions”, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey (1978), p. 214
E. J. Gibson, “Principles of Perceptual Learning and Development”, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York (1969)
D. Hubel, “The Visual Cortex of the Brain”, Scientific American, (November 1963)
J. Y. Lettvin, H. R. Maturand, W. S. McCulloch, W. H. Pitts, “What the Frog’s Eye Tells the Frog’s Brain”, Proceedings of the IRE, 47(11), 1940–1951 (1959)
T. N. Cornsweet, “Visual Perception”, Academic Press, New York (1970), p. 311
M. A. Hagen in “Modes of Perceiving and Processing Information”, (Pick and Saltzman, eds.), John Wiley and Sons, New York (1978), p. 22–38
M. A. Hagen, (ed.), “The Perception of Pictures”, Vols. 1 and 2, Academic Press, New York (1980)
U. Neisser, “Cognition and Reality”, W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco (1976), p. 20
R. Lachman, J. L. Lachman and E. C. Butterfield, “Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing”, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey (1979), pp. 94–109
John von Neumann, “The Computer and the Brain”, Yale University Press, New Haven (1958)
A. Newell and H. A. Simon, “Human Problem Solving”, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1972)
R. W. Sperry, “Hemisphere Disconnection and Unity in Conscious Awareness”, American Psychologist, 23, pp. 723–733 (1968)
B. Edwards, “Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain”, J. P. Tarcher, Inc., Los Angeles (1979), p. 40
D. O. Hebb, “Drives and the CNS”, Psychological Review, 62, pp. 243–254 (1955)
R. Lynn, “Attention, Arousal, and the Orientation Reaction”, Pergamon Press, London (1966)
A. S. Baum and C. G. Drury, “Modelling of the Human Process Controller”, Int. J. Man-Machine Studies, 8, 1–11 (1976).
I. G. Umbers, “Modelling of the Human Process Controller”, Int. J. Man-Machine Studies, 11, 263–284 (1979).
W. B. Rouse, “Systems Engineering Models of Human-Machine Interaction”, North Holland, New York (1980)
T. N. Sheridan and W. R. Ferrell, “Man-Machine Systems: Information, Control and Decision Models of Human Performance”, MIT Press, Cambridge (1974)
M. M. Danchak, “The Content of Process Control Alarm Displays”, Advances in Instrumentation, 35, pp. 101–109, ISA (1980)
J. C. A. Licklider, “Man-Computer Symbiosis”, IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, pp. 4–11 (March 1960)
M. M. Danchak, “The Man-Process Interace Using Computer Generated CRT Displays”, Instrumentation in the Power Industry, 20, p. 55, ISA (1977)
M. J. Wozny, (ed.), “Displays on Display”, Computer Graphics and Applications, 1(1) 86, IEEE (1981)
E. J. McCormick, “Human Factors Engineering”, McGraw-Hill, New York (1970), p. 164
J. E. Barmack, et al., Human Factors Problems in Computer-Generated Graphic Displays, Institute for Defense Analysis Report AD 636, 170 (1966)
R. J. Vanderkolk, J. A. Herman and M. L. Herschberger, Dot Matrix Display Symbology Study, Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory Report AFFDL-TR-75-72 (July 1975)
W. H. Teichner, R. E. Christ and G. M. Corso, Color Research for Visual Displays, Office of Naval Research Report ORN-CR213-102-4F (June 1977)
D. L. Smith, (ed.), Graphic Displays, A Human Engineering Guide for Using Color in CRT Command and Control Displays, Independent Development Program C755, Report No. D68834, Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Inc., Space Systems Division, Sunnyvale, CA (1978)
H. R. Ramsey and M. E. Atwood, Human Factors in Computer Systems: A Review of the Literature, Technical Report SAI-79-111-DEN, Science Applications, Inc. (1979)
P. J. Robertson, A Guide to Using Colour on Alphanumeric Displays, Technical Report TR.12.183, IBM United Kingdom Laboratories Limited (1979)
D. A. Shurtleff, “How to Make Displays Legible”, Human Interface Design, La Mirada, California (1980)
W. D. Hitt, et al., “Development of Design Criteria Intelligence Display Formats”, Human Factors, 3, p. 86 (1961)
M. M. Danchak, “CRT Displays for Power Plants”, Instrumentation Technology, 23, p. 29 (1976)
W. D. Hitt, “An Evaluation of Five Different Abstract Coding Methods — Experiment IV”, Human Factors, 3, p. 120 (1961)
S. L. Smith and N. G. Goodwin, “Blink Coding for Information Displays”, Human Factors, 13, p. 238 (1971)
S. L. Smith and N. G. Goodwin, “Another Look at Blinking Displays”, Human Factors, 14, p. 345 (1972)
None, Human Engineering Design Criteria for Military Systems, Equipment and Facilities, MIL-STD-1472B, p. 31 (1974)
J. Martin, “Design of Man-Computer Dialogues”, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1973)
S. E. Engel and R. E. Granada, Guidelines for Man/Display Interfaces, Technical Report TR 00.2720, IBM Poughkeepsie Laboratory (1975)
W. O. Galitz, “Human Factors in Office Automation”, Life Office Management Association, Atlanta (1980)
R. Dallimonti in “Man-Machine Interfaces for Industrial Control” (Kompass and Williams, eds.), Control Engineering, Barrington, Illinois, p. 13 (1980)
M. M. Danchak, “Alphanumeric Displays for the Man-Process Interface”, Advances in Instrumentation, 32 (1), p. 197, ISA (1977)
R. Kammann, “The Comprehensibility of Printed Instructions and the Flow Chart Alternative”, Human Factors, 17, pp. 183–191 (1975)
W. O. Galitz, “Human Factors in Office Automation”, Life Office Management Association, Atlanta (1980), p. 107
M. M. Danchak, Techniques for Displaying Multivariate Data on Cathode Ray Tubes with Applications to Nuclear Process Control, Idaho National Laboratory, NUREG/CR1994 (1981)
C. F. Schmid and S. E. Schmid, “Handbook of Graphic Presentation, Second Edition”, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1979)
M. E. Spear, “Practical Charting Techniques”, McGraw-Hill, New York (1969)
H. G. Schutz, “An Evaluation of Formats for Graphic Trend Displays — Experiment II”, Human Factors, 3, p. 99–107 (1961)
H. G. Schutz, “An Evaluation of Methods for Presentation of Graphic Multiple Trends – Experiment III”, Human Factors, 3, pp. 108–119 (1961)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Danchak, M.M. (1984). The Human Factors of CRT Displays for Nuclear Power Plant Control. In: Lewins, J., Becker, M. (eds) Advances in Nuclear Science and Technology. Advances in Nuclear Science and Technology, vol 16. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2687-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2687-8_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9671-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2687-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive