Abstract
The ingestion, inhalation, or injection of either physician-prescribed or over-the-counter substances prior to entering a hyperbaric environment may result in an untoward (adverse or hazardous) reaction. Drug-induced physiological and psychological responses are often altered in the undersea environment. The known and recognized metabolic and excretion patterns of pharmacologically active substances may be significantly and pathologically altered once the diver becomes pressurized. An understanding of the types of changes that occur, the implications of these changes, and the relationships between and among drugs, the environment, and the diver are critical if therapeutic accidents are to be avoided.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
References
Brauer, R. W. 1975. The high pressure nervous syndrome: animals. In: The physiology and medicine of diving and compressed air work (2nd ed.), edited by p. B. Bennett and d. H. Elliott. Baltimore: williams and wilkins, p. 231–247.
Fenn, W. 0. 1969. The physiological effects of hydrostatic pressures. In: the physiology and medicine of diving and compressed air work, edited by p. B. Bennett and d. H. Elliott. Baltimore: williams and wilkins, p. 36–57.
Kendig, J. J. 1980. Interactions between hyperbaric pressure and drugs on excitable cells (nerve and muscle). In: Interaction of drugs in the hyperbaric environment, edited by J. M. Walsh. Bethesda, md: undersea medical society, p. 3–10. (undersea med. Soc. Workshop, bethesda, md, 1979.)
Kindwall, E. P. 1976. Medical examination of the diver. In: Diving medicine, edited by r. H. Strauss. New york: grune and stratton, p. 341–347.
Martys, C. R. 1979. Adverse reactions to drugs in general practice. Br. Med. J. 2: 1194–1197.
Nicodemus, H. F. 1980. Anesthesia under high pressure. In: Interaction of drugs in the hyperbaric environment, edited by j. M. Walsh. Bethesda, md: undersea medical society, p. 61–68. (undersea med. Soc. Workshop, bethesda, md, 1979.)
Walsh, J. M. 1974. Amphetamine effects on timing behavior in rats under hyperbaric conditions. Aerosp. Med. 45: 721–726.
Walsh, J. M. 1976. Drugs and diving. In: Diving medicine, edited by R. H. Strauss. New York: Grune and stratton, p. 197–209.
Walsh, J. M., and L. S. Burch 1979. The acute effects of commonly used drugs on human performance in hyperbaric air. Undersea biomed. Res. 6 (suppl): 49.
Reference
Aldrete, J. A., F. Romo-Salas, R. Wilson, and R. Rutherford 1978. Reverse arterial blood flow as a pathway for central nervous system toxic response following injection of local anesthestics. Anesth. Analg. Cleve. 57: 428–433.
Argamaso, R. V., and G. M. Wiseman 1967. The use of combined hyperbaric oxygen and polymixin b in the treatment of pseudomonas infection in mice. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1: 81–86.
Bailey, C. P., C. J. Green, M. J. Halsey. and B. Wardley-Smith 1977. High pressure and intravenous anesthesia in rats. J. Appl. Physiol.: respir. Environ. Exercise physiol. 43: 183–188.
Baker, A. B., and I. P. Unsworth 1978. No ignition risk with hyperbaric enflurane. Anesth. Inst. Care 6: 157–159.
Bartlett, E. E., and O. Hutaserani 1961. Xylocaine for the relief of postoperative pain. Anesth. Analg. Cleve. 40: 296–304.
Bennett, E. J., E. M. Grundy, and K. P. Patel 1978. Visual signs in blind nasal intubation. Anesthesiol. Rev. 5: 18–20.
Bennett, P. B., G. D. Blenkarn, J. Roby. and D. Youngblood 1974. Suppression of high pressure nervous syndrome in human deep dives with he-n20. Undersea biomed. Res. 1: 221–236.
Biduwai, A. V., T. H. Stanley, C. Rogers, and E. K. Riet 1979. Reversal of diazepam-induced post anesthetic somnolence with physostigmine. Anesthesiology 51: 256–259.
Carter, L. H., and G. A. Goldsmith 1970. The ordeal of Donald Boone. Nutr. Today 5: 1–9.
DeJong, R. H., and J. E. Heavner 1972. Local anesthetic seizure prevention—diazepam vs. Pentobarbital. Anesthesiology 36: 449–457.
DiGiovanni, A. J., M. W. Galbert. and W. M. Wahle 1972. Epidural injection of autologous blood for post lumbar-puncture headache. Anesth. Analg. Cleve. 51: 226.
Dripps, R. D., J. E. Eckenhoff, and L. D. Vandam 1977. Introduction to anesthesia: principles of safe practice (5th ed.) Philadelphia: saunders.
Evans, D. E., and L. J. Greenbaum, Jr. 1970. Pressor response to epinephrine in hyperbaric atmosphere. Aerosp. Med. 41: 738–740.
Glass, P. M., and W. F. Kennedy, Jr. 1972. Headache following subarachnoid puncture: treatment with epidural blood patch. Jama 219: 203–205.
Gountis-Bonikos, C., J. J. Kendig, and E. N. Cohen 1977. The actions of neuromuscular relaxants at hyperbaric pressures. Anesthesiology 47: 11–15.
Gromley, J. B. 1960. Treatment of postspinal headache. Anesthesiology 21: 565–566.
Gutsche, B. B., J. R. Harp, and C. R. Stephen 1966. Physiologic response of anesthetized dog to oxygen at 5 ATA. Anesthesiology 27: 615 - 623.
Halsey, M. J., B. Wardley-Smith, and C. J. Green 1978. Pressure reversal of general anesthesia a multisite expansion hypothesis. Br. J. Anaesth. 50: 1091 - 1097.
Hammond, R. E., and T. K. Akers 1974. The effect of hyperbaria on neuroeffector drugs in the isolated heart. In: Aerospace Medical Association Annual Scientific Meeting, Washington, D.C., 1974. Preprints, p. 205–206.
Kendig, J. J. 1980. Interactions between hyperbaric pressure and drugs on excitable cells (nerve and muscle). In: Interaction of Drugs in the Hyperbaric Environment, edited by J. M. Walsh. Bethesda, MD: Undersea Med. Soc., p. 3–10. (Undersea Med. Soc. Workshop, Bethesda, MD, 1979.)
Kendig, J. J., and E. N. Cohen 1976. Neuromuscular function at hyperbaric pressures: pressure-anesthetic interaction. Am. J. Physiol. 230: 1244–1249.
Kendig, J. J., and E. N. Cohen 1977. Pressure antagonism to nerve conduction block by anesthetic agents. Anesthesiology 47: 6 - 10.
Kendig, J. J., T. M. Schneider, and E. N. Cohen 1978. Repetitive impulses in nerves: a possible basis for HPNS. In: Programs and Abstracts, Undersea Medical Society, Inc., Annual Scientific Meeting, 1978. Undersea biomed. Res. 5 (suppl.): 49.
Kermorgant, Y. 1978. Anaesthesia in a hyperbaric atmosphere. In: Congress of the European Undersea Biomedical Society on Medical Aspect of Diving Accidents, 1978, p.96–113.
Krenis L. J., P. L. Liu, and S. H. Ngai 1971. The effect of local anesthetics on the central nervous system toxicity of hyperbaric oxygen. Neuropharmacology 10: 637–641.
McCracken, L. E., H. F. Nicodemus, R. E. Tobey, and R. C. Bailey 1979. Ketamine and thiopental sleep responses in hyperbaric helium oxygen in guinea pigs. Undersea biomed. Res. 6: 329–338.
McDowal, D. G. 1964. Anaesthesia in a pressure chamber. Anaesthesia 19: 321–336.
Moore, D. C. 1975. Regional Block ( 4th ed. ). Springfield, IL: Thomas.
Moore, D. C., L. E. Mather, P. O. Bridenbaugh, L. D. Bridenbaugh, R. I. Balfour, D. F. Lyons, and W. G. Horton 1976. Arterial and venous plasma levels of bupivacaine following epidural and intercostal nerve blocks. Anesthesiology 45: 40–45.
Mulroy, M. F. 1979. Spinal headache and air travel. Anesthesiology 51: 379.
Nicodemus, H. F., R. C. Bailey, J. P. Summe and H. McElroy 1980. Dose-responses of guinea pigs to diazepam at recompression depths. Undersea biomed. Res. 7: 1–9.
Phillips, O. C., A. T. Nelson, W. B. Lyons, T. D. Graff, L. C. Harris, and T. M. Frazier 1960. Intravenous lidocaine as an adjunct to general anesthesia. Anesth. Analg. Cleve. 39: 317-322.
Pittinger, C. 1966. Problems of anesthesia in hyperbaric atmosphere. J. Am. Assoc. Nurse Anesthetists 34: 321–325.
Rosenberg, H. 1974. Physostigmine reversal of sedative drugs. Jama 229: 1168–1170.
Ross, J. A. S., H. J. Manson, A. Shearer, and C. R. Dundas 1977. Some aspects of anesthesia in high pressure environments. In: Proceedings International Congress on Hyperbaric Medicine, 6th, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1977, p. 449–452.
Roth, S. H., R. A. Smith, and N. D. M. Patou 1976. Pressure antagonism of anaesthetic-induced conduction failure in frog peripheral nerve. Br. J. Anaesth. 48: 621–628.
Small, A. 1970. The effects of hyperbaric helium-oxygen on acute toxicity of several drugs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 17: 250–261.
Smith, R. A., M. Smith, E. I. Eger, M. J. Halsey. and P. M. Winter 1979. Nonlinear antagonism of anesthesia in mice by pressure. Anesth. Analg. Cleve. 58: 19–22.
Smith, R. M., D. Crocker, and J. G. Adams 1964. Anesthetic management of patients during surgery under hyperbaric oxygenation. Anesth. Analg. Cleve. 43: 766–776.
Spence, A. A., and G. Smith 1964. Problems associated with the use of anesthetic and related equipment in a hyperbaric environment. Int. Anesthesiol. Clin. 12: 165–179.
Stanley, T. H., L. Berman, O. Green, D. H. Robertson, and M. Roizen 1979. Fentanyl-oxygen anesthesia for coronary artery surgery: plasma catecholamine and cortisol response. Anesthesiology (suppl) 51: S139.
Steinhaus, J. E., and L. Gaskin 1964. A study of intravenous lidocaine as suppressant to cough reflex. Anesthesiology 24: 296–304.
Steinhaus, J. E., and D. E. Howland 1958. Intravenously administered lidocaine as a supplement to n20 thiobarbiturate anesthesia. Anesth. Analg. Cleve. 37: 30–46.
Tobey, R. E., L. E. McCracken, A. Small and L. D. Homer 1978. Effect of Hyperbaric Helium on anesthetic action of thiopental. In: underwater physiology VI. Proceedings of the sixth symposium on Underwater Physiology, Bethesda, MD, 1978, edited by C. W. Shilling and M. W. Beckett. Bethesda, MD: Fed. Am. Soc. For exp. Biol., p. 267–272.
Vacanti, J. J. 1972. Post-spinal headache in air travel. Anesthesiology 37: 358–359.
Winnie, A. P. 1970. Interscalene brachial plexus block. Anesth. Analg. Cleve. 49: 455–466.
Wiseley, I. C. F. 1976. High pressure medicine. Br. Med. J. 1: 340.
Won, W. D., and H. C. Ross 1975. Catecholamines and phagocyte response in infected mice exposed to hyperbaric helium-oxygen atmosphere. Aviat. Space environ. Med. 46: 191–193.
Nicodemus, H. F., H. McElroy, and R. Levy 1981. The efficacy of spinal anesthesia at high pressure. In: Underwater physiology vii. Proceedings of the seventh symposium on underwater physiology, edited by A. J. Bachrach and M. M. Matzen. Bethesda, md: undersea med. Soc, p. 853–856.
Phillips, O. C., A. T. Nelson, W. B. Lyons, T. D. Graff, L. C. Harris, and T. M. Frazier 1960. Intravenous lidocaine as an adjunct to general anesthesia. Anesth. Analg. Cleve. 39: 317–322.
Pittinger, C. 1966. Problems of anesthesia in hyperbaric atmosphere. J. Am. Assoc. Nurse Anesthetists 34: 321–325.
Rosenberg, H. 1974. Physostigmine reversal of sedative drugs. JAMA 229: 1168–1170.
Ross, J. A. S., H. J. Manson, A. Shearer, and C. R. Dundas 1977. Some aspects of anesthesia in high pressure environments. In: Proceedings International Congress on Hyperbaric Medicine, 6th, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1977, p. 449–452.
Roth, S. H., R. A. Smith, and N. D. M. Patou 1976. Pressure antagonism of anaesthetic-induced conduction failure in frog peripheral nerve. Br. J. Anaesth. 48: 621–628.
Severinghaus, J. W. 1966. Anesthesia and related drug effects. In: Fundamentals of Hyperbaric Medicine. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Sci./Natl. Res. Council, p. 115–127.
Small, A. 1970. The effects of hyperbaric helium-oxygen on acute toxicity of several drugs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 17: 250–261.
Smith, R. A., M. Smith, E. I. Eger II, M. J. Halsey and P. M. Winter 1979. Nonlinear antagonism of anesthesia in mice by pressure. Anesth. Analg. Cleve. 58: 19–22.
Smith, R. M., D. Crocker, and J. G. Adams 1964. Anesthetic management of patients during surgery under hyperbaric oxygenation. Anesth. Analg. Cleve. 43: 766–776.
Spence, A. A., and G. Smith 1964. Problems associated with the use of anesthetic and related equipment in a hyperbaric environment. Int. Anesthesiol. Clin. 12: 165–179.
Stanley, T. H., L. Berman, O. Green, D. H. Robertson, and M. Roizen 1979. Fentanyl-oxygen anesthesia for coronary artery surgery: plasma catecholamine and Cortisol response. Anesthesiology (Suppl) 51: SI39.
Steinhaus, J. E., and L. Gaskin 1964. A study of intravenous lidocaine as suppressant to cough reflex. Anesthesiology 24: 296–304.
Steinhaus, J. E., and D. E. Howland 1958. Intravenously administered lidocaine as a supplement to N20 thiobarbiturate anesthesia. Anesth. Analg. Cleve. 37: 30–46.
Tobey, R. E., L. E. McCracken, A. Small and L. D. Homer 1978. Effect of hyperbaric helium on anesthetic action of thiopental. In: Underwater Physiology VI. Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Underwater Physiology, Bethesda, MD, 1978, edited by C. W. Shilling and M. W. Beckett. Bethesda, MD: Fed. Am. Soc. for Exp. Biol., p. 267–272.
Tofano, M. E., and B. DeBoer 1976. Effects of hyperbaria upon morphine antidiuresis and analgesia in rats. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 47: 26–28.
Vacanti, J. J. 1972. Post-spinal headache in air travel. Anesthesiology 37: 358–359.
Winnie, A. P. 1970. Interscalene brachial plexus block. Anesth. Analg. Cleve. 49: 455–466.
Wiseley, I. C. F. 1976. High pressure medicine. Br. Med. J. 1: 340.
Won, W. D., and H. C. Ross 1975. Catecholamines and phagocyte response in infected mice exposed to hyperbaric helium-oxygen atmosphere. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 46: 191–193.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Walsh, J.M., Ginzburg, H.M., Nicodemus, H.F. (1984). Emergency Treatment While under Pressure. In: Shilling, C.W., Carlston, C.B., Mathias, R.A. (eds) The Physician’s Guide to Diving Medicine. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2671-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2671-7_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9663-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2671-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive