Abstract
In the diagnosis of the presence, nature, and location of hepatobiliary neoplasms, the diagnostic radiologist assumes a primary responsibility. This has come about largely due to the developments in the noninvasive modalities of radionuclide scintigraphy (RN), ultrasonography (US), and computed tomography (CT) as well as the refinements in the invasive procedures of angiography and percutaneous biopsy. The place of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) [1] and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [2–4] has not been defined as yet. This chapter highlights the radiologist’s role in the diagnosis of patients with hepatic tumors.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Flannigan BD, Gomes AS, Stambuk EC, Lois JF, Pais SO. Intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography: comparison with conventional hepatic arteriography. Radiology 148:17–21, 1983.
Higgins CB, Goldberg H, Hricak H, Crooks LE, Kaufman L, Brasch R. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of vasculature of abdominal viscera: normal and pathologic features. AJR 140:1217–1225, 1983.
Doyle FH, Pennock JM, Banks LM, McDonnell MJ, Bydder GM, Steiner RE, Young IR, Clarke GJ, Pasmore T, Gilderdale DJ. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the liver: initial experience. AJR 138:193–200, 1982.
Smith EW, Mallard JR, Reid A, Hutchison JMS. Nuclear magnetic resonance tomographic imaging liver disease. The Lancet 963–964, May 2, 1982.
Grossman ZD, Wistow BW, Bryan PJ, et al. Radionuclide imaging, computed tomography, and gray-scale ultrasonography of the liver: a comparative study. J Nucl Med 18:327–332, 1977.
Taylor KJW, Sullivan D, Rosenfield AT, et al. Gray-scale ultrasound and isotope scanning: complementary techniques for imaging the liver. Am J Roentgenol 128:277–281, 1977.
Bryan PJ, Dinn WM, Grossman ZD, et al. Correlation of computed tomography, gray-scale ultrasonography and radionuclide imaging of the liver in detecting space-occupying processes. Radiology 124:387–393, 1977.
Snow JH (Jr), Goldstein HM, Wallace S. Comparison of scintigraphy, sonography, and computed tomography in the evaluation of hepatic neoplasms. AJR 132:915–918, 1979.
Knopf DR, Torres WE, Fajman WJ, Sones PJ (Jr). Liver lesions: comparative accuracy of scintigraphy and computed tomography. AJR 138:623–627, 1982.
Doiron MJ, Bernardino ME. A comparison of noninvasive imaging modalities in the melanoma patient. Cancer 47:2581–2584, 1981.
McCready VR. Scintigraphy studies of space occupying liver disease. Semin Nucl Med 2: 108–127, 1972.
Garrett W, Kossoff G, Uren R, Carpenter D. Grey scale ultrasonic investigation of focal defects on 99mTc sulphur colloid liver scanning. Radiology 119:425–428, 1976.
Lomonaco A, Kline P, Halpen S, Leopold G. Nuclear medicine and ultrasound: correlation in diagnosis of disease in liver and biliary tract. Semin Nucl Med 5:307–324, 1975.
Lunia S, Parthasarathy K, Bakshi S, Bender M. An evaluation of 99mTc sulphur colloid liver scintiscans and their usefulness in metastatic workup: a review of 1424 studies. J Nucl Med 16:62–65. 1975.
Rosenthal S. Are hepatic scans overused? Am J Dig Dis 21:659–663, 1976.
Strauss L, Bostel F, Clorius JH, Raptou E, Wellman H, Georgi P. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for assessment of hepatic lesions. J Nucl Med 23:1059–1065, 1982.
Chaudhuri TK, Stadalnik RC. Juxtahepatic structures causing false positive liver scintiscan. Semin Nucl Med 11:61–63, 1981.
Prando A, Goldstein HM, Bernardino ME, Green B. Ultrasonic pseudolesions of the liver. Radiology 130:403–107, 1979.
Bernardino ME, Thomas JL, Mayes GB. An initial experience with post-data processing in hepatic sonography. AJR 136:521–525, 1981.
Sullivan DC, Taylor KJW, Gottschalk A. The use of ultrasound to enhance the diagnostic utility of the equivocal liver scintigraph. Radiology 128:727–732, 1979.
Moss AA, Schrumpf J, Schnyder P, Korobkin M, Shimshak RR. Computed tomography of focal hepatic lesions: a blind clinical evaluation of the effect of contrast enhancement. Radiology 131:427–430, 1979.
Burgener FA, Hamlin DJ. Contrast enhancement of hepatic tumors in CT: comparison between bolus and infusion techniques. AJR 140:291–295, 1983.
Marchai GJ, Baert AL, Wilms GE. CT of noncystic liver lesions: bolus enhancement. AJR 135:57–65, 1980.
Berland LL, Lawson TL, Foley WD, Melrose BL, Chintapalli KN, Taylor AJ. Comparison of pre- and postcontrast CT in hepatic masses. AJR 138:853–858, 1982.
Prando A, Wallace S, Bernardino ME, Lindell MM (Jr). Computed tomographic arteriography of the liver. Radiology 130:697–701, 1979.
Moss AA, Dean PB, Axel L, Goldberg HI, Glazer GM, Friedman MA. Dynamic CT of hepatic masses with intravenous and intraarterial contrast material. AJR 138:847–852, 1982.
Vermess M, Doppman JL, Sugarbaker P, Fisher RI, Chatterji DC, Luetzeler J, Grimes G, Girton M, Adamson RH. Clinical trials with a new intravenous liposoluble contrast material for computed tomography of the liver and spleen. Radiology 137:217–222, 1980.
Vermess M, Doppman JL, Sugarbaker PH, Fisher RI, O’Leary TJ, Chatterji DC, Grimes G, Adamson RH, Willis M, Edwards BK. Computed tomography of the liver and spleen with intravenous lipoid contrast material: review of 60 examinations. AJR 138:1063–1071, 1982.
Caride VJ, Sostman HD, Twickler J, Zachairs H, Orphanoudakis SC, Jaffe CC. Brominated radiopaque liposomes: contrast agent for computed tomography of liver and spleen. A preliminary report. Investig Radiology 17:381–385, 1982.
Cohen Z, Seltzer SE, Davis MA, Hanson RN. Iodinated starch particles: new contrast material for computed tomography of the liver. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5:843–846, 1981.
Lewis E, AufderHeide JF, Bernardino ME, Barnes PA, Thomas JL. CT detection of hepatic metastases with Ethiodized Oil Emulsion 13. J Comput Assist Tomogr 6:1108–1114, 1982.
Thomas JL, Bernardino ME, Vermess M, Barnes PA, Fuller LM, Hagemeister FB, Doppman J, Fisher RI, Longo DL. EOE-13 in the detection of hepatosplenic lymphoma. Radiology 145:629–634, 1982.
Reuter SR, Redman HC (eds). Gastrointestinal angiography, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1977.
Freeny PC, Antonovic R, Gutierrez OH, Rösch J. Diagnostic effectiveness of infusion hepatic angiography: a comparison with the conventional technique. Fortschr Geb Roentgensr Nukle-armed 124:534–541, 1976.
Goldstein HM, Thaggard A, Wallace S, Neiman HL. Priscoline-augmented hepatic angiography. Radiology 119:275–279, 1976.
Edmondson HA. Differential diagnosis of tumors and tumor-like lesions of the liver in infancy and childhood. Am J Dis Child 91:168, 1956.
Desser PL, Smith S. Non-parasitic liver cysts in children. J Pediatr 49:297, 1956.
Henson SW (Jr), Gray HK, Dockerty MB. Benign tumors of the liver IV. Polycystic disease of surgical significance. Surg Gynecol Obstet 104:63, 1957.
Federle MP, Filly RA, Moss AA. Cystic hepatic neoplasms: complementary roles of CT and sonography. Am J Roentgenol 136:345–348, 1981.
Kinney TD, Ferrebee JW. Hepatic abscess: factors determining its localization. Arch Pathol 45:41, 1948.
Ho B, Cooperberg PL, Li DKB, Mack L, Naiman SC, Grossman L. Ultrasonography and computed tomography of hepatic candidiasis in immunosuppressed patients. J Ultrasound Med 1:157–159, 1982.
Callen PW, Filly RA, Marcus FS. Ultrasonography and computed tomography in the evaluation of hepatic microabscesses in the immunosuppressed patient. Radiology 136:433–434, 1980.
Gharbi HA, Hassine W, Brauner MW, Dupuch K: Ultrasound examination of the hydatic liver. Radiology 139: 459–463, 1981.
Gonzalez LR, Marcos J, Lllana M, Hernandez-Mora M, Pena S, Picouto JP, Cienfuegos JA, Alvarez JR. Radiologic aspects of hepatic echinococcosis. Radiology 130:21–27, 1979.
Somppi E, Niemi K, Rumskanen O, Arajarvi P, Lauslahti K. Cavernous hepatic hemangioma in the newborn infant: case report of a successful resection. J Pediatr Surg 9:239–241, 1974.
Johnson CM, Sheedy PF, Stanson AW, Stephens DH, Hattery RR, Adson MA. Computed tomography and angiography of cavernous hemangioma of the liver. Radiology 138:115–121, 1981.
Slovis TL, Berdon WE, Haller JO, Casarella WJ, Baker DH. Hemangioma of the liver in infants: review of diagnosis, treatment, and course. Am J Roentgenol 123:791–801, 1975.
Adam YG, Huvos AG, Hadju SI. Malignant vascular tumors of liver. Ann Surg 175:375, 1972.
Dehner LP, Ishak KG. Vascular tumors of the liver in infants and children. Arch Pathol 92:101–111, 1971.
Edmondson HA. Tumors of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. In Atlas of Tumor Pathology, fasc 25. Washington, D.C.:AFIP, 1958.
Ishak KG, Rabin L. Benign tumors of the liver. Med Clin N Am 59:995–1013, 1975.
Albritton DR, Tempkins RK, Longmire WP. Hepatic cell adenoma: a report of four cases. Ann Surg 180:14–19, 1974.
Goldstein HM, Neiman HL, Mena E, Bookstein JJ, Appleman HD. Angiographic findings in benign liver cell tumors. Radiology 110:339–343, 1974.
Baum JK, Holtz F, Bookstein JJ, Klein EW. Possible association between benign hepatomas and oral contraceptives. Lancet 2:926–929, 1973.
Sherlock S. Hepatic adenomas and oral contraceptives. Gut 16:753–756, 1975.
Casarella WJ, Knowles DM, Wolf M, Johnson PM. Focal nodular hyperplasia and liver cell adenoma: radiologic and pathologic differentiation. Am J Roentgenol 131:393–402, 1978.
Mays ET, Christopherson WM, Mahr MM, Williams HC. Hepatic changes in young women ingesting contraceptive steroids. Hepatic hemorrhage and primary hepatic tumors. JAMA 235: 730–732, 1976.
Salvo AF, Schiller A, Athanasoulis CA, Galdabini J, McKusick KA. Hepatoadenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia: pitfalls in radiocolloid imaging. Radiology 125:451–455, 1977.
McLoughlin MK, Colapinto RF, Gilday DL, Hobbs BB, Korobkin MT, McDonald P, Phillips MJ. Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Radiology 107:257–263, 1973.
Rogers JV, Mack LA, Freeny PC, Johnson ML, Sones PJ. Hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia: angiography, CT, sonography and scintigraphy. Am J Roentgeol 137:983–990, 1981.
Whelan TJ, Baugh JH, Chandor S. Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Ann Surg 177: 150–158, 1973.
Stauffer JQ, Lopenski MW, Harold DJ, Myers JK. Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver and intrahepatic hemorrhage in young women on oral contraceptives. Ann Intern Med 83:301–306, 1975.
Silber DL, Soper RT, Kent TH. Life threatening mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver. J Pediatr Surg 5:471–472, 1970.
Forrest ME, Cho KJ, Shields JJ, Wicks JD, Silver TM, McCormick TL. Biliary cystadenomas: sonographic-angiographic-pathologic correlations. AJR 135:723–727, 1980.
Roemer CE, Ferruci JT (Jr), Mueller PR, Simeone JF, van Sonnenberg E, Wittenberg J. Hepatic cysts: diagnosis and therapy by sonographic needle aspiration. AJR 136:1065–1070, 1981.
Barnes PA, Thomas JL, Bernardino ME. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of hepatic cysts by computed tomography. Radiology 114:129–133, 1981.
Kuligowska E, Connors SK, Shapiro JH. Liver abscess: sonography in diagnosis and treatment. AJR 138:253–257, 1982.
Newlin N, Silver TM, Stuck KJ, Sandler MA. Ultrasonic features of pyogenic liver abscesses. Radiology 139:155–159, 1981.
Powers TA, Jones TB, Karl JH. Echogenic hepatic abscess without radiographic evidence of gas. AJR 137:159–160, 1981.
Mirk P, Rubaltelli L, Bazzocchi M, Busilacchi P, Candiani F, Ferrari P, Giuseppetti G, Maresca G, Rizzatto G, Volterrani L, Zappasodi F. Ultrasonographic patterns in hepatic hemangiomas. J Clin Ultrasound 10:373–378, 1982.
Wiener SN, Parulekar SG. Scintigraphy and ultrasonography of hepatic hemangioma. Radiology 132:149–153, 1979.
Sandler MA, Petrocelli RD, Marks DS, Lopez R. Ultrasonic features and radionuclide correlation in liver cell adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia. Radiology 135:393–397, 1980.
Madayag M, Bosniak MA, Kinkhabwala M, Becker JA. Hemangiomas of the liver in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Radiology 126:391–394, 1978.
Grossman H, Ram PC, Coleman RA, Gates G, Rosenberg ER, Bowie JD, Wilkinson RH. Hepatic ultrasonography in type I glycogen storage disease (von Gierke disease): detection of hepatic adenoma and carcinoma. Radiology 141:753–756, 1981.
Stanley RJ, Sagel SS, Levitt RG. Computed tomography of the liver. Radiol Clin N Am 15:331–348, 1977.
Taylor KJW, Carpenter DA, Hill CR, McCready VR. Gray scale ultrasound imaging. The anatomy and pathology of the liver. Radiology 119:415–423, 1976.
Marks WM, Filly RA. Computed tomographic demonstration of intraarterial air following hepatic artery ligation. Radiology 132:665–666, 1979.
Barnett PH, Zerhouni EA, White RI, Siegelman SS. Computed tomography in the diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma of the liver. AJR 134:439–447, 1980.
Itai Y, Furui S, Araki T, Yashiro N, Tasaka A. Computed tomography of cavernous hemangioma of the liver. Radiology 137:149–155, 1980.
Margulis AR, Nice CM Jr, Rigler LG. The roentgen findings in primary hepatoma in infants and children. Radiology 66:809, 1956.
Wallace S. Primary liver tumors. In Pediatric Oncology Radiology, Parker BR, Castellino RA (eds). St. Louis: C.V. Mosby, 1977, p. 301.
Teng CT, Daeschner CW, Singleton EB, Rosenberg HS, Cole VN, Hill LL, Brennan JC. Liver disease and osteoporosis in children. J Pediatr 59:684, 1961.
Hansen AE, Palmer LS, Nelson JW. Composition of bone in extreme osteoporosis associated with hepatoma. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 43:206, 1940.
Ishak KG, Glunz PR. Hepatoblastoma and hepatocarcinoma in infancy and childhood: a report of 47 cases. Cancer 20:396, 1967.
Nikardoh H, Bogg J, Swenson O. Liver tumors in infants and children. Arch Surg 101:245, 1970.
Lin T-Y. Tumors of the liver, part I: primary malignant tumors. In Gastroenterology. Vol. 3, 3rd ed., Bockus HL (ed). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1976, p. 522.
Margolis M, Homcy C. Systemic manifestations of hepatoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 51:381, 1972.
Jordan GL. Neoplasms in the liver. In Textbook of Surgery, Subiston DC (Jr) (ed). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1977, p. 1225.
Editorial. Foetoglobin and primary liver cancer. Lancet 2:93, 1968.
Kido C, Sasaki T, Kaneko M. Angiography of primary liver cancer. Am J Roentgenol 113:70–81, 1971.
Gregg PF, Goldstein HM, Wallace S, Casey JH. Arteriographic demonstration of intravenous tumor extension. Am J Roentgenol 123:100–105, 1975.
Clatworthy JJ, Boles ET Jr, Kottmeier PK. Liver tumors in infancy and childhood. Ann Surg 154:745, 1961.
Novy S, Wallace S, Medellin H, McBride CM. Angiographic evaluation of primary malignant hepatocellular tumors in children. Am J Roentgenol 120:353–360, 1974.
Marks WM, Jacobs RP, Goodman PC, Lin RC (Jr). Hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical and angiographic findings and predictability for surgical resection. Am J Roentgenol 132:7–11, 1979.
Okuda J, Obata H, Jinnouchi S, Kubo Y, Nagasaki Y, Shimokawa Y, Motoike Y, Moto H. Angiographic assessment of gross anatomy of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of celiac angiograms and liver pathology in 100 cases. Radiology 123:21–29, 1973.
Pack GT, Islami AH. Metastatic cancer to and from the liver. In Tumors of the Liver, Pack GT, Islami AH (eds). New York: Springer-Verlag, 1979, p. 293.
Heaston DK, Chuang VP, Wallace S, deSantos LA. Angiographic features of portal vein involvement from metastatic hepatic neoplasms. Am J Roentgenol 136:897–900, 1981.
Wirtanen G. A new angiographic technique in the diagnosis of liver tumor. Radiology 108:51–54, 1973.
Rösch J, Freeny P, Antonovic R, Gutierrez OH. Infusion hepatic angiography in diagnosis of liver metastases. Cancer 38:2278–2286, 1976.
Priest RJ, Berk JE. Metastatic and other tumors, part 2: tumors of the liver. In Gastroenterology, Bockus HL (ed). Philadelphia:W.B. Saunders, 1976, p. 535.
Healy JE. Vascular patterns in human metastatic liver tumors. Surg Gynecol Obstet 120: 1187–1193, 1965.
Rösch J. Liver, gallbladder, biliary ducts, pancreas, and spleen. In Diagnosis and Staging of Cancer: A Radiologic Approach, Steckel RJ, Kagan AR (eds). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1976.
Itai Y, Araki T, Furui S, Yashiro N, Ohtomo K, Iio M. Computed tomography of primary intrahepatic biliary malignancy. Radiology 147:485–490, 1983.
Stanley J, Vujic I, Schabel SI, Gobien RP, Reines HD. Evaluation of biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma. Gastrointest Radiol 8:245–248, 1983.
Broderick TW, Gosink B, Menuck LS, Harris R, Wilcox JR (Jr). Echographic and radionuclide detection of hepatoma. Radiology 135:149–151, 1980.
Kamin PD, Bernardino ME, Green B. Ultrasound manifestations of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology 131:459–461, 1979.
Green B, Bree RL, Goldstein HM, Stanley C. Gray scale ultrasound evaluation of hepatic neoplasms: patterns and correlations. Radiology 124:203–208, 1977.
Scheible W, Gosink BB, Leopold GR. Gray scale echographic patterns of hepatic metastatic disease. Am J Roentgenol 129:983–987, 1977.
Katragadda CS, Goldstein HM, Green B. Gray scale ultrasonography of calcified liver metastases. Am J Roentgenol 129:591–593, 1977.
Wooten WB, Green B, Goldstein HM. Ultrasonography of necrotic hepatic metastases. Radiology 128:447–450, 1978.
Thomas JL, Bernardino ME. Segmental biliary obstruction: its detection and significance. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:155–158, 1980.
Merritt CRB. Ultrasonographic demonstration of portal vein thrombosis. Radiology 133: 425–427, 1979.
Miller EI, Thomas RH. Portal vein invasion demonstrated by ultrasound. J Clin Ultrasound 7:57–59, 1979.
Scott WM, Sanders RC, Siegelman SS. Irregular fatty infiltration of the liver. Diagnostic dilemmas. AJR 135:67–71, 1980.
Baron RL, Stanley RJ, Lee JKT, Koehler RE, Melson GL, Balfe DM, Weyman PJ. A prospective comparison of the evaluation of biliary obstruction using computed tomography and ultrasonography. Radiology 145:91–98, 1982.
Pedrosa C, Cassanova R, Rodriguez R. Computed tomography in obstructive jaundice. Part I: the level of obstruction. Radiology 139:627–634, 1981.
Itai Y, Araki T, Furui S, Tasaka A. Differential diagnosis of hepatic masses on computed tomography, with particular reference of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5:834–842, 1981.
Itai Y, Nishikawa J, Tasaka A. Computed tomography in the evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology 131:165–170, 1979.
Kunstlinger F, Federle MP, Moss AA, Marks W. Computed tomography of hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR 134:431–437, 1980.
Harbin WP, Robert NJ, Ferrucci JT. Diagnosis of cirrhosis based on regional changes in hepatic morphology. Radiology 135:273–283, 1980.
Freeny PC. Portal vein tumor thrombosis: demonstration by computed tomographic arteriography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:263–264, 1980.
Itai Y, Araki T, Furui S, Tasaka A, Atomi Y, Kuroda A. CT of hepatoma: Effects of portal vein obstruction. AJR 136:349–353, 1981.
Vigo M, DeFaveri D, Biondetti PR, Benedetti L. CT demonstration of portal and superior mesenteric vein thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:627–629, 1980.
Nishikawa J, Itai Y, Tasaka A. Lobar attenuation difference of the liver on computed tomography. Radiology 141:725–728, 1981.
Bernardino ME. Computed tomography of calcified liver metastasis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 3:32–35, 1979.
Federle MP, Jeffrey RB, Minagi H. Calcified liver metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5:771–772, 1981.
Federle MP, Filly RA, Moss AA. Cystic hepatic neoplasms: complementary roles of CT and sonography. AJR 136:345–348, 1981.
Boijsen E, Abrams HL. Roentgenologic diagnosis of primary carcinoma of the liver. Acta Radiol 3:257–277, 1965.
Gregg FP, Goldstein HM, Wallace S, Casey JH. Arteriographic demonstration of intravenous tumor extension. Am J Roentgenol 123:100–105, 1975.
Okuda K, Musha H, Yoshida T, Kanda Y, Yamazaki T, Jinnouchi S, Moriyama M, Kawaguchi S, Sakamoto K, Nakakima T. Demonstration of growing casts of hepatocellular carcinoma in the portal vein by angiography: the thread and streaks sign. Radiology 117:303–309, 1975.
Jewel KL. Primary carcinoma of the liver: clinical and radiologic manifestations. Am J Roentgenol 113:84–91, 1971.
Reuter SR, Redman HC. Gastrointestinal Angiography. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1977.
Joseph AEA, Dewbury KC, McGuire PG. Ultrasound in the detection of chronic liver disease (the “bright liver”). Br J Radiol 52:184–188, 1979.
Taylor KJW, Gorelick FS, Rosenfield AT, Riely CA. Ultrasonography of alcoholic liver disease with histological correlation. Radiology 141:157–161, 1981.
Gosink BB, Lemon SK, Scheible W, Leopold GR. The accuracy of ultrasound in diagnosis of hepatocellular disease. AJR 133:19–23, 1979.
Ginaldi S, Bernardino ME, Jing BS, Green B. Ultrasonographic patterns of hepatic lymphoma. Radiology 136:427–431, 1980.
Kane RA, Katz SG. The spectrum of sonographic findings in portal hypertension: a subject review and new observations. Radiology 142:453–458, 1982.
Bolondi L, Gandolfi L, Arienti V, Caletti GC, Corcioni E, Gasbarrani G, Labo G. Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of portal hypertension: diminished response of portal vessels to respiration. Radiology 142:167–172, 1982.
Kurtz AB, Rubin CS, Copper HS, Nisenbaum HL, Cole-Beuglet CM, Medoff J, Goldberg BB. Ultrasound findings in hepatitis. Radiology 136:717–723, 1980.
Mulhern CB, Arger PH, Coleman BG, Stein N. Nonuniform attenuation in computed tomography study of the cirrhotic liver. Radiology 132:399–402, 1979.
Levitt RG, Sagel SS, Stanley RJ, Jost RG. Accuracy of computed tomography of the liver and biliary tract. Radiology 124:123–128, 1977.
Cunningham DG, Churchill RJ, Reynes CJ. Computed tomography in the evaluation of liver disease in cystic fibrosis patients. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:151–154, 1980.
Piekarski J, Goldberg HI, Royal SA, Axel L, Moss AA. Difference between liver and spleen CT numbers in the normal adult: its usefulness in predicting the presence of diffuse liver disease. Radiology 137:727–729, 1980.
Lewis E, Bernardino ME, Barnes PA, Parvey HR, Soo CS, Chuang VP. The fatty liver: pitfalls in the CT and angiographic evaluation of metastatic disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr 7: 235–241, 1983.
Clark KE, Foley WD, Lawson TL, Berland LL, Maddision FE. CT evaluation of esophageal and upper abdominal varices. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:510–515, 1980.
Park SC, Glanz S, Gordon DH, Johnson M. Computed tomography and angiography in the Curveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome. J Compute Assist Tomogr 5:19–21, 1981.
Doppman JL, Cornblath M, Dwyer AJ, Adams AJ, Girton ME, Sidbury J. Computerized tomography of the liver and kidneys in glycogen storage disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr 6:67–71, 1982.
Long JA, Doppman JL, Nienhuis AM, Mills SR. Computed tomographic analysis of beta-thalassemic syndromes with hemochromatosis: pathologic findings with clinical and laboratory correlations. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4:159–165, 1980.
Mills SR, Doppman JL, Nienhuis AW. Computed tomography in the diagnosis of disorders of excessive iron storage of the liver. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1:101–104, 1977.
Royal SA, Beiderman BA, Goldberg HI, Koerper M, Chaler MN. Detection and estimation of iron, glycogen and fat in liver of children with hepatomegaly using CT. Pediatr Res 13:408, 1979.
Baum S, Roy R, Finkelstein AK, Blakemore WS. Clinical application of selective celiac and superior mesenteric arteriography. Radiology 84:279–295, 1965.
Bosniak MA, Phanthumachinada P. Value of arteriography in the study of hepatic disease. Am J Surg 112:348, 1966.
Zamcheck N, Klausenstock O. Liver biopsy II. The risk of needle biopsy. N Engl J Med 249:1062, 1953.
Ovlisen B, Baden H. Liver biopsy by the method of Menghini. Nord Med 83:297, 1970.
Zornoza J, Wallace S, Ordonez N, et al. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the liver. AJR 134:331–334, 1980.
Nosher JL, Plafker J. Fine needle aspiration of the liver with ultrasound guidance. Radiology 136:177–180, 1980.
Pereiras R (Jr), Chiprut RO, Greenwald RA, et al. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with the “skinny” needle. Ann Int Med 86:562, 1977.
Pollock TW, Ring ER, Oleaga JA, et al. Percutaneous decompression of benign and malignant biliary obstruction. Arch Surg 114:148, 1979.
Pereiras RV, Rheingold OJ, Huston D, et al. Relief of malignant obstructive jaundice by percutaneous insertion of a permanent prosthesis in the biliary tree. Ann Int Med 89:589, 1978.
vanSonnenberg E, Ferrucci JT (Jr), Mueller PR, et al. Percutaneous drainage of abscesses and fluid collections: technique, results, and applications. Radiology 121:1–10, 1982.
Gerzof SG, Robbins AH, Birkett DH, et al. Percutaneous catheter drainage of abdominal abscesses guided by ultrasound and computed tomography. AJR 133:1–8, 1979.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, Boston/Dordrecht/Lancaster
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lewis, E., Wallace, S. (1985). Radiologic Techniques for Detection and Evaluation of Liver Cancer. In: Bottino, J.C., Opfell, R.W., Muggia, F.M. (eds) Liver Cancer. Developments in Oncology, vol 30. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2593-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2593-2_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9625-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2593-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive