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Electronic Instrumentation for Electrochemical Studies

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Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry

Abstract

Electrochemistry has undergone a revolution over the past two decades that has completely transformed existing experimental techniques and has led to the introduction of a myriad of new sophisticated methods for studying charge transfer processes at electrode/solution interfaces. The reason for this revolution was the introduction of integrated circuit operational amplifiers, which now form the inexpensive “building blocks” of modern electrochemical instrumentation. Operational amplifiers having bandwidths up to the megahertz range enabled experimenters to “tailor make” control instruments for their needs, and also led to a whole range of commercial instrumentation becoming available for use by those not well-versed in basic electronics.

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Abbreviations

A :

Op amp open loop gain; V/V

A0 :

open loop gain at the limit of low frequency; V/V

A0 :

signal amplitude; V

BN :

normalized bandwidth of a bandpass filter; dimensionless

BW :

bandwidth of a bandpass filter; Hz

CE :

counter electrode

CMRR :

common mode rejection ratio; db

e :

output voltage of a potential control device; V

e(jω) :

frequency domain potential; V

E(t):

time domain potential; V

e a :

potential at the noninverting input of an Op Amp; V

e b :

potential at the inverting input of an Op Amp; V

e c :

control potential at the input of a voltage comparator; V

e cm :

input common mode potential at a differential amplifier; V

eί :

generalized input potential in an Op Amp circuit; V

en :

a-c noise potential; V

eo :

generalized output potential in an Op Amp circuit; V

e0 o :

initial condition of an integrator circuit; V

eos :

d-c offset voltage of an Op Amp; V

er :

reference potential at the input of a voltage comparator; V

eref :

reference electrode potential in a three-terminal electrochemical cell; V

EWE :

working electrode potential in a three-terminal electrochemical cell; V

G(jω):

open loop, frequency domain transfer function; dimensionless

GCA :

open loop gain of the control amplifier in a simple potentiostat; V/V

H(jω):

Op Amp feedback characteristic; dimensionless

{HE(s)}:

potential control transfer function for a single-amplifier potentiostat; dimensionless

{HI(s){:

current control transfer function for a single-amplifier potentiostat; dimensionless

i (jω):

frequency domain current; A

If :

feedback current; A

ii :

input current; A

in :

input current; A

i+ n :

error current in the noninverting input of an Op Amp; A

i -n :

error current in the inverting input of an Op Amp; A

i ±n :

differential error current; A

io :

output current; A

IR:

product of the current and the uncompensated electrolyte resistance for a three terminal electrochemical cell; V

j :

complex operator=(-1)1/2

L(jω):

loop gain; dimensionless

n :

order of a high-pass or low-pass filter; dimensionless

T(jω):

closed-loop gain; dimensionless

TWR:

transient wave recorder

u :

voltage maintained by a potential control device; V

WE:

working electrode

Y(jω):

test transfer function; dimensionless

Zcm :

common mode input impedance; Ω

Zd :

differential mode input impedance; Ω

Zf :

feedback impedance; Ω

Zf :

input impedance; Ω

α:

resistance ratio; dimensionless

β:

Butterworth filter damping ratio; dimensionless

β:

resistance ratio; dimensionless

β:

resistance ratio; dimensionless

δ:

resistance ratio; dimensionless

φ(jω):

phase response of active filter circuit; radians

p:

the sum of all series resistance terms not associated with the interface being controlled, for a potential control device; ft

ω:

frequency; Hz

ωh :

cut-off frequency for a high-pass filter; Hz

ωl :

cut-off frequency for a low-pass filter; Hz

ω*o :

center frequency for a bandpass or band-reject filter; Hz turnover frequency for Op Amp gain rolloff; Hz

ωo :

turnover frequency for Op Amp gain rolloff; Hz

ωp :

Op Amp gain-bandwidth product; Hz

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. SRI International, Materials Research Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA, 94025

    Michael C. H. McKubre

  2. Fontana Corrosion Center, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 43210

    Digby D. MacDonald

Authors
  1. Michael C. H. McKubre
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  2. Digby D. MacDonald
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

    Ralph E. White  & J. O’M. Bockris  & 

  2. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    Brian E. Conway

  3. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Ernest Yeager

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© 1984 Plenum Press, New York

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McKubre, M.C.H., MacDonald, D.D. (1984). Electronic Instrumentation for Electrochemical Studies. In: White, R.E., Bockris, J.O., Conway, B.E., Yeager, E. (eds) Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2679-3_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2679-3_1

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