Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Developments in Oncology ((DION,volume 37))

Abstract

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common malignant tumor of the soft tissues in infants and children. The incidence rate was 3.7 cases per million U.S. white children less than 15 years of age per year. The corresponding figure for U.S. black children was 4.1 571. The tumor occured at a relatively constant rate in other Caucasian populations. The lowest rate was 0.0 observed among United States, black girls (Table 1) 38,40,133,150,339,340,389,527,571,572.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aaronson SA and Rowe WP: Nonproducer clones of murine sarcoma virus transformed BALB/3T3 cells. Virology 42: 9–19, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Abramowsky CR and Witt WJ: Sarcoma of the larynx in a newborn. Cancer 51: 1726–1730, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Abramson DH, Ellsworth RM, Tretter P, Wolff JA and Kitchin FD: The treatment of orbital rhabdomyosarcoma with irradiation and chemotherapy. Ophthalmology 86: 1330–1335, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Acosta A, Kaplan AL and Kaufman RH: Gynecologic cancer in children. Am J Obstet Gynecol 112: 944–952, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Acquaviva A, Barberi L, Bernardini C, D’Ambrosio A and Lasorella G: Medical therapy of orbit rhabdomyosarcoma in children. J Neurosurg Sei 26: 45–48, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Adhikary HP and Fitzmaurice DJ: Presentation of orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. Clin Oncol 8: 21–23, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Albores-Saavedra J, Martin RG and Smith JL Jr: Rhabdomyosarcoma: A study of 35 cases. Ann Surg 157: 186–197, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Alexander S, Pinck BD and Berson M: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder in children. J Med Soc New Jersey 73: 239–243, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Allen JR, Hsu I-C and Carstens LA: Dehydroretronecine-induced rhabdomyosarcoma in rats. Cancer Res 35: 997–1002, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Altmannsberger M, Osborn M, Treuner J, Holscher A, Weber K and Schauer A: Diagnosis of human childhood rhabdomyosarcoma by antibodies to desmin, the structural protein of muscle specific intermediate filaments. Virchows Arch (Cell Pathol) 39: 203–215, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Amemiya T, Tsuboi M and Uchida S: Electron microscopic and electron histochemical studies on embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit. Z Krebsforsch 83: 305–314, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Angervall L and Enzinger FM: Extraskeletal neoplasm resembling Ewing’s sarcoma. Cancer 36: 240–251, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Archer CR: The radiological manifestations of intracranial rhabdomyosarcoma. Neuroradiology 11: 131–136, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Arean VM and Kreager JA: Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. Am J Clin Pathol 43: 418–427, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ariel IM: Cure of an embryonal rhabdomyosareoma of the nose of an infant by interstitial 90-yttrium microspheres: A case report. Int J Nue Med Biol 5: 37–40, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Arlen M, Grabstald H and Whitmore WF Jr: Malignant tumors of the spermatic cord. Cancer 23: 525–532, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Arnold R and Baylin G: Destructive lesions of the temporal bone. Laryngoscope 69: 766–788, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ashton N and Morgan G: Embryonal sarcoma and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit. J Clin Pathol. 18: 699–714, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Askin RB, Rosai J, Sibley RK, Dehner LP and McAlister WH: Malignant small cell tumor of the thoracopulmonary region in childhood. Cancer 43: 2438–2451, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Auvert J, Boureau M and Weisgerber G: Embryonal sarcoma of the lower urinary tract in children: 5-year survival in two cases after radical treatment. J Urol 112: 396–401, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bale PM, Parsons RE and Stevens MM: Diagnosis and behavior of juvenile rhabdomyosarcoma. Human Pathol 14: 596–611, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Barnes PH and Maxwell MJ: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of middle ear: Report of a case with 12 years survival with a review of the literature. J Laryngol Otol 86: 1145–1154, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Barrows G and Kmetz DR: Treatment of lobar pulmonary metastasis in childhood cancer. J Ken Med Assoc 73: 367–370, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bartholomew TH, Gonzales ET Jr, Starling KA and Harberg FJ: Changing concepts in management of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma in children. Urology 13: 613–616, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Bassin RH, Simons PJ, Chesterman FC and Harvey JJ: Murine sarcoma virus (Harvey): Characteristics of focus formation in mouse embryo cell cultures and virus production by hamster tumor cells. Int J Cancer 3: 265–272, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bassin RH, Tuttle N and Fischinger PJ: Isolation of murine sarcoma virus-transformed mouse cells which are negative for leukemia virus from agar suspension cultures. Int J Cancer 6: 95–107, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Basta LL, DePersio EJ and Brown RE: Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma in a three week old child. J Clin Ultrasound 4: 205–207, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Batsakis JG: Urogenital rhabdomyosarcoma: Histogenesis and classification. J Urol 90: 180–186, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Batsakis JG and Fox JE: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx. Arch Otolaryngol 91: 136–140, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Baum ES, Gaynon P, Greenberg L, Krivit W and Hammond D: Phase II trial of cisplatin in refractory childhood cancer: Children’s cancer study group report. Cancer Treat Rep 65: 815–822, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Becker H, Grau H, Hacker H and Ploder K-W: The base of the skull: A comparison of computed and conventional tomography. J Comput Assist Tomo 2: 113–118, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bell RW: Orbital cellulitis and cavernous sinus thrombosis caused by rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear. Ann Ophthalmol 4: 1090–1092, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Belman AB and Baum, ES: Current trends in treatment of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma of lower urinary tract. Urology 8: 31–34, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Bergiron C, Markovits P, Benjaafar M, Pierkarski JD and Garel L: Lymphography in childhood rhabdomyosarcomas. Radiology 133: 627–630, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Berry MP and Jenkin RDT: Parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma in the young. Cancer 48: 281–288, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Bhargava MK: Paratesticular tumours of mesenchymal origin. Ind J Cancer 13: 108–122, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Bilaniuk LT and Zimmerman RA: Computed tomography in evaluation of the paranasal sinuses. Radiol Clin NA 20: 51–66, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Birch JM: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Birch JM, Hartley AL, Marsden HB, Harris M and Swindell R: Excess risk of breast cancer in the mothers of children with soft tissue sarcomas. Br J Cancer 49: 325–331, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Birch JM, Marsden HB and Swindell R: Incidence of malignant disease in childhood: A 24-year review of the Manchester children’s tumour registry data. Br J Cancer 42: 215–223, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bird CR, Hasso AN, Stewart CE, Hinshaw DB Jr and Thompson JR: Malignant primary neoplasms of the ear and temporal bone studied by high-resolution computed tomography. Radiology 149: 171–174, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Bishop JM: Oncogenes. Sci Amer 246 (3): 81–93, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Blair DG, McClements WL, Oskarsson MK, Fischinger PJ and Vande Woude GF: Biological activity of cloned Moloney sarcoma virus DNA: Terminally redundant sequences may enhance transformation efficiency. Proc Nat Acad Sci 77: 3504–3508, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Blanchard CL and House HP: Two case reports of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma with primary presentation in the ear. Arch Otolaryngol 66: 588–591, 1957.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Bleyer WA, Krivit W, Chard RL Jr and Hammond D: Phase II study of VM-26 in acute leukemia, neuroblastoma and other refractory childhood malignancies: A report from the children’s cancer study group. Cancer Treat Rep 63: 977–981, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bowman JT: Rhabdomyosarcoma of striated muscle origin in preadolescent children. J Pediatr 55: 620–634, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Brecher ML, Freeman AI, Thomas PRM and Sinks LF: Nonsurgical treatment of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma: A case report. J Surg Oncol 9: 603–606, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Brosman SA, Cohen A and Fay R: Rhabdomyosarcoma of testis and spermatic cord in children. Urology 3: 568–572, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Bross IDJ and Natarajan N: Cumulative genetic damage in children exposed to pre-conception and intrauterine radiation. Invest Radiol 15: 52–64, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Brown MR, Sherry WE, Menkes JH and Feig SA: Occult recurrence of nasopharyngeal rhabdomyosarcoma manifesting as isolated increased intracranial pressure. Pediatrics 56: 115–119, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Buffin JT and Buck-Barrett R: Sarcoma of the ear in children–two case histories. J Laryngol Otol 87: 95–98, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Burke WR, Weiss RM, Schiff M and Touloukian RJ: Seven-year survival of a child with rhabdomyosarcoma of prostate. Urology 8: 382–386, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Burrington JD: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the paratesticular tissues in children. J Pediatr Surg 4: 503–510, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Byrd SE, Harwood-Nash DC, Barry JF, Fitz CR and Boldt DW: Coronal computed tomography of the skull and brain in infants and children. Radiology 124: 710–714, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Byrd SE, Harwood-Nash DC, Barry JF, Fitz CR and Boldt DW: Coronal computed tomography of the skull and brain in infants and children. Radiology 124: 705–709, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Caffey J and Andersen DH: Metastatic embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in the growing skeleton. Am J Dis Child 95: 581–600, 1958.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Calhoun FP Jr and Reese AB: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit. Arch Ophthalmol 27: 558–578, 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Canalis RF and Gussen R: Temporal bone findings in rhabdomyosarcoma with predominantly petrous involvement. Arch Otolaryngol 106: 290–293, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Canalis RF, Platz CE and Cohn AM: Laryngeal rhabdomyosarcoma. Arch Otolaryngol 102: 104–107, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Canalis RJ, Jenkins HA, Hemenway WG and Lincoln C: Nasopharyngeal rhabdomyosarcoma. Arch Otolaryngol 104: 122–126, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Cangir A, Morgan SK, Land VJ, Pullen J, Starling KA and Nitschke R: Combination chemotherapy with adriamycin (NSC-123127) and dimethyl triazeno imidazole carboxamide (DTIC)(NSC-45388) in children with metastatic solid tumors. Med Pediatr Oncol 2: 183–190, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Cannon EM, Altheide JP and Allen HC: Malignant tumors of the spermatic cord and testicular tunics. South Med J 49: 17–23, 1956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Carli M, Sotti G, Perilongo G, Calculi G, De Bernardi B, Morrica B, Pianca C and Pastore G: Cranial radiation (RT) without intrathecal (IT) chemotherapy (CT) for cranial parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) at high risk of meningeal spread: Preliminary results. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 3: 87, 1984 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Cassady JR, Sagerman RH, Tretter P and Ellsworth RM: Radiation therapy for rhabdomyosarcoma. Radiology 91: 116–120, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Castleman B and McNeely BU: Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital (4–1972), New Engl J Med 286: 205–212, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Chan RC, Sutow WW and Lindberg RD: Parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma. Radiology 131: 211–214, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Chang EH, Ellis RW, Scolnick EM and Lowy DR: Transformation by cloned Harvey murine sarcoma virus DNA: Efficiency increased by long terminal repeat DNA. Science 210: 1249–1251, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Chapman GB, Jones IS and Spelsberg WW: An electron microscope study of rhabdomyosarcoma. Invest Ophthalmol 2: 538–557, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Chard RL Jr, Krivit W, Bleyer WA and Hammond D: Phase II study of VP-16–213 in childhood malignant disease: A children’s cancer study group report. Cancer Treat Rep 63: 1755–1759, 1979.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Chaves E, Guimaraes UL and Lessa A: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) of the middle ear. Arch Ital Patol Clin 13: 37–45, 1970.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Chesterman FC, Harvey JJ, Dourmashkin RR and Salaman MH: The pathology of tumors and other lesions induced in rodents by virus derived from a rat with Moloney leukemia. Cancer Res 26: 1759–1764, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Churg A and Ringus J: Ultrastructural observations on the histogenesis of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer 41: 1355–1361, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Clark MA and O’Connell KJ: An ultrastructural study of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) of the bladder. J Urol 109: 897–900, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Cleveland JC and Forsythe WE: Sarcoma botryoides: Report of three-year survival. J Urol 89: 683–685, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Cliffton EE and Pool JL: Treatment of lung metastases in children with combined therapy. J Thor Cardiovasc Surg 54: 403–420, 1967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Coffin JM, Varmus HE, Bishop JM, Essex M, Hardy WD Jr, Martin GS, Rosenberg NE, Scolnick EM, Weinberg RA and Vogt PK: Proposal for naming host cell-derived inserts in retrovirus genomes. J Virol 40: 953–957, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Cohen M, Grosfeld J, Baehner R and Weetman R: Lung CT for detection of metastases: Solid tissue neoplasms in children. Am J Roentgenol 139: 895–898, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Cohen M, Provisor A, Smith WL and Weetman R: Efficacy of whole lung tomography in diagnosing metastases from solid tumors in children. Radiology 141: 375–378, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Cohen M, Smith WL, Weetman R and Provisor A: Pulmonary pseudometastases in children with malignant tumors. Radiology 141: 371–374, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Constance TJ: The nature of anaplastic sarcomas arising in skeletal muscles. J Pathol Bacteriol 70: 365–375, 1955.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Conte PJ and Sagerman RH: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear with long-term survival. New Engl J Med 284: 92–93, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Cori G, Faraggiana T, Grandi C and Nardi F: The diagnostic usefulness of electron microscopy investigation of orbital embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. Tumori 63: 205–213, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Cozzutto C, DeBerhardi B, Comelli A and Guarino M: Bone marrow biopsy in children: A study of 111 patients. Med Pediatr Oncol 6: 57–64, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Crist WM, Raney RB Jr, Newton W, Lawrence W Jr, Tefft M and Foulkes MA: Intrathoracic soft tissue sarcomas in children. Cancer 50: 598–604, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Cromie WJ, Raney RB Jr and Dickett JW: Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma in children. J Urol 122: 80–82, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Cunningham MD and Kung FH: Combined therapy for middle ear rhabdomyosarcoma. Am J Dis Child 124: 401–402, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Cumes JT, Pratt CB and Hustu HO: Five-year survival after disseminated paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. J Urol 118: 662–665, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  88. D’Agostino AN, Soule EH and Miller RH: Sarcomas of the peripheral nerves and somatic soft tissues associated with multiple neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s disease). Cancer 16: 1015–1027, 1963.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Dalton AJ: An electron microscopic study of a virus-induced murine sarcoma (Moloney). Nat Cancer Inst Mono 22: 143–148, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Daniel WW, Koss LG and Brunschwig A: Sarcoma botryoides of the vagina. Cancer 12: 74–84, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Danziger J, Handel SF, Jing B-S and Wallace S: Computerized tomography in rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck. Cancer 44: 463–467, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Daou RA and Schloss MD: Childhood rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck. J Otolaryngol 11: 52–56, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Davis AE Jr: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the testicle. J Urol 87: 148–154, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Davis GL, Kissane JM and Ishak KG: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) of the biliary tree. Cancer 24: 333–342, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Davison RD: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear. Laryngoscope 76: 1889–1920, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. De PR: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear. Acta Otolaryngol 88: 133–136, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. De SK and Pal NC: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of middle ear cleft. J Indian Med Assoc 65: 309–313, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. DeGroot TR, Frazer JP and Wood BP: Combination therapy for laryngeal rhabdomyosarcoma. Am J Otolaryngol 1: 456–460, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Dehner LP and Chen KTK: Primary tumors of the external and middle ear. Arch Otolaryngol 104: 399–403, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Delany HM, Driscoll PJ and Ainsworth H: Sarcoma botryoides of the common bile duct. J Pediatr Surg 1: 571–578, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Delta BG and Pinkel D: Bone marrow aspiration in children with malignant tumors. J Pediatr 64: 542–546, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Der CJ, Krontiris TG and Cooper GM: Transforming genes of human bladder and lung carcinoma cell lines are homologous to the ras genes of Harvey and Kirsten sarcoma viruses. Proc Nat Acad Sci 79: 3637–3640, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. De Surra Canard R and Rivarola JE: Bladder tumor in children: Report of three cases. J Urol 69: 272–281, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Deutsch M, Albo V and Wollman MR: Radiotherapy for cerebral metastases in children. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 8: 1441–1446, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Deutsch M and Felder H: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the ear-mastoid. Laryngoscope 84: 586–592, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Dimond RL and Amon RB: Epidermal nevus and rhabdomyosarcoma. Arch Dermatol 112: 1424–1426, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Dito WR and Batsakis JG: Intraoral, pharnygeal and nasopharyngeal rhabdomyosarcoma. Arch Otolaryngol 77: 123–128, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Dito WR and Batsakis JG: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck. Arch Surg 84: 582–588, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Dodd GD, Collins LC, Egan RL and Herrera JR: The systematic use of tomography in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses. Radiology 72: 379–391, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Dodd GD, Dolan PA, Ballantyne AJ, Ibanez ML and Chau P: The dissemination of tumors of the head and neck via the cranial nerves. Radiol Clin NA 8: 445–461, 1970.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Doeven JJ, De Vries JA, Oldhoff J, Eibergen R and Boer PW: A case of embryonal sarcoma (rhabdomyosarcoma) of the prostate treated with combined surgical and cytostatic therapy. Arch Chirurg Neerland 27: 283–292, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Donaldson SS and Belli JA: A rational clinical staging system for childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2: 135–139, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Donaldson SS, Castro JR, Wilbur JR and Jesse RH Jr: Rhabdomyosarcoma of head and neck in children. Cancer 31: 26–35, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Doubleday LC, Jing B-S and Wallace S: Computed tomography of the infratemporal fossa. Radiology 138: 619–624, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Draper GJ, Heaf MM and Kinnier Wilson LM: Occurrence of childhood cancers among sibs and estimation of familial risks. J Med Genet 14: 81–90, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Dritschilo A, Weichselbaum R, Cassady JR, Jaffe N, Green D and Filler RM: The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas of childhood. Cancer 42: 1192–1203, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Duke-Elder S: Textbook of Ophthalmology. Volume 5, The Ocular Adnexa, C V Mosby Company, St. Louis, 1952, p 5564.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Duncan MH and Miller RW: Another family with the Li-Fraumeni cancer syndrome. JAMA 249:195, 1983 (Letter).

    Google Scholar 

  119. East J and Harvey JJ: The differential action of neonatal thymectomy in mice infected with murine sarcoma virus-Harvey (MSV-H). Int J Cancer 3: 614–627, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Eddleston B and Johnson RJ: A comparison of conventional radiographic imaging and computed tomography in malignant disease of the paranasal sinuses and the post-nasal space. Clin Radiol 34: 161–172, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Edland RW: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Am J Roentgenol 93: 671–685, 1965.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Edland RW: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear. Cancer 29: 784–788, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Ehrlich FE, Haas JE and Kiesewetter WB: Rhabdomyosareoma in infants and children: Factors affecting long-term survival. J Pediatr Surg 6: 571–576, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Eilber FR, Mirra JJ, Grant TT, Wiesenburger T and Morton DL: Is amputation necessary for sarcomas? A seven-year experience with limb salvage. Ann Surg 192: 431–437, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Ekert H, Ellis M, Waters KD and Tauro GP: Autologous bone marrow rescue in the treatment of advanced tumors of childhood. Cancer 49: 603–609, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. El-Gothamy B, Fujita S and Hayden RC Jr: Rhabdomyosareoma–A temporal bone report. Arch Otolaryngol 98: 106–110, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Ellenbogen E and Lasky MA: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit in the newborn. Am J Ophthalmol 80: 1024–1027, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. El-Mandi AM, Marks R Jr, Thornton WN and Constable WC: Twenty-five year survival of sarcoma botryoides treated by irradiation. Cancer 33: 653–656, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  129. El Shennawy M, Khafagy M and Ishak E: Rhabdomyosarcoma of head and neck in children. J Laryngol Otol 94: 677–682, 1980.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Enneking WF, Spanier SS and Malawer MM: The effect of the anatomic setting on the results of surgical procedures for soft parts sarcoma of the thigh. Cancer 47: 1005–1022, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Enterline HT and Horn RC Jr: Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Am J Clin Pathol 29: 356–366, 1958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Enzinger FM and Skiraki M: Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer 24: 18–31, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Ericsson JL-E, Karnstrom L and Mattsson B: Childhood cancer in Sweden. 19581974. Acta Paediatr Scand 67: 425–432, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Evans AE: Mitomycin C. Cancer Chemo Rep 14: 1–9, 1961.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Evans AE, Baehner RL, Chard RL Jr, Leikin SL, Pang EM and Pierce M: Comparison of daunorubicin (NSC-83142) with adriamycin (NSC-123127) in the treatment of late-stage childhood solid tumors. Cancer Chemo Rep 58: 671–676, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Fagundes LA: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) of the anus. Gastroenterology 44: 351–354, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Fagundes LA, Cutin M, Castro D and Alegre P: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Arch Otolaryngol 73: 705–709, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Fajemisin AA: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear and mastoid. J Laryngol Otol 88: 809–816, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Familusi JB, Nkposong EO and Attah EB: Urogenital rhabdomyosarcoma in Nigerian children. Trop Geograph Med 29: 29–34, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Farinacci CJ, Fairchild JP, Sulak MH and Gilpatrick CW: Sarcoma botryoides (a form of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma) of the common bile duct. Cancer 9: 408–417, 1956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Fefer A: Immunotherapy and chemotherapy of Moloney sarcoma virus-induced tumors in mice. Cancer Res 29: 2177–2183, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Fefer A, McCoy JL and Glynn JP: Antigenicity of a virus-induced murine sarcoma (Moloney). Cancer Res 27: 962–967, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Fefer A, McCoy JL and Glynn JP: Induction and regression of primary Moloney sarcoma virus-induced tumors in mice. Cancer Res 27: 1626–1631, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Fefer A, McCoy JL and Glynn JP: Studies on the growth and regression of a transplantable Moloney sarcoma. Cancer Res 27: 2207–2211, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Fefer A, McCoy JL, Perk K and Glynn JP: Immunologic, virologie and pathologic studies of regression of autochthonous Moloney sarcoma virus-induced tumors in mice. Cancer Res 28: 1577–1585, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Fernandez CH, Sutow WW, Merino OR and George SL: Childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Am J Roentgenol 123: 588–597, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Finklestein JZ, Albo V, Ertel I and Hammond D: 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1- triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (NSC-45388) in the treatment of solid tumors in children. Cancer Chemo Rep 59: 351–357, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Finklestein JZ, Ekert H, Isaacs H Jr and Higgins G: Bone marrow metastases in children with solid tumors. Am J Dis Child 119: 49–52, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Finklestein JZ, Hittle RE and Hammond GD: Evaluation of a high dose cyclophosphamide regimen in childhood solid tumors. Cancer 23: 1239–1242, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Finnish Cancer Resistry. Cancer in Finland, 1980, Cancer Society of Finland, Publication Number 32, Finnish Cancer Registry, Helsinki, 1983, pp 26–30.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Fish CA, Koch HF and Canales L: Survival in rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear. Am J Dis Child 124: 408–409, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Flamant F, Chassagne D, Cosset J-M, Gerbaulet A and Lernerle J: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the vagina in children. Eur J Cancer 15: 527–532, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Flamant F and Hill C: The improvement in survival associated with combined chemotherapy in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer 53: 2417–2421, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Fleischer AS, Koslow M and Rovit RL: Neurological manifestations of primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children. J Neurosurg 43: 207–214, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Fleischmann J, Perinetti EP and Catalona WJ: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the genitourinary organs. J Urol 126: 389–391, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Forbes GS, Ernest F IV and Waller RR: Computed tomography of orbital tumors, including late-generation scanning techniques. Radiology 142: 387–394, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Forbes GS, Sheedy PF H and Waller RR: Orbital tumors evaluated by computed tomography. Radiology 136: 101–111, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Frankel AE and Fischinger PJ: Nucleotide sequences in mouse DNA and RNA specific for Moloney sarcoma virus. Proc Nat Acad Sci 73: 3705–3709, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Freeman AI and Johnson WW: A comparative study of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma and virus-induced rhabdomyosarcoma in mice. Cancer Res 28: 1490–1500, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Friedman I, Harrison DFN, Tucker WN and Bird ES: Electron microscopy of a rhabdomyosarcoma of the ear. J Clin Pathol 18: 63–68, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Gaiger AM, Soule EH and Newton WA Jr: Pathology of rhabdomyosarcoma: Experience of the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study, 1972–78. Nat Cancer Inst Mono 56: 19–27, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Gardner MB, Rongey RW Arnstein P, Estes JD, Sarma P, Huebner RJ and Rickard CG: Experimental transmission of feline fibrosarcoma to cats and dogs. Nature 226: 807–809, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Gasparini M, Lombardi F, Gianni C, Lovati C and Fossati-Bellani F: Childhood rhabdomyosarcoma with meningeal extension: Results of combined therapy including central nervous system prophylaxis. Am J Clin Oncol 6: 393–398, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Gauk EW: Sarcoma botryoides. Report of two cases. Can Med Assoc J 84: 657–659, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Gehan EA, Glover FN, Maurer HM, Sutow WW, Hays DM, Lawrence W Jr, Newton WA Jr and Soule EH: Prognostic factors in children with rhabdomyosarcoma. Nat Cancer Inst Mono 56: 83–92, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Gelmann EP, Wong-Staal F, Kramer RA and Gallo RC: Molecular cloning and comparative analyses of the genomes of simian sarcoma virus and its associated helper virus. Proc Nat Acad Sci 78: 3373–3377, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Gerson JM, Jaffe N, Donaldson MH and Tefft M: Meningeal seeding from rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck with base of skull invasion: Recognition of the clinical evolution and suggestions for management. Med Pediatr Oncol 5: 137–144, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Ghavimi F, Exelby PR, D’Angio GJ, Cham W, Lieberman PH, Tan C, Mike V and Murphy ML: Multidisciplinary treatment of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in children. Cancer 35: 677–686, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Ghavimi F, Exelby PR, D’Angio GJ, Whitmore WF Jr, Lieberman PH, Lewis JL Jr, Mike V and Murphy ML: Combination therapy of urogenital embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in children. Cancer 32: 1178–1185, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Ghavimi F, Exelby PR, Lieberman PH, Scott BF and Kosloff C: Multidisciplinary treatment of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in children: A progress report. Nat Cancer Inst Mono 56: 111–120, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Ghavimi F, Herr H, Jereb B and Exelby PR: Treatment of genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma in children. J Urol 132: 313–319, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Ghazali S: Embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma of the urogenital tract. Br J Surg 60: 124–128, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Giebink GS and Ruymann FB: Testicular tumors in childhood. Am J Dis Child 127: 433–438, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Ginaldi S, Cunningham G, Davis LJ and Singleton EB: Computed tomography in the evaluation of chest lesions in the pediatric patient. CT:J Comp Tomo 5: 511–517, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Goepfert H, Cangir A, Lindberg R and Ayala A: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the temporal bone. Arch Otolaryngol 105: 310–313, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Goldfarb M, Shimizu K, Perucho M and Wigler M: Isolation and preliminary characterization of a human transforming gene from T24 bladder carcinoma cells. Nature 296: 404–409, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Gonzalez-Cruzzi F and Black-Schaffer S: Rhabdomyosarcoma of infancy and childhood. Am J Surg Pathol 3: 157–171 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Goodwin WE, Mims MM and Yong HH II: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate in a child: First 5-year survival: (Combined treatment by preoperative local irradiation; actinomycin D; intra-arterial nitrogen mustard and hypothermia; radical surgery and ureterosigmoidostomy). J Urol 99: 651–655, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Goravalingappa JP, Nanjarajiah H, Nargund SB and Balagavi CS: Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. Ind J Cancer 15: 85–89, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Gray CP and Biorn CL: Myosarcoma of the spermatic cord. J Urol 84: 562–564, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Gray CP and Biorn CL: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord. J Urol 74: 402–406, 1955.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Green DM: Unpublished data.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Green DM: Evaluation of single dose vincristine, actinomycin D and cyclophosphamide in childhood solid tumors. Cancer Treat Rep 62: 1517–1520, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Green DM and Jaffe N: Progress and controversy in the treatment of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Treat Rev 5: 7–27, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Green DM, Sallan SE and Krishan A: Actinomycin D in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Treat Rep 62: 829–831, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Grice HC and Mannell WA: Rhabdomyosarcoma induced in rats by intramuscular injections of blue VRS. J Nat Cancer Inst 37: 845–857, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Grier EA and Phillips FL: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate. J Urol 69: 695–702, 1953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Grosfeld JL, Ballantine TVN and Baehner RL: Experience with “second-look” operations in pediatric solid tumors. J Pediatr Surg 13: 275–280, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Gross CW, Bikhazi HJ and Hoffman PW: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the ear. Arch Otolaryngol 90: 609–616, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Grufferman S, Wang HH, De Long ER, Kimm SYS, Delzell ES and Falletta JM: Environmental factors in the etiology of rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood. J Nat Cancer Inst 68: 107–113, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Gutierrez ML, Evans A, Rohrbaugh T, Belasco J, Lee FH and Crooke ST: Phase II evaluation of mitomycin C (MMC) in children with refractory solid tumors using the single high-intermittent dose schedule. Med Pediatr Oncol 9: 405–407, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Haggard ME, Cangir A, Ragab AH, Komp D, Falletta J and Humphrey GB: 5fluorouracil in childhood solid tumors. Cancer Treat Rep 61: 69–71, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Haglund S, Ivemark BI and Lagergren C: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear primary to so-called medullomyoblastoma of brain. Acta Otolaryngol 69: 143–151, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Hall A, Marshall CJ, Spurr NK and Weiss RA: Identification of transforming gene in two human sarcoma cell lines as a new member of the ras gene family located on chromosome 1. Nature 303: 396–400, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Hamlyn P and Sikora K: Oncogenes. Lancet 2: 326–330, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Hammerschlag SB, Wolpert SM and Carter BL: Computed tomography of the skull base. J Comput Assist Tomo 1: 75–80, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Harguindey S, de Castro L, Barcos M, Getaz EP, Henderson ES and Freeman A: Hypercalcemia complicating childhood malignancies. Cancer 44: 2280–2290, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Harlow PJ, Kaufman FR, Siegel SE and Quevedo E: Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma in a neonate. Med Pediatr Oncol. 7: 123–126, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Hartley JW and Rowe WP: Production of altered cell foci in tissue culture by defective Moloney sarcoma virus particles. Proc Nat Acad Sci 55: 78–786, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Harvey JJ: An unidentified virus which causes the rapid production of tumours in mice. Nature 204: 1104–1105, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Harvey JJ and East J: Biological activity and separation of a leukemogenic virus from murine sarcoma virus-Harvey (MSV-H). Int J Cancer 4: 655–665, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Harvey JM and Scott JM: Neonatal embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder. Scot Med J 27: 52–57, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Harwood-Nash DC: The radiology of rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear with intracranial extension in children. Clin Radiol 22: 321–329, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Hays DM, Mirabal VQ, Patel HR, Shore N and Wooley MM: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord. Surgery 65: 845–849, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Hays DM, Newton W Jr, Soule EH, Foulkes MA, Raney RB, Tefft M, Ragab A and Maurer HM: Mortality among children with rhabdomyosarcomas of the alveolar histologic subtype. J Pediatr Surg 18: 412–417, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Hays DM, Raney RB Jr, Lawrence W Jr, Gehan EA, Soule EH, Tefft M and Maurer HM: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the female urogenital tract. J Pediatr Surg 16: 828–834, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Hays DM, Raney RB Jr, Lawrence W, Soule EH, Gehan EA and Tefft M: Bladder and prostatic tumors in the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study (IRS-I). Cancer 50: 1472–1482, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Hays DM, Raney RB Jr, Lawrence W, Tefft M, Soule EH, Crist WM, Foulkes M and Maurer HM: Primary chemotherapy in the treatment of children with bladder-prostate tumors in the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study (IRS-II). J Pediatr Surg 17: 812–819, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Hays DM and Snyder WH: Botryoid sarcoma (rhabdomyosarcoma) of the bile ducts. Am J Dis Child 110: 595–605, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Hays DM, Soule EH, Lawrence W Jr, Gehan EA, Maurer HM, Donaldson M, Raney RB Jr and Tefft M: Extremity lesions in the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study (IRS-I). Cancer 48: 1–8, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Hays DM, Sutow WW, Lawrence W Jr, Moon TE and Tefft M: Rhabdomyosarcoma: Surgical therapy in extremity lesions in children. Ortho Clin NA 8: 883–902, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Hecht F and McCaw BK: Neurofibromatosis and malignancy. J Pediatr 94:1010, 1979 (Letter).

    Google Scholar 

  213. Hellstrom I and Hellstrom KE: Colony inhibition studies on blocking and non-blocking serum effects on cellular immunity to Moloney sarcomas. Int J Cancer 5: 195–201, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Hellstrom I and Hellstrom KE: Studies on cellular immunity and its serum-mediated inhibition in Moloney-virus-induced mouse sarcomas. Int J Cancer 4: 587–600, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Henderson DW, Raven JL, Pollard JA and Walters M N-I: Bone marrow metastases in disseminated alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: Case report with ultrastructural study and review. Pathology 8: 329–341, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Heyn R: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Heyn R, Hays D, Lawrence W, Newton W, Crist W, Tefft M, Foulkes M and Maurer H: Extremity alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and lymph node spread: A preliminary report from the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study (IRS) II. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 3: 80, 1984 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  218. Heyn R, Holland R, Joo P, Johnson D, Newton W Jr, Tefft M, Breslow N and Hammond D: Treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma in children with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Med Pediatr Oncol 3: 21–32, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Heyn RM, Holland R, Newton WA Jr, Tefft M, Breslow N and Hartmann JR: The role of combined chemotherapy in the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma in children. Cancer 34: 2128–2142, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Higgins TT: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder. Br J Urol 24: 158–159, 1952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Mal SK and Trokel SL: Computerized tomography of the orbit using thin sections. Sem Roentgenol 12: 137–147, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Hildebrand HF, Krivosic I, Grandier-Vâzeille X, Tetaert D and Biserte G: Perineal rhabdomyosarcoma in a newborn child: Pathological and biochemical studies with emphasis on contractile proteins. J Clin Pathol 33: 823–829, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Hilgers RD, Ghavimi F, D’Angio GJ, Exelby P and Lewis JL Jr: Memorial hospital experience with pelvic exenteration and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the vagina. Gynecol Oncol 1: 262–270, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Hilgers RD, Malkasian GD Jr and Soule EH: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (botryoid type) of the vagina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 107: 484–502, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Hiramoto R, Jurandowski J, Bernecky J and Pressman D: Immunoehemieal differentiation of rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res 21: 383–386, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Hirsch EF: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord (funiculus spermaticus). Am J Cancer 20: 398–402, 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  227. Hoekstra HJ, Wobbes T, Brouwers TM, Postma A and Schraffordt Koops H: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of spermatic cord. Urology 16: 360–363, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Hoffman WW and Baird SS: A rare tumor of the spermatic cord: Rhabdomyosarcoma. J Urol 84: 376–381, 1960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Holborow CA and White LLR: Embryonic sarcoma (rhabdomyosarcoma) of the nasopharynx presenting with facial palsy. J Laryngol Otol 72:157–165, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  230. Holman RL: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle-ear region. J Laryngol Otol 70: 415–419, 1956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Holt CP: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Holton CP, Chapman KE, Lackey RW, Hatch EI, Baum ES and Favara BE: Extended combination therapy of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer 32: 1310–1316, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Horn RC Jr and Enterline HT: Rhabdomyosarcoma: A clinicopathological study and classification of 39 cases. Cancer 11: 181–199, 1958.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Horn RC Jr, Yakovac WC, Kaye R and Koop CE: Rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) of the common bile duct. Cancer 8: 468–477, 1955.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Hornback NB and Shidnia H: Rhabdomyosarcoma in the pediatric age range. Am J Roentgenol 126: 542–549, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Horvat BL, Caines M and Fisher ER: The ultrastructure of rhabdomyosarcoma. Am J Clin Pathol 53: 555–564, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Hosoda S, Suzuki H, Kawabe Y, Watanabe Y and Isojima G: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear. Cancer 27: 943–947, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Howard GM and Casten VG; Rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit in brothers. Arch Ophthalmol 70: 319–322, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Howarth CB, Caces JN and Pratt CB: Breast metastases in children with rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer 46: 2520–2524, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Huebner RJ, Hartley JW, Rowe WP, Lane WT and Capps WI: Rescue of the defective genome of Moloney sarcoma virus from a noninfectious hamster tumor and the production of pseudotype sarcoma viruses with various murine leukemia viruses. Proc Nat Acad Sei 56: 1164–1169, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Hutchinson RJ, Shapiro SA and Raney RB Jr: Elevated parathyroid hormone levels in association with rhabdomyosarcoma. J Pediatr 92: 780–781, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Iriarte PV, Hananian J and Cortner JA: Central nervous system leukemia and solid tumors of childhood. Cancer 19: 1187–1194, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Irvine EW Jr, Berg OC and Nelson R: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the paratesticular tissues. New Engl J Med 266: 994–995, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  244. Isaacson C: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the ampulla of Vater. Cancer 41: 365–368, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Jablon S, Belsky JL, Tachikawa K and Steer A: Cancer in Japanese exposed as children to atomic bombs. Lancet 1: 927–932, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Jablon S and Kato H: Childhood cancer in relation to prenatal exposure to atomic bomb radiation. Lancet 2: 1000–1003, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Jaffe BF, Fox JE and Batsakis JG: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear and mastoid. Cancer 27: 29–37, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Jaffe N, Murray J, Traggis D, Cassady JR, Filler RM, Watts H, Weichselbaum R and Weinstein H: Multidisciplinary treatment for childhood sarcoma. Am J Surg 133: 405–412, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. James DH Jr, George P, Hustu O, Wrenn E, Borella L, Hernandez K and Pinkel D: Chemotherapy of localized inoperable malignant tumors of children. JAMA 189: 636–638, 1964.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Jarman WD and Kenealy JC: Polypoid rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder in children. J Urol 103: 227–231, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Jereb B, Cham W, Lattin P, Exelby P, Ghavimi F, D’Angio GJ and Tefft M: Local control of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in children by radiation therapy when combined with concomitant chemotherapy. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 1: 217–225, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Jereb B, Ghavimi F, Exelby P and Zang E: Local control of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in children by radiation therapy when combined with chemotherapy. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 6: 827–833, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Jing B-S, Goepfert H and Close LG: Computerized tomography of paranasal sinus neoplasms. Laryngoscope 88: 1485–1503, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Joffe L, Shields JA and Pearah JD: Epibulbar rhabdomyosarcoma without proptosis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol 14: 364–367, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Johnson DE, Kuhn CR and Guinn GA: Testicular tumors in children. J Urol 104: 940–943, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Johnson DE, McHugh TA and Jaffe N: Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood. J Urol 128: 1275–1276, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Johnson W, Jurand J and Hiramoto R: Immunologic studies of tumors containing myosin. Am J Pathol 47: 1139–1146, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Johnson WW: Rhabdomyosarcoma of prostate with extensive central nervous system metastases: A case report. J Urol 84: 758–760, 1960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Jones CB Jr and Oberman HA: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder: Occurrence in childhood and in advanced age. J Urol 91: 533–537, 1964.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Jones IS, Reese AB and Kraut J: Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. Am J Ophthalmol 61: 721–736, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Jones PK: Cumulative genetic damage in children exposed to pre-conception and intrauterine radiation. Invest Radiol 15:65–67, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  262. Kafka V Krolupper M and Palecek L: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder in childhood: Report of a successfully treated case. J Urol 96: 210–213, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  263. Kalanraman V, Satyendran OM and Subramania Reddy N: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit. Ann Ophthalmol 3: 773–775, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  264. Kamalakar P, Freeman AI, Higby DJ, Wallace HJ Jr and Sinks LF: Clinical response and toxicity with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) in children. Cancer Treat Rep 61: 835–839, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Kapadia R: Unusual presentation of rhabdomyosarcoma of the ear. Pract Otorhino-laryngol 33: 334–338, 1971.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Kauffman SL and Stout AP: Congenital mesenchymal tumors. Cancer 18: 460–476, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Keyhani A and Booher RJ: Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer 22: 956–967, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Kingston JE, McElwain TJ and Malpas JS: Childhood rhabdomyosarcoma: Experience of the children’s solid tumour group. Br J Cancer 48: 198–207, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  269. Kirks DR, Berger PE, Fitz CR and Harwood-Nash DC: Myelography in the evaluation of paravertebral mass lesions in infants and children. Radiology 119: 603–608, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Kirks DR and Korobkin M: Chest computed tomography in infants and children. Pediatr Radiol 10: 75–82, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Kirks DR and Korobkin M: Computed tomography of the chest wall, pleura, and pulmonary parenchyma in infants and children. Radiol Clin NA 19: 421–429, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Kirsten WH and Mayer LA: Morphologic responses to a murine erythroblastosis virus. J Nat Cancer Inst 39: 311–335, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Kneale GW and Stewart AM: Pre-conception x-rays and childhood cancer. Br J Cancer 41: 222–226, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Knowles DM, Jakobiec FA, Potter GD and Jones IS: Ophthalmic striated muscle neoplasms. Survey Ophthalmol 21: 219–261, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Koh S-J and Johnson WW: Antimyosin and antirhabdomyoblast sera. Arch Pathol Lab Med 104: 118–122, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Komp DM, Land VJ, Nitschke R, Cangir A and Dyment P: 5-(3,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (NSC-82196) in the treatment of childhood malignancy. Cancer Chemo Rep 59: 371–376, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Koop CE and Tewarson IP: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children. Ann Surg 160: 95–103, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Krementz ET, Carter RD, Sutherland CM and Hutton I: Chemotherapy of sarcomas of the limbs by regional perfusion. Ann Surg 185: 555–563, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Krivit W and Bentley HP Jr: Use of 5-fluorouracil in the management of advanced malignancies in childhood. Am J Dis Child 100: 217–227, 1960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Kroll AJ Kuwabara T and Howard GM: Electron microscopy of rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit. Invest Ophthalmol 2: 523–536, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Krontiris TG: The emerging genetics of human cancer. New Engl J Med 309: 404–409, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Krous HF and Sexauer CL: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma arising within a congenital bronchogenic cyst in a child. J Pediatr Surg 16: 506–508, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Kumar APM, Green A, Smith JW and Pratt CB: Combined therapy for malignant tumors of the chest wall in children. J Pediatr Surg 12: 991–999, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Kumar APM, Wrenn EL Jr, Fleming ID, Hustu HO and Pratt CB: Combined therapy to prevent complete pelvic exenteration for rhabdomyosarcoma of the vagina or uterus. Cancer 37: 118–122, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  285. Lack EE, Perez-Atayde AR and Schuster SR: Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma of the biliary tract. Am J Surg Pathol 5: 643–652, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Laditan AAO, Adeniyi A and Aimakhu VE: Sarcoma botryoides in a Nigerian female infant. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 16: 328–330, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Land H, Parada LF and Weinberg RA: Cellular oncogenes and multistep carcinogenesis. Science 222: 771–778, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Land H, Parada LF and Weinberg RA: Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating oncogenes. Nature 304: 596–602, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Lanzkowsky P and Shende A: A possible relationship of nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn (organoid nevus) to childhood malignancies. J Pediatr 88:359–360, 1976 (Letter).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Law LW, Ting RC and Stanton MF: Some biologic, immunogenic and morphologic effects in mice after infection with a murine sarcoma virus. I. Biologic and immunogenic studies. J Nat Cancer Inst 40: 1101–1112, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Lawrence W Jr, Hays DM and Moon TE: Lymphatic metastases with childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer 39: 556–559, 1977.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Lazarus HM, Herzig RH, Graham-Pole J, Wolff SN, Phillips GL, Strandjord S, Hurd D, Forman W, Gordon EM, Coccia P, Gross S and Herzig GP: Intensive melphalan chemotherapy and cryopreserved autologous bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of refractory cancer. J Clin Oncol 1: 359–367, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Lederman M: Radiotherapy in the treatment of orbital tumours. Br J Ophthalmol 40: 592–610, 1956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Lee FA: Rhabdomyosarcoma. IN Pediatric Oncologie Radiology BR Parker and RA Castellino (eds), C V Mosby Co, St. Louis 1977, pp 417–419.

    Google Scholar 

  295. Lee FA: Rhabdomyosarcoma. IN Pediatric Oncologie Radiology BR Parker and RA Castellino (eds), C V Mosby Co, St. Louis 1977, pp 419–420.

    Google Scholar 

  296. Legier JF: Botryoid sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder: Review of the literature and report of 3 cases. J Urol 86: 583–590, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Lemmon WT Jr, Holland JM and Ketcham AS: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate. Surgery 59: 736–740, 1966.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  298. Leviton A, Davidson R and Gilles F: Neurologic manifestations of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear cleft. J Pediatr 80: 596–602, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Li FP: Second malignant tumors after cancer in childhood. Cancer 40: 1899–1902, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Li FP, Cassady JR and Jaffe N: Risk of second tumors in survivors of childhood cancer. Cancer 35: 1230–1235, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Li FP and Fraumeni JF Jr: Familial breast cancer, soft-tissue sarcomas, and other neoplasms. Ann Int Med 83:833–834, 1975 (Letter).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Li FP and Fraumeni JF Jr: Prospective study of a family cancer syndrome. JAMA 247: 2692–2694, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Li FP and Fraumeni JF Jr: Rhabdomyosarcoma in children: Epidemiological study and identification of a familial cancer syndrome. J Nat Cancer Inst 43: 1365–1373, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Li FP and Fraumeni JF Jr: Soft-tissue sarcomas, breast cancer, and other neoplasms. A familial syndrome? Ann Int Med 71: 747–752, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Liebert PS and Stool SE: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the tongue in an infant: Results of combined radiation and chemotherapy. Ann Surg 178: 621–624, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. Liebner EJ: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of head and neck in children. Cancer 37: 2777–2786, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Lifschultz BD, Gonzales-Cruzzi F and Kidd JM: Renal rhabdomyosarcoma of childhood. J Urol 127: 309–310, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Littman R, Tessler AN and Velensi Q: Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma: A case presentation and review of the literature. J Urol 108: 290–292, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  309. Lloyd GAS, Phelps PD and DuBoulay GH: High-resolution computerized tomography of the petrous bone. Br J Radiol 53: 631–641, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Mackenzie AR, Sharma TC, Whitmore WF Jr and Melamed MR: Non-extirpative treatment of myosarcomas of the bladder and prostate. Cancer 28: 329–334, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. Mackenzie AR, Whitmore WF Jr and Melamed MR: Myosarcomas of the bladder and prostate. Cancer 22: 833–844, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. MMa ho B. re atal X-ray exposure and childhood cancer. J Nat Cancer Inst 28:113–1.91, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  313. Mahindra S, Berry K, Malik GB, Sohail MA and Logani KB: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear and mastoid. J Laryngol Otol 92: 253–258, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Majmudar B and Kumar VS: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) of the common bile duct: A case report. Hum Pathol 7: 705–708, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Malangoni MA, Ofstein LC, Grosfeld JL, Weber TR, Eigen H and Baehner RL: Survival and pulmonary function following chest wall resection and reconstruction in children. J Pediatr Surg 15: 906–911, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. Malek RS and Kelalis PP: Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood. J Urol 118: 450–453, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Maletta T and Horton B: Botryoidal sarcoma of the bladder in children: A case report. J Urol 82: 490–493, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Malpas JS: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  319. Malpas JS, Freeman JE, Paxton A, Walker Smith J, Stansfeld AG and Wood CBS: Radiotherapy and adjuvant combination chemotherapy for childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Br Med J 1: 247–249, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. Mankin HJ, Lange TA and Spanier SS: The hazards of biopsy in patients with malignant primary bone and soft-tissue tumors. J Bone Joint Surg 64-A: 1121–1127, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  321. Marshall CJ, Hall A and Weiss RA: A transforming gene present in human sarcoma cell lines. Nature 299: 171–173, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. Marshall PC and Rosman NP: Symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia in a 5-year old child. Pediatrics 60: 331–333, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Marshall VF: Pelvic exenteration for polypoid myosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) of the urinary bladder of an infant. Cancer 9: 620–621, 1956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Martinez A, Donaldson SS and Bagshaw MA: Special set-up and treatment techniques for the radiotherapy of pediatric malignancies. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 2: 1007–1016, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Martinez-F LA, Haase GM, Koep LJ and Ackers DR: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the biliary tree: The case for aggressive surgery. J Pediatr Surg 17: 508–511, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. Martinez-Mora J, Sancho Cerquella V, Padulles J, Prats J, Boix-Ochoa J, Moragas A and Plans B: Management of primary testicular tumors in children. J Pediatr Surg 15: 283–286, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  327. Maurer HM: The intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study: Update, November 1978, Nat Cancer Inst Mono 56: 61–68, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  328. Maurer HM: Rhabdomyosarcoma. IN Cancer: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects for the 1980’s. Volume 2, J Burchenal and HF Oettgen (eds). Grune and Stratton, New York, 1980, pp 203–211.

    Google Scholar 

  329. Maurer HM, Moon T, Donaldson M, Fernandez C, Gehan EA, Hammond D, Hays DM, Lawrence W Jr, Newton W, Ragab A, Raney B, Soule EH, Sutow WW and Tefft M: The intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. Cancer 40: 2015–2026, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. Mazzaferri EL, O’Dorisio TM and LoBuglio AF: Treatment of hypercalcemia associated with malignancy. Sem Oncol 5: 141–153, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. McCoy JL, Fefer A, McCoy NT and Kirsten WH: Immunobiological studies of tumors induced by murine sarcoma virus (Kirsten). Cancer Res 32: 343–349, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. McDougal WS and Persky L: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder and prostate in children. J Urol 124: 882–885, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  333. McFarland J: Sarcoma of the vagina. Am J Med Sei 141: 570–588, 1911.

    Google Scholar 

  334. McFarland J: Dysontogenetic and mixed tumors of the urogenital region. Surg Gynecol Obstet 61: 42–57, 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  335. McGregor JK and Jewett TC Jr: Perianal rhabdomyosarcoma in an infant. Dis Colon Rectum 8: 52–55, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  336. MoKeen EA, Bodurtha J, Meadows AT, Douglass EC and Mulvihill JJ: Rhabdomyosarcoma complicating multiple neurofibromatosis. J Pediatr 94: 173–174, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  337. McPhail JL: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate. J Urol 87: 617–622, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  338. McWhirter WR: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  339. McWhirter WR and Bacon JE: Incidence of childhood tumours in Queensland. Br J Cancer 44: 637–642, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. Meadows AT, D’Angio GJ, Mike V, Banfi A, Harris C, Jenkin RDT and Schwartz A: Patterns of second malignant neoplasms in children. Cancer 40: 1903–1911, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  341. Medeiros A and Chaves E: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate in a 6-year old child. Arch Ital Patolog Clin 13: 168–187, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  342. Mehra YN: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the ear. J Laryngol Otol 74: 114–116, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  343. Middleton AW Jr, Elman AJ, Stewart JR, O’Brien RT and Johnson DG: Combined modality therapy with conservation of organ function in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Urology 18: 42–46, 1981.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  344. Mierau GW and Favara BE: Rhabdomyosarcoma in children: Ultrastructural study of 31 cases. Cancer 46: 2035–2040, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. Mihara S, Matsumoto H, Tokunaga F, Yano H, Ota M and Yamashita S: Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma of the gallbladder in a child. Cancer 49: 812–816, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. Miller AL Jr and Sharp L: Unusual intrascrotal tumors. J Urol 91: 273–279, 1964.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  347. Miller RW: Deaths from childhood cancer in sibs. New Engl J Med 279: 122–126, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  348. Miller RW: Deaths from childhood leukemia and solid tumors among twins and other sibs in the United States, 1960–67. J Nat Cancer Inst 46: 203–209, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  349. Moloney JB: A virus-induced rhabdomyosarcoma of mice. Nat Cancer Inst Mono 22: 139–141, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  350. Moore WT and Arnold GE: Rare tumors of the ear, nose and throat. Laryngoscope 77: 699–635, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  351. Morales AR, Fine G and Horn RC Jr: Rhabdomyosarcoma: An ultrastructural appraisal. IN Pathology Annual. SC Sommers (ed), Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1972, pp 81–106.

    Google Scholar 

  352. Mori PG, Comelli A, Pasino M, Correra A and Massimo L: Peptichimio in children with neoplastic disease. An Esp Pediatr 76 (Suppl 9): 76–83, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  353. Morse WH and Jarman WD: Sarcoma botryoides of the bladder in children. J Urol 70: 900–905, 1953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  354. Morton DL, Eilber FR, Townsend CM Jr, Grant TT, Mirra J and Weisenburger TH: Limb salvage from a multidisciplinary treatment approach for skeletal and soft tissue sarcomas of the extremity. Ann Surg 184: 268–277, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. Munoz LL, Wharam MD, Kaizer H, Leventhal BG and Ruymann F: Magna-field irradiation and autologous bone marrow rescue in the treatment of pediatric solid tumors. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 9: 1951–1954, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  356. Myers EN, Stool S and Weltschew A: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 77: 949–958, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  357. Nagaraj HS, Kmetz DR and Leitner C: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the bile ducts. J Pediatr Surg 12: 1071–1074, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  358. Nakagawa H and Wolf BD: Delineation of lesions of the base of the skull by computed tomography. Radiology 124: 75–80, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  359. Nakamura Y, Nakashima T, Nakashima H and Hashimoto T: Bilateral cystic nephroblastomas and botryoid sarcoma involving vagina and urinary bladder in a child with microcephaly, arhinencephaly and bilateral cataracts. Cancer 48: 1012–1015, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  360. Narayana AS, Loening S, Loening V and Culp DA: Sarcoma of the urinary bladder and prostate in children. Eur Urol 4: 401–404, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  361. Naufal PM: Primary sarcomas of the temporal bone. Arch Otolaryngol 98: 4450, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  362. Nelson AJ: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer 22: 64–68, 1968.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  363. Newbold RF and Overell RW: Fibroblast immortality is a prerequisite for transformation by EJ c-Ha-ras oncogene. Nature 304: 648–651, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  364. Nicholson GW DeP: Studies on Tumour Formation. C V Mosby Company, St. Louis, 1950, p 194.

    Google Scholar 

  365. Nitschke R, Fagundo R, Berry DH and Falletta JM: Weekly administration of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) in childhood solid tumors: A southwest oncology group study. Cancer Treat Rep 63: 497–499, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  366. Nunez C, Abboud SL, Lemon NC and Kemp JA: Ovarian rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as leukemia. Cancer 52: 297–300, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  367. Ober WB and Edgecomb JH: Sarcoma botryoides in the female urogenital tract. Cancer 7: 75–91, 1954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  368. Ober WB, Smith JA and Rouillard FC: Congenital sarcoma botryoides of the vagina. Cancer 11: 620–623, 1958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  369. Okamura J, Sutow WW and Moon TE: Prognosis in children with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma. Med Pediatr Oncol 3: 243–251, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  370. Olive D, Flamant F, Zucker JM, Voute P, Brunat-Mentigny M, Otten J and Dutou L: Paraaortic lymphadenectomy is not necessary in the treatment of localized paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer 54: 1283–1287, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  371. Olney LE, Narayana A, Loening S and Culp DA: Intrascrotal rhabdomyosarcoma. Urology 14: 113–125, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  372. O’Meara A: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the bile ducts. Z Kinderchir 33: 366–368, 1981.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  373. Oppenheim BE: Genetic damage from diagnostic radiation? JAM A 242: 1390–1393, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  374. Ortega J, Stowe S, Shore N, Keens T and Woolley M: Prevention of radiation pneumonitis by iatrogenic controlled pneumothorax (ICP) in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma of the chest wall. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 3: 77, 1984 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  375. Ortega. JA: A therapeutic approach to childhood pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma without pelvic exenteration. J Pediatr 94: 205–209, 1979.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  376. Ortega JA, Rivard GE, Isaacs H, Hittle RE, Hays DM, Pike MC and Karon MR: The influence of chemotherapy on the prognosis of rhabdomyosarcoma. Med Pediatr Oncol 1: 227–234, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  377. Osborn DE and Jeffrey PJ: Testicular tumor in children. Urology 7:433–435, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  378. Pack GT and Eberhart WF: Rhabdomyosarcoma of skeletal muscle. Surgery 32: 1023–1064, 1952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  379. Pahor AL: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear and mastoid. J Laryngol Otol 90: 585–591, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  380. Palmer N, Sachs N and Foulkes M: Histopathology and prognosis in rhabdomyosarcoma (IRS-I). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1: 170, 1982 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  381. Palmer NF and Foulkes M: Histopathology and prognosis in the second intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study (IRS-II). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2: 229, 1983 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  382. Pandhi SC, Mehra YN, Joseph A and Malik AK: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the ear and mastoid. Ind J Otolaryngol 28: 135–136, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  383. Pap GS: Rhabdomyosarcoma. Report of a case with involvement of the angle of the mandible. Int J Oral Surg 9: 491–493, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  384. Parada LF, Tabin CJ, Shih C and Weinberg RA: Human EJ bladder carcinoma oncogene is homologue of Harvey sarcoma virus rat gene. Nature 297: 474–478, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  385. Parkman R, Levy JA and Ting RC: Murine sarcoma virus: The question of defectiveness. Science 168: 387–389, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  386. Pastore G, Magnani C, Zanetti R and Terracini B: Incidence of cancer in children in the province of Torino (Italy) 1967–78. Eur J Cancer 17: 1337–1341, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  387. Patehell RD, Shirkey HC and Saenger EL: Sarcoma botryoides of the vagina in childhood treated by irradiation and vaginal reconstruction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 132: 339–340, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  388. Patoria NK, Gandhe ML and Shivaji NT: Rhabdomyosarcoma of urinary bladder: A case report. Ind Pediatr 11: 759–761, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  389. Patton RB and Horn RC Jr: Rhabdomyosarcoma: Clinical and pathological features and comparison with human fetal and embryonal skeletal muscle. Surgery 52: 572–584, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  390. Paulus DD Jr and Dodd GD: The roentgen diagnosis of tumors of the nasal cavity and accessory paranasal sinuses. Radiol Clin NA 8: 343–360, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  391. Pazmino NH and Yuhas JM: Senescent loss of resistance to murine sarcoma virus (Moloney) in the mouse. Cancer Res 33: 2668–2672, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  392. Pearson ADJ, Craft AW, Ratcliffe JM, Birch JM, Morris-Jones P and Roberts DF: Two families with the Li-Fraumeni cancer family syndrome. J Med Genet 19: 362–365, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  393. Penchansky L and Gallo G: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the kidney in children. Cancer 44: 285–292, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  394. Perk K and Moloney JB: Pathogenesis of a virus-induced rhabdomyosarcoma in mice. J Nat Cancer Inst 37: 581–599, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  395. Perk K, Moloney JB and Jenkins EG: Further studies on the relationship of a rhabdomyosarcoma virus to muscle tissue. Int J Cancer 2: 43–51, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  396. Perkins HN and Stewart PD: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the nasopharynx. J Laryngol Otol 73: 612–618, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  397. Pettersson G: Two cases of primary tumour of the bladder in infants. Acta Chiurg Scand 107: 534–538, 1954.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  398. Phatak AM and Prabhu SR: Sarcoma botryoides of the common bile duct. A case report. Ind J Cancer 19: 170–172, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  399. Phelan JT, Woolner LB and Hayles AB: Testicular tumors in infants and children. Surg Gynecol Obstet 105: 569–576, 1957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  400. Pinkel D: Actinomycin D in childhood cancer. Pediatrics 23: 342–347, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  401. Pinkel D: Cyclophosphamide in children with cancer. Cancer 15: 42–49, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  402. Piver MS, Barlow JJ, Wang JJ and Shah NK: Combined radical surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy in infants with vulvovaginal embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Obstet Gynecol 42: 522–526, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  403. Pochedly C, Suwansirikul S and Piacitelli J: Rhabdomyosarcoma producing respiratory obstruction. JAMA 217:969, 1971 (Letter).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  404. Potter GC: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear in children. Cancer 19: 221–226, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  405. Pratt CB: Response of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma to combination chemotherapy. J Pediatr 74: 791–794, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  406. Pratt CB, Dugger DL, Johnson WW and Ainger LE: Metastatic involvement of the heart in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer 31: 1492–1497, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  407. Pratt CB, Etcubanas E, Thompson E, Hayes FA, Champion JE and Crom DB: Mitoxantrone (dihydroxyanthracenedione, DHAD) - Phase II study in pediatric patients. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 23: 122, 1982 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  408. Pratt CB, Hayes A, Green AA, Evans WE, Senzer N, Howarth CB, Ransom JL and Crom W: Pharmacokinetic evaluation of cisplatin in children with malignant solid tumors: A phase II study. Cancer Treat Rep 65: 1021–1026, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  409. Pratt CB, Hustu HO, Fleming ID and Pinkel D: Coordinated treatment of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma with surgery, radiotherapy and combination chemotherapy. Cancer Res 32: 606–610, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  410. Pratt CB, Hustu HO and Pinkel D: Coordinated treatment of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. IN Progress in Clinical Cancer. Volume VI, IM Ariel (ed), New York, Grune and Stratton, pp 87–94.

    Google Scholar 

  411. Pratt CB, James DH Jr, Holton CP and Pinkel D: Combination therapy including vincristine (NSC-67574) for malignant solid tumors in children. Cancer Chemo Rep 52: 489–495, 1968.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  412. Pratt CB, Roberts D, Shanks E and Warmath EL: Response, toxicity and pharmacokinetics of high-dose methotrexate (NSC-740) with citrovorum factor (NSC-3590) rescue for children with osteosarcoma and other malignant tumors. Cancer Chemo Rep, Part 3, 6: 13–18, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  413. Pratt CB and Shanks EC: Doxorubicin in treatment of malignant solid tumors in children. Am J Dis Child 127: 534–536, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  414. Pratt CB, Smith JW, Woerner S, Maurer AM, Hustu HO, Johnson WW and Shanks EC: Factors leading to delay in diagnosis and affecting survival of children with head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma. Pediatrics 61: 30–34, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  415. Pratt CB and Wang JJ: Acetylenic carbamate in childhood cancer. Cancer 27: 1094–1098, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  416. Prince AM: Factors influencing the determination of cellular morphology in cells infected with Rous sarcoma virus. Virology 18: 524–534, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  417. Prior JT and Stoner LR: Sarcoma botryoides of the nasopharynx. Cancer 10: 957–963, 1957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  418. Pulciani S, Santos E, Lauver AV, Long LK, Aaronson SA and Barbacid M: Oncogenes in solid human tumors. Nature 300: 539–542, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  419. Pulciani S, Santos E, Lauver AV, Long LK, Robbins KC and Barbacid M: Oncogenes in human tumor cell lines: Molecular cloning of a transforming gene from human bladder carcinoma cells. Proc Nat Acad Sci 79: 2845–2849, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  420. Pullen DJ, Dyment PG, Humphrey GB, Lane DM and Ragab AH: Combined chemotherapy in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Chemo Rep 59: 359–365, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  421. Quddus FF, Espinola D, Kramer SS and Leventhal BG: Comparison between x-ray and bone scan detection of bone metastases in patients with rhabdomyosarcoma. Med Pediatr Oncol 11: 125–129, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  422. Ragab AH, Sutow WW, Komp DM, Starling KA, Lyon GM Jr and George S: Adriamycin in the treatment of childhood solid tumors. Cancer 36: 1567–1571, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  423. Ragab AH, Vietti TJ, Kissane JM and Sessions DG: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear. Cancer 30: 648–650, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  424. Raizada IN, Pratap VK, Mishra TD and Rohatgi VK: Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. Ind J Ophthalmol 22: 26–27, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  425. Rajarajeswari G, Ravindran S, Radhakrishnan S and Viswanathan J: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma associated with maternal ingestion of stilboesterol. Ind J Pathol Microbiol 22: 185–188, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  426. Rakov AI: Malignant rhabdomyoblastomas of the skeletal musculature. Am J Cancer 30: 455–476, 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  427. Raney RB Jr, Crist WM, Maurer HM and Foulkes MA: Prognosis of children with soft tissue sarcoma who relapse after achieving a complete response. Cancer 52: 44–50, 1983.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  428. Raney RB Jr, Hays DM, Lawrence W Jr, Soule EH, Tefft M and Donaldson MH: Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood. Cancer 42: 729–736, 1978.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  429. Raney RB Jr, Lawrence W Jr, Maurer HM, Lindberg RD, Newton WA Jr, Ragab AH, Tefft M and Foulkes MA: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the ear in childhood. Cancer 51: 2356–2361, 1983.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  430. Raney RB Jr, Ragab AH, Ruymann FB, Lindberg RD, Hays DM, Gehan EA and Soule EH: Soft-tissue sarcoma of the trunk in childhood. Cancer 49: 2612–2616, 1982.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  431. Raney RB Jr, Zimmerman RA, Bilanuik LT, Littman P, Mandell G and Potsic W: Management of craniofacial sarcoma in childhood assisted by computed tomography. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 5: 529–534, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  432. Ransom JL, Pratt CB, Hustu HO, Kumar APM, Howart CB and Bowles D: Retroperitoneal rhabdomySosarco~ma in children. Cancer 45: 845–850, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  433. Ransom JL, Pratt CB and Shanks E: Childhood rhabdomyosarcoma of the extremity: Results of codality therapy. Cancer 40: 2810–2816, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  434. Ravich L, Lerman PH and Sands A: Intrascrotal extratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. J Urol 92: 144–147, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  435. Ray B, Grabstald H, Exelby PR and Whitmore WF Jr: Bladder tumors in children. Urology 2: 426–435, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  436. Ray B, Hajdu SI and Whitmore WF Jr: Distribution of retroperitoneal lymph node metastases in testicular germinal tumors. Cancer 33: 340–348, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  437. Reese AB: Tumours of the Ere. Cassell, London, 1951, p 440.

    Google Scholar 

  438. Reynard M and Brinkley JW Jr: Cavernous sinus syndrome caused by rhabdomyosarcoma. Ann Ophthalmol 15: 94–97, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  439. Richmond EL: Sarcoma botryoides of the cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 65: 201–202, 1953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  440. Riddell HI and Kudish HG: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder: Review and report of a case. J Urol 70: 472–476, 1953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  441. Rivard G, Ortega J, Hittle R, Nitschke R and Karon M: Intensive chemotherapy as primary treatment for rhabdomyosarcoma of the pelvis. Cancer 36: 1593–1597, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  442. Rivera G, Avery T and Pratt C: 4t–demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9–(4,6–0–2–thenylidene–beta–D–glucopyranoside) (NSC–122819;VM–26) and 4’demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9–(4,5–0–ethylidene–beta–D–glucopyranoside) (NSC141540,VP–16–213) in childhood cancer: Preliminary observations. Cancer Chemo Rep 59: 743 – 749, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  443. Robbins KC, Devare SG and Aaronson SA: Molecular cloning of integrated simian sarcoma virus: Genome organization of infectious DNA clones. Proc Nat Acad Sci 78: 2918–2922, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  444. Rodgers BM, Talbert JL and Alexander JA: Pulmonary metastases in childhood sarcoma. Ann Thor Surg 29: 410–414, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  445. Rooks JJ Jr and Habal MB: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children. J Florida Med Assoc 63: 980–983, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  446. Rosas-Uribe A, Luna MA and Guinn GA: Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. Am J Surg 120: 787–791, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  447. Rosenberg SA, Kent H, Costa J, Webber BL, Young R, Chabner B, Baker AR, Brennan MF, Chretien PB, Cohen MH, deMoss EV, Sears HF, Seipp C and Simon R: Prospective randomized evaluation of the role of limb-sparing surgery, radiation therapy and adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in the treatment of adult soft-tissue sarcomas. Surgery 84: 62–68, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  448. Ross LAR: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord. Pediatrics 43: 890–892, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  449. Rothman SLG, Kier EL, Allen WE III and Pratt AG: Cerebral angiography in the diagnosis of orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. Radiology 112: 353–356, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  450. Rous P and Murphy JB: Variations in a chicken sarcoma caused by a filterable agent. J Exp Med 17: 219–230, 1913.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  451. Rowse AD and Shaw RE: Five-year survival following cystoprostatectomy for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate. Br J Urol 52: 323, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  452. Ruley HE: Adenovirus early region lA enables viral and cellular transforming genes to transform primary cells in culture. Nature 304: 602–606, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  453. Rutledge F and Sullivan MP: Sarcoma botryoides. Ann New York Acad Sci 142: 694–708, 1967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  454. Ruymann FB, Donaldson M, Lawrence W, Tefft M and Crist WM: Extrahepatic biliary rhabdomyosarcoma. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 21: 388, 1980 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  455. Ruymann F, Heyn R, Ragab A, Hayes D, Tefft M, Newton W, Palmer N and Foulkes M: Completely resected rhabdomyosarcoma: The effect of unfavorble histology on recurrence. A report from the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study (IRS). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 3: 86, 1984 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  456. Ruymann FB, Newton WA Jr, Ragab AH, Donaldson MH and Foulkes M: Bone marrow metastases at diagnosis in children and adolescents with rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer 53: 368–373, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  457. Sagerman RH, Tretter P and Ellsworth RM: Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma in children. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 78:OP-602-OP-605, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  458. Sagerman RH, Tretter P and Ellsworth RM: The treatment of orbital rhabdomyosarcoma of children with primary radiation therapy. Am J Roentgenol 114: 31–34, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  459. Saint John EG and Woo Z-P: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the nasopharynx. Radiology 65: 218–222, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  460. Sananman ML and Weintraub MI: Remitting ophthalmoplegia due to rhabdomyosarcoma. Arch Ophthalmol 86: 459–461, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  461. Santos E, Tronick SR, Aaronson SA, Pulciani S and Barbacid M: T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene is an activated form of the normal human homologue of BALB- and Harvey-MSV transforming genes. Nature 298: 343–347, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  462. Sarkar K, Tolnai G, and McKay DE: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate. Cancer 31: 442–448, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  463. Schachat DA, Fefer A and Moloney JB: Effect of cortisone on oncogenesis by murine sarcoma virus (Moloney). Cancer Res 28: 517–520, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  464. Schlom J, Moloney JB and Groupe V: Immunological and pathological manifestations of mutine sarcoma virus (Moloney) infections. Cancer Res 30: 2955–2961, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  465. Scholtmeijer RJ, Tromp CG and Hazebroek FWJ: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the urogenital tract in childhood. Eur Urol 9: 69–74, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  466. Schumaker RC, Robertson KA, Hsu IC and Allen JR: Neoplastic transformation in tissues of rats exposed to monocrotaline or dehydroretronecine. J Nat Cancer Inst 56: 787–790, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  467. Schuring A and Birck HG: Malignant ear polyps in children. Arch Otolaryngol 84: 416–417, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  468. Schuster SAD, Ferguson EC III and Marshall RB: Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the eyelid. Arch Ophthalmol 87: 646–651, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  469. Schwartz RH, Movassaghi N and Marion ED: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear: A wolf in sheep’s clothing. Pediatrics 65: 1131–1133, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  470. Schwenn M, Cassady JR, Delorey M, Price K, Green D and Weinstein H: Patterns of failure following combined modality therapy (CMT) for rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 3: 81, 1984 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  471. Scolnick EM and Parks WP: Harvey sarcoma virus: A second murine type C sarcoma virus with rat genetic information. J Virol 13: 1211–1219, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  472. Scotti G and Harwood-Nash DC: Computed tomography of rhabdomyosarcoma of the skull base in children. J Comput Assist Tomo 6: 33–39, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  473. Selawry OS, Holland JF and Wolman JJ: Effect of vincristine (NSC-67574) on malignant solid tumors in children. Cancer Chemo Rep 52: 497–500, 1968.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  474. Semerdjian HS, Texter JH Jr and Yawn DH: Rhabdomyosarcoma occurring in repaired exstrophied bladder: A case report. J Urol 108: 354–356, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  475. Servadio C and Shmueli D: Eleven-year survival following cystoprostatectomy for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate. J Urol 127:1200, 1982 (Letter).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  476. Sessions DG, Ragab AH, Vietti TJ, Biller HF and Ogura JH: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children. Laryngoscope 83: 890–897, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  477. Shackman R: Sarcoma botryoides of the genital tract in female children. Br J Surg 38: 26–30, 1950.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  478. Shaffer KA, Haughton VM and Wilson CR: High resolution computed tomography of the temporal bone. Radiology 134: 409–414, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  479. Sherr CJ, Fedele LA, Oskarsson M, Maizel J and Vande Woude G: Molecular cloning of Snyder-Theilen feline leukemia and sarcoma viruses: Comparative studies of feline sarcoma virus with its natural helper virus and with Moloney murine sarcoma virus. J Virol 34: 200–212, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  480. Shiono PH, Chung CS and Myrianthopoulos NC: Preconception radiation intrauterine diagnostic radiation and childhood neoplasia. J Nat Cancer Inst 65: 681–686, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  481. Shoesmith JH and Robinson MP: Malignant bladder tumours in infants. Br J Urol 33: 292–295, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  482. Simon MA and Enneking WF: The management of soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities. J Bone Joint Surg 58-A: 317–327, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  483. Sinniah D, Tan HM, Lin HP and Looi LM: Rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood: A 13 year review from the University Hospital Kuala Lumpur 1967–1980. Singapore Med J 22: 158–165, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  484. Sirsat MV: Sarcoma botryoides. Ind J Med Res 41: 379–381, 1953.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  485. Skeel DA, Drinker HR Jr and Witherington R: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord: Report of 3 cases with review of the literature. J Urol 113: 279–284, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  486. Slotkin EA and Davis RD: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder. New York State J Med 54: 2837–2840, 1954.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  487. Smith BA: Sarcoma botryoides–rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder. J Urol 82: 101–104, 1959.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  488. Snyder SP and Thailen GH: Transmissible feline fibrosarcoma. Nature 221: 1074–1075, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  489. Sobel RA and Woerner S: Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and nasopharyngeal rhabdomyosarcoma. J Pediatr 99:1000–1001, 1981 (Letter).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  490. Solomon GE, Tolge BP, Palesty J, Waltner JC and Potter GD: An extra-axial brainstem tumor of childhood. Am J Dis Child 117: 338–340, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  491. Soni NK and Chatterji P: Unusual presentation of rhabdomyosarcoma of the nasopharynx. Indian Pediatr 19: 265–267, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  492. Soper RT and Dunphy DL: Sarcoma botryoides of the biliary tree. Surgery 63: 1005–1011, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  493. Soule EH, Newton W Jr, Moon TE and Tefft M: Extraskeletal Ewing’s sarcoma. Cancer 42: 259–264, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  494. Srouji MN, Donaldson MH, Chatten J and Koblenzer CS: Perianal rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood. Cancer 38: 1008–1012, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  495. Stanton MF, Law LW and Ting RC: Some biologic, immunogenic and morphologic effects in mice after infection with a murine sarcoma virus. II. Morphologic studies. J Nat Cancer Inst 40: 1113–1129, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  496. Stanton MJ: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the paratesticular tissues. New Zealand Med J 65: 389–391, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  497. Stephenson JR, Khan AS, Sliski AH and Essex M: Feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen: Evidence for an immunologically crossreactive feline sarcoma virus-coded protein. Proc Nat Acad Sci 74: 5608–5612, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  498. Stobbe GD and Dargeon HW: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children and adolescents. Cancer 3: 826–836, 1950.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  499. Stout AP: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the skeletal muscles. Ann Surg 123: 447–472, 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  500. Stuart AE and Magri J: Long survival after vaginal sarcoma botryoides. Br J Urol 48: 452, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  501. Suchatlampong V and Laohapand T: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the nasopharynx: Report of a case and review of the literature. J Med Assoc Thailand 62: 694–698, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  502. Sunderman FW Jr, Lau TJ and Cralley LJ: Inhibitory effect of manganese upon muscle tumorigenesis by nickel subsulfide. Cancer Res 34: 92–95, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  503. Sutow WW: Chemotherapeutic management of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. IN Neoplasia in Childhood. Yearbook Medical Publishers Inc, Chicago, 1969, pp 201–208.

    Google Scholar 

  504. Sutow WW: Chemotherapy in childhood cancer (except leukemia). Cancer 18: 1585–1589, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  505. Sutow WW: Cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) in Wilms’ tumor and rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Chemo Rep 51: 407–409, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  506. Sutow WW, Berry DH, Haddy TB, Sullivan MP, Watkins WL and Windmiller J: Vincristine sulfate therapy in children with metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. Pediatrics 38: 465–472, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  507. Sutow WW, Foulkes MA, Heyn RM, Lindberg RD and Newton WA Jr: Risk of late relapse after disease-free survival (DFS) of 2 years in children with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). Report from the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study (IRS). Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 22: 151, 1981 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  508. Sutow WW, Sullivan MP, Ried HL, Taylor HG and Griffity KM: Prognosis in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer 25: 1384–1390, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  509. Sutow WW, Vietti TJ, Lonsdale D and Talley RW: Daunomycin in the treatment of metastatic soft tissue sarcoma in children. Cancer 29: 1293–1297, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  510. Sutow WW, Wilbur JR, Vietti TJ, Vuthibhagdee P, Fujimoto T and Watanabe A: Evaluation of dosage schedules of mitomycin C (NSC-26980) in children. Cancer Chemo Rep 55: 285–289, 1971.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  511. Taira Y, Nakayama I, Moriuchi A, Takahara O, Ito T, Tsuchiya R, Hirano T and Matsushita T: Sarcoma botryoides arising from the biliary tract of children–A case report with review of the literature. Acta Pathol Jap 26: 709–718, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  512. Talerman A: Sarcoma botryoides presenting as a polyp on the labium majus. Cancer 32: 994–999, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  513. Tan C, Rosen G, Ghavimi F, Haghbin M, Helson L, Wollner N and Murphy ML: Adriamycin (NSC-123127) in pediatric malignancies. Cancer Chemo Rep, Part 3, 6: 259–266, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  514. Tan C, Tasaka H, Yu K-P, Murphy ML and Karnofsky DA: Daunomycin, an antitumor antibiotic in the treatment of neoplastic disease. Cancer 20: 333–353, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  515. Tan CTC, Aduna NS: Preliminary clinical experience with leurocristine in children. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 3: 367, 1962 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  516. Tan CTC, Dargeon HW and Burchenal JH: The effect of actinomycin D on cancer in childhood. Pediatrics 24: 544–561, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  517. Tan CTC, Hancock CH, Mondora A and Hoffman NW: Phase I study of aziridinylbenzoquinone (AZQ, NSC 182986) in children with cancer. Cancer Res 44: 831–835, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  518. Tank ES, Fellmann, SL, Wheeler ES, Weaver DK and Lapides J: The treatment of urogenital tract rhabdomyosarcoma in infants and children. J Urol 107: 324–328, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  519. Taura S, Taura M, Tanaka N, Ito T and Tsuchiya R: Ultrastructure of botryoid sarcoma of the common bile duct. Gastroenterol Jap 12: 305–310, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  520. Tefft M, Fernandez C, Donaldson M, Newton W and Moon TE: Incidence of meningeal involvement by rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children. Cancer 42: 253–258, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  521. Tefft M, Hays D, Raney RB Jr, Lawrence W, Soule E, Donaldson MH, Sutow WW and Gehan E: Radiation to regional nodes for rhabdomyosarcoma of the genitourinary tract in children: Is it necessary? Cancer 45: 3065–3068, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  522. Tefft M and Jaffe N: Sarcoma of the bladder and prostate in children. Cancer 32: 1161–1177, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  523. Tefft M, Lindberg RD and Gehan EA: Radiation therapy combined with systemic chemotherapy of rhabdomyosarcoma in children: Local control in patients enrolled in the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. Nat Cancer Inst Mono 56: 75–81, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  524. Tefft M, Vawter GF and Mitus A: Paravertebral “round cell” tumors in children. Radiology 92: 1501–1509, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  525. Teppo L: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  526. Thawley SE, Gado M and Fuller TR: Computerized tomography in the evaluation of head and neck lesions. Laryngoscope 88: 451–459, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  527. Theilen GH, Gould D, Fowler M and Dungworth DL: C-type virus in tumor tissue of a woolly monkey (Lagothrix spp) with fibrosarcoma. J Nat Cancer Inst 47: 881–889, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  528. Thompson IM and Coppridge AJ: The management of bladder tumors in children: A study of sarcoma botryoides. J Urol 82: 590–592, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  529. Verma PL and Marwaha AR: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear and mastoid. J Laryngol Otol 86: 67–71, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  530. Vidal AM: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear. J Laryngol Otol 78: 555–560, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  531. Wadhwa S, Aggarwal S and Maheshwari HB: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder. Ind J Pediatr 43: 208–210, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  532. Waga S and Handa H: Neurological manifestations of rhabdomyosarcomas in the head and neck in childhood. Neuroradiological study. Neuroradiology 11: 255–260, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  533. Weber AL, Tadmor R Davis R and Roberson G: Malignant tumors of the sinuses.Neuroradiology 16: 443–448, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  534. Weichert KA, Bove KC, Aron BS and Lampkin B: Rhabdomyosarcoma in children. Am J Clin Pathol 66: 692–701, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  535. Weichselbaum RR, Cassady JR, Albert DM and Gonder JR: Multimodality management of orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. Int Ophthalmol Clin 20: 247–259, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  536. Weichselbaum RR, Cassady JR, Jaffe N and Filler R: The evolution of combination therapy of genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma in children: A preliminary report. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 2: 267–272, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  537. Weinberg RA: A molecular basis of cancer. Sci Amer 249 (5): 126–142, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  538. Weinblatt ME and Miller JH: Radionuclide scanning in children with rhabdomyosarcoma. Med Pediatr Oncol 9: 293–301, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  539. Weissman MJ, Gaeta JF and Albert DJ: Childhood urogenital sarcoma. J Surg Oncol 4: 109–116, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  540. Wharam M, Foulkes M, Lawrence W Jr, Lindberg R, Maurer H, Newton W Jr, Ragab A, Raney RB Jr and Tefft M: Soft-tissue sarcoma of the head and neck in childhood: Nonorbital and nonparameningeal sites. Cancer 53: 1016–1019, 1984.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  541. Wharam MD, Kaizer H, Leventhal BH, Munoz L, Tutschka PJ, Santos GW, Elfenbein GJ and Order SE: Systemic irradiation for selected stage IV and recurrent pediatric solid tumors: Method, toxicity and preliminary results. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 6: 217–223, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  542. White A, Verma PL and Bullimore J: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the nasopharynx. J Laryngol Otol 88: 271–277, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  543. White PH, Hirose FM and Moore TC: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the superior portion of the urinary bladder in childhood. J Pediatr Surg 6: 178, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  544. White JG and Krivit W: Surgical excision of pulmonary metastases. Pediatrics 29: 927–932, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  545. Wilbur JR, Sutow WW, Sullivan MP, Castro JR, Kaiser H and Taylor HG: Successful treatment of inoperable embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Pediatr Res 5: 408, 1971 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  546. Williams AW: Liver tumour of mixed type. Br J Surg 41: 13–15, 1953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  547. Williams DI and Schistad G: Lower urinary tract tumours in children. Br J Urol 36: 51–65, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  548. Williamson HO and McIver FA: Sarcoma botryoides of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol 31: 689–694, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  549. Wolfe LG, Deinhardt F, Theilen GH, Rabin H, Kawakami T and Bustad LK: Induction of tumors in marmoset monkeys by simian sarcoma virus, type I (Lagothrix): A preliminary report. J Nat Cancer Inst 47: 1115–1120, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  550. Wolman IJ and Gens RD: Progress report on the use of 5-fluoro-2’-deoxyuridine (5-FUDR) in childhood leukemias and neoplasms. Cancer Chemo Rep 2: 14–15, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  551. Woodring JH, Halberg DH and Duff DE: Sarcoma botryoides of the uterus presenting as an abdominal mass. J Clin Ultrasound 10: 347–349, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  552. Young JL Jr: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  553. Young JL Jr, Heise 11W, Silverberg E and Myers MH: Cancer incidence, survival and mortality for children under 15 years of age. American Cancer Society, New York, 1978, pp 8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  554. Young JL Jr and Miller RW: Incidence of malignant tumors in US children. J Pediatr 86: 254–258, 1975.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, Boston

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Green, D.M. (1985). Rhabdomyosarcoma. In: Diagnosis and Management of Malignant Solid Tumors in Infants and Children. Developments in Oncology, vol 37. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2623-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2623-6_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9640-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2623-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics