Skip to main content

The Role of Ethanol in the Etiology of Primary Liver Cancer

  • Chapter
Advances in Nutritional Research

Part of the book series: Advances in Nutritional Research ((ANUR,volume 7))

Abstract

Although emphasis has been placed on the role of chemicals in carcinogenesis, recent theories have attributed the etiology of a large percentage of cancers to a variety of extrinsic factors. Included in these factors are stress, diet, tobacco, and ethanol (Doll and Peto, 1981). For the most part, these factors do not initiate cancer but influence the preferential selection and growth of carcinogen-altered cells. Thus, they determine the rate of tumor development. Therefore, by alteration of these factors, the development of many tumors could be retarded to such an extent that mortality becomes significantly influenced. The possible mechanisms by which these factors alter the “material continuity” of carcinogenesis (Foulds, 1975) are of interest for their potential in inhibiting or promoting this disease process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ahmed, A. B., and Russell, R. M., 1982, The effect of ethanol feeding on zinc balance and tissue zinc levels in rats maintained on zinc-deficient diets, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 100: 211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alpert, M. E., Hutt, M. S. R., Wogan, G. N., and Davidson, C. S., 1971, Association between aflatoxin content of food and hepatoma frequency in Uganda, Cancer 28: 253.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, P. P., 1976a, The background to liver cell cancer, in: Liver Cell Cancer( H. M. Cameron, D. A. Linsell, and G. P. Warwick, eds.), pp. 93 – 120, Elsevier, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, P. P., 1976b, Precusor lesions for liver cancer in humans, Cancer Res. 36: 2579.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babish, J. G., and Stoewsand, G. S., 1975, Hepatic microsomal enzyme induction in rats fed varietal cauliflower leaves, J. Nutr. 105: 1592.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belinsky, S. A., Bedell, M. A., and Swenberg, J. A., 1982, Effect of chronic ethanol diet on the replication, alkylation, and repair of DNA from hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells following dimethylnitrosamine administration, Carcinogenesis 3: 1293.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berenblum, I., and Armuth, V., 1981, Two independent aspects of tumor promotion, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 651: 51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonjour, J. P., 1980, Vitamins and alcoholism. II. Folate and vitamin B12, Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 50: 96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonjour, J. P., 1981, Vitamins and alcoholism. IX. Vitamin A, Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 51: 166.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, J. N., Babish, J. G., and Stoewsand, G. S., 1982, Modification by beet and cabbage diets of aflatoxin B1-induced,rat plasma a-fetoprotein elevation, hepatic tumorigenesis, and mutagenicity of urine, Food Chem. Toxicol. 20: 47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breslow, N. E., and Enstrom, J. E., 1974, Geographic correlations between cancer mortality rates and alcohol-tobacco consumption in the United States, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 53:631. Brown, D. D., 1981, Gene expression in eukaryotes, Science 211: 667.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, T. C., 1978, Role of metabolic studies in evaluation of mycotoxin health risks, in: Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health(J. V. Rodricks, C. W. Hesseltine, and M. A. Mehlman, eds.), pp. 687–698, Pathotox Publishers, Inc., Park Forest South, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capel, I. D., Dorrel, H. M., Jenner, M., Pinnock, M. J., and Williams, D. C., 1979, The effect of prolonged ethanol intake on some carcinogen-activating enzymes in mice, Biochem. Pharmacol. 28: 1139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, K. K., and Davidson, M. B., 1982, The role of lipids in tumorigenesis, in: Molecular Interrelations of Nutrition and Cancer(M. S. Arnott, J. van Eys, and Y. M. Wang, eds.), pp. 237–245, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloyd, M. W., and Bigner, D. D., 1977, Surface morphology of normal and neoplastic rat cells, Am. J. Pathol. 88: 29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Columbano, A., Rajalakshmi, S., and Sarma, D. S., 1981, Requirement of cell proliferation for the initiation of liver carcinogenesis as assayed by three different procedures, Cancer Res. 41: 2079.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, P., 1971, Cancer of the esophagus in Africa: A summary and evaluation of the evidence for the frequency of occurrence, and a preliminary indication of the possible association with the consumption of alcoholic drinks made from maize, Br. J. Cancer 25: 853.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craddock, V. M., 1973, Induction of liver tumors in rats by a single treatment with nitroso compounds after partial hepatectomy, Nature(London) 245: 386.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craddock, V. M., 1976, Cell proliferation and experimental liver cancer, in: Liver Cell Cancer(H. M. Cameron, D. A. Linsell, and G. P. Warwick, eds.), pp. 153–201, Elsevier, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLuca, L. M., Brugh, M., and Silverman-Jones, C. S., 1984, Retinyl palmitate, retinyl phosphate, and dolichyl phosphate of postnuclear membrane fraction from hepatoma, host liver, and regenerating liver: Marginal vitamin A status of hepatoma tissue, Cancer Res. 44: 224.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Luzio, N. R., and Hartman, A. D., 1967, Role of lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of the ethanol-induced fatty liver, Fed. Proc. 26: 1436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doll, R., and Peto, R., 1981, The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in America today, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66: 1191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dutta, S. K., Miller, P. A., Greenberg, L. B., and Levander, O. A., 1983, Selenium and acute alcoholism, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 38: 713.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eichner, E. R., and Hillman, R. S., 1973, Effect of alcohol on serum folate level, J. Clin. Invest. 52: 584.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elzay, R. P., 1969, Effect of alcohol and cigarette smoke as promoting agents in hamster pouch carcinogenesis, J. Dent. Res. 48: 1200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faivre, J., Milan, C., Brignon, P., Legoux, J. L., Martin, F., and Klepping, C., 1979, Primary liver cancer in Cote d’Or (Burgundy): Results of three years systematic registration in a well-defined French population, Biomedicine 31: 150.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farber, E., 1973, Hyperplastic liver nodules, in: Methods in Cancer Research(H. Busch, ed.), pp. 345–374, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farber, E., 1976, The pathology of experimental liver cell cancer, in: Liver Cell Cancer(H. M. Cameron, D. A. Linsell, and G. P. Warwick, eds.), pp. 243–277, Elsevier, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farber, E., 1980, The sequential analysis of liver cancer induction, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 605: 149.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farber, E., and Cameron, R., 1980, The sequential analysis of cancer development, Adv. Cancer Res. 31: 125.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farber, E., Parker, S., and Grue stein, M., 1976, The resistance of putative premalignant liver cell populations, hyperpl stic nodules, to the acute cytotoxic effects of some hepatocarcinogens, Cancer Res. 36: 879.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flamant, R., 1978, Epidemiological research on the relationship between tobacco, alcohol and cancer, Prog. Biochem. Pharmacol. 14: 36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foulds, L., 1975, Neoplastic Development, Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fromm, D., and Robertson, R., 1976, Effects of alcohol on ion transport by isolated gastric and esophageal mucosa, Gastroenterology 70: 220.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gall, E. A., 1960, Primary and metastatic carcinoma of the liver; Relationship to hepatic cirrhosis, Arch. Pathol. 70: 226.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garro, A. J., Seitz, H. K., and Lieber, C. S., 1981, Enhancement of dimethylnitrosamine metabolism and activation to a mutagen following chronic ethanol consumption, Cancer Res. 41: 120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goff, E. U., and Fine, D. H., 1979, Analysis of volatile N-nitrosamines in alcoholic beverages, Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 17: 569.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, D. B., and Chin, J. H., 1981, Interaction of ethanol with biological membranes, Fed. Proc. 40: 2073.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S., Dayal, H., Rohrer, T., Swanson, M., Sultz, H., Shedd, D., and Fischman, S., 1977, Dentition, diet, tobacco, and alcohol in the epidemiology of oral cancer, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 59: 1611.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habs, M., and Schmahl, D., 1981, Inhibition of the hepatocarcinogenic activity of diethyl nitrosamine (DENA) by ethanol in rats, Hepato-Gastroenterol. 28: 242.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hakulinen, F., Lehtimaki, L., Lehtonen, M., and Teppo, L., 1974, Cancer morbidity among two male cohorts with increased alcohol consumption in Finland, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 52: 1711.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halsted, C. H., 1980, Intestinal absorption and malabsorption of folates, Ann. Rev. Med. 31: 79.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks, R. M., Chowaniec, J., Turton, J. A., Massey, E. D., and Harvey, A., 1982, The effect of dietary retinoids on experimentally induced carcinogenesis in rat bladder, in: Molecular Interrelations of Nutrition and Cancer(M. S. Arnott, J. van Eys, and Y. M. Wang, eds.), pp. 419–447, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higginson, J., 1963, The geographical pathology of primary liver cancer, Cancer Res. 23: 1624.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinds, M. W., Kolonel, L. N., Lee, J., and Hirohata, T., 1980, Association between cancer incidence and alcohol/ cigarette consumption among five ethnic groups in Hawaii, Br. J. Cancer 41: 929.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holley, R. W., 1972, A unifying hypothesis concerning the nature of malignant growth, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 69: 2840.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, G. J., Kennedy, T. G., and Carroll, K. K., 1981, Polyunsaturated fatty acids as promoters of mammary carcinogenesis induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by 7, 12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66: 517.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, O. M., 1979, Cancer morbidity and causes of death among Danish brewery workers, Int. J. Cancer 23: 454.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. J., Krasner, N., Portmann, B., Eddleston, A. L. W. F., and Williams, R., 1978, Hepatocellular carcinoma in Great Britain: Influence of age, sex, HBsAg status, and aetiology of underlying cirrhosis, Gut 19: 1022.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karasaki, S., 1976, Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on hyperbasophilic foci with special reference to the demonstration of cell surface alterations in hepatocarcinogenesis, Cancer Res. 36: 2567.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, A. Z., and Terris, M., 1965, The association of alcohol and tobacco with cancer of the mouth and pharynx, Am. J. Public Health 55: 1578.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ketcham, A. S., Wexler, H., and Mantel, N., 1963, Effects of alcohol in mouse neoplasia, Cancer Res. 63: 667.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kissin, B., and Kaley, M. M., 1974, Alcohol and cancer, in: The Biology of Alcoholism, Vol. 3: Clinical Pathology (B. Kissin and H. Beglieter, eds.), pp. 481–511, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitagawa, T., and Sugano, H., 1973, Combined enzyme histochemical and radioautographic studies on areas of hyperplasia in the liver of rats fed N-2-fluorenylacetamide, Cancer Res. 33: 2993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kono, S., and Ikeda, M., 1979, Correlation between cancer mortality and alcoholic beverages in Japan, Br. J. Cancer 40: 449.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korte, E., and Obe, G., 1980, Influence of chronic ethanol uptake and acute acetaldehyde treatment on the chromosomes of bone marrow cells and peripheral lymphocytes of Chinese hamster, Mutation Res. 88: 389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korte, A., Erben-Slacik, R., and Obe, G., 1979, The influence of ethanol treatment of cyto¬genetic effects in bone marrow cells of Chinese hamsters by ethanol or patulin, Toxicology 12: 53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laishes, B. A., Roberts, E., and Farber, E., 1978, In vitro measurement of carcinogen-resistant liver cells during hepatocarcinogenesis, Int. J. Cancer 21: 186.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, F. K., 1966, Cirrhosis and hepatoma in alcoholics, Gut 7: 77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leevy, C. M., and Chen, T., 1979, Ethanol inhibition of liver regeneration, Gastroenterology 77: 1151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, F. G., and Wegener, T., 1979, Etiology of human liver cancer: Controlled prospective study in liver cirrhosis, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 5: 281.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leo, M. A., and Lieber, C. S., 1982, Hepatic vitamin A depletion in alcoholic liver injury, N. Engl. J. Med. 307: 597.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, W. G., 1975, Effect of DMSO on the hepatic disposition of chemical carcinogens, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 243: 185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lieber, C. S., 1980, Alcohol, protein metabolism, and liver injury, Gastroenterology 79: 373.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lieber, C. S., and DeCarli, L. M., 1977, Metabolic effects of alcohol on the liver, in: Metabolic Aspects of Alcoholism(C. S. Lieber, ed.), pp. 31–79, MTP Press, Ltd., Lancaster, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, W. K., 1979, In vivo covalent binding of organic chemicals to DNA as a quantitative indicator in the process of chemical carcinogenesis, Mutation Res. 65: 289.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, T. J., and McKay, S. W., 1976, U. S. Cancer Mortality by County1950–1959, U. S. Department of Health Education and Welfare, Public, NIH DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 74–651, Washington, D. C., U. S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masuda, U., Mori, K., Hirohata, T., and Kuratsune, M., 1966, Carcinogenesis in the eso¬phagus. III. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols in whiskey, Gann 57: 549.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClain, C. J., Van Thiel, D. H., Parker, S., Badzin, L. K., and Gilbert, H., 1979, Alteration in zinc, vitamin A and retinol-binding protein in chronic alcoholics: A possible mechanism for night blindness and hypogonadism, Alcoholisms: Clin. Exp. Res. 3: 135.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, G. D., and Wynder, E. L., 1979, Etiological and preventive implications in alcohol carcinogenesis, Cancer Res. 39: 2844.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, G. D., Hecht, S. S., Katayama, S., and Wynder, E. L., 1981, Differential effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the carcinogenicity of N-nitrosopyrrolidine and N-nitrosonornicotine in male Syrian golden hamsters, Cancer Res. 41: 1139.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGlashan, N. D., 1969, Esophageal cancer and alcoholic spirits in Central Africa, Gut 10: 643.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLean, A. E. M., and Marshall, A., 1971, Reduced carcinogenic effects of aflatoxin in rats given phenobarbitone, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 52: 322.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mezey, E., and Santora, P. B., 1979, Liver abnormalities in alcoholism: Alcohol consumption and nutrition, in: Fermented Food Beverages in Nutrition(C. F. Gastineau, W. J. Darby, and T. B. Turner, eds.), pp. 303–315, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, E. C., 1978, Some current perspectives on chemical carcinogenesis in humans and experimental animals: Presidential address, Cancer Res. 38: 1479.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, P. R., Shenkin, A., Anthony, R. S., McLelland, A. S., Main, A. N. H., MacSween, R. N. M., and Russell, R. I., 1983, Assessment of nutritional status and in vivoimmune responses in alcoholic liver disease, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 38: 849.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Misslbeck, N. G., 1983, The effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on the development of preneoplastic lesions in the liver, Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Misslbeck, N. G., 1983, The effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on the development of preneoplastic lesions in the liver, Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, M. Y., 1982, Alcohol and nutrition, Br. Med. Bull. 38: 21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morre, D. M., Kloppel, T. M., Rosenthal, A. L., and Fink, P. C., 1980, Chemoprevention of tumor development and metastasis of transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas in rats by vitamin A, J. Nutr. 110: 1629.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newberne, P. M., and Suphakarn, V., 1977, Preventive role of vitamin A in colon carcinogenesis in rats, Cancer 40: 2553.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newberne, P. M., Harrington, D. H., and Wogan, G. N., 1966, Effects of cirrhosis and other liver insults on induction of liver tumors by aflatoxin in rats, Lab. Invest. 15: 962.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norredam, K., 1979, Primary carcinoma of the liver, Acta Path. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. A 87: 227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obe, G., 1981, Acetaldehyde, not ethanol, is mutagenic, Prog. Mutation Res. 2: 19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Obe, G., and Ristow, H. J., 1979, Mutagenic, cancerogenic and teratogenic effects of alcohol, Mutation Res. 65: 229.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Obidoa, C., and Okolo, T. C., 1979, Effect of ethanol administration on the metabolism of aflatoxin B1, Biochem. Med. 22: 145.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, T. P., and Campbell, T. C., 1984, Influence of dietary fat and selenium in L-azaserine induced preneoplastic acinar cell nodule development in rat pancreas, Fed. Proc. 43: 2975.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, T. P., Youngman, L. D., and Campbell, T. C., 1983, Effect of selenium on development of L-azaserine (Aza) induced preneoplastic abnormal acinar cell nodules (AACN) in rat pancreas, Fed. Proc. 42: 670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa, K., Medline, A., and Farber, E., 1979, Sequential analysis of hepatic carcinogenesis: A comparative study of the ultrastructure of preneoplastic, malignant, prenatal, postnatal, and regenerating liver, Lab. Invest. 41: 22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohnishi, K., Iyda, S., Iwama, S., Goto, N., Nomura, I., Takaski, M., Mishima, A., Kono, K., Kimura, K., Musha, H., Kotota, K., and Okuda, K., 1982, The effect of chronic habitual alcohol intake on the development of liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatocellular carcinoma. Relation to hepatitis B surface antigen carriage, Cancer 49: 1206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omata, M., Ashcaval, M., Liew, C. T., and Peters, R. L., 1979, Hepatocellular carcinoma in the U.S.A.: Etiology considerations. Localization of hepatitis B antigen, Gastroenterology 76: 279.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, R. H., 1979, Bile acid heterogeneity and the gastrointestinal epithelium: From diarrhea to colon cancer, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 94: 655.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patek, A. J., 1975, Alcohol, malnutrition, and alcoholic cirrhosis, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32: 1304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patek, A. J., Toth, I. G., Saunder, M. G., Castro, G. A. M., and Engle, J. J., 1975, Alcohol and dietary factors in cirrhosis, Arch. Intern. Med. 135: 1053.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peraino, C., Fry, R. J. M., Staffeldt, E., Kisieleski, W. E., 1973, Effects of varying the exposure to phenobarbital on its enhancement of 2-acetylaminoflorene-induced hepatic tumorigenesis in the rat, Cancer Res. 33: 2701.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitot, H. C., and Sirica, A. E., 1980, The stages of initiation and promotion in hepatocarcinogenesis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 605: 191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Popper, H., Czygan, P., Greim, H., Schaffner, F., and Garro, A. J., 1973, Mutagenicity of primary and secondary carcinogens altered normal and induced hepatic microsomes, Proc. Soc. Exp. Med. Biol. 142: 727.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poso, A. R., and Poso, H., 1980, Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase in regenerating rat liver by acute ethanol treatment, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 606: 338.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Purtilo, D. T., and Gottlieb, L. S., 1973, Cirrhosis and hepatoma occurring at Boston City Hospital (1917-1968), Cancer 32: 458.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, E., Ahluwali, M. B., Lee, G. Chan, C., Sarma, D. S. R., and Farber, E., 1983, Resistance to hepatotoxins acquired by hepatocytes during liver regeneration, Cancer Res. 43: 28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, A. E., Herndon, B. J., and Newberne, M., 1973, Induction by dimethylhydrazine of intestinal carcinoma in normal rats and rats fed with high or low levels of vitamin A, Cancer Res. 33: 1003.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, A. E., Fox, J. G., and Murphy, J. C., 1981, Ethanol and diet interactions in male Rhesus monkeys, Drug-Nutrient Interactions 1: 3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romero, J. J., Tamura, T., and Halsted, C. H., 1981, Intestinal absorption of 3H-folic acid in the chronic alcoholic monkey, Gastroenterology 80: 99.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, K. J., 1980, The proportion of cancer attributable to alcohol consumption, Prev. Med. 9: 174.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, K. J., and Keller, A., 1972, The effect of joint exposure to alcohol and tobacco on risk of cancer of the mouth and pharnyx, J. Chronic Dis. 25: 711.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, E., and Lieber, C. S., 1974, Fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis produced by alcohol in primates, N. Engl. J. Med. 290: 128.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, E., Bacchin, P., Gang, H., and Lieber, C. S., 1970, Induction and inhibition of hepatic microsomal and mitochodrial enzymes by ethanol, Lab. Invest. 22: 569.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, R. M., Rosenberg, I. H., Wilson, P. D., Iber, F. L., Oaks, E. B., Giovetti, A. C., Otradovec, C. L., Karwoski, P. A., and Press, A. W., 1983, Increased urinary excretion and prolonged turnover time of folic acid during ethanol ingestion, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 38: 64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saracci, R., and Repetto, I., 1980, Time trends of primary liver cancer: Indication of increased incidence in selected cancer registry populations, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 65: 241.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, M., and Lieber, C. S., 1981, Hepatic vitamin A depletion after chronic ethanol consumption in rat liver microsomes, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 213: 557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, M., and Lieber, C. S., 1982, Increased metabolism of retinoic acid after chronic ethanol consumption in rat liver microsomes, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 213: 557.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheig, R., 1970, Effects of ethanol on the liver, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 23: 467.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, E., and Emmelot, P., 1976, Kinetics of induction and growth of enzyme-deficient islands involved in hepatocarcinogenesis, Cancer Res. 36: 2544.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmahl, D., Thomas, C., Sattler, W., and Scheld, G. F., 1965, Experimentelle Untersuchguen zur Syncarcinogenese: 3. Mitteilung. Versuche zur Krebserzeugung bei Ratten bei gleichzeitiger Gabe von Diathylnitrosamin and Tetrachlorkohlenstoff bzw. Athylalkohol; zulgeich ein experimenteller beitrag zur frage der “Alkoholcirrhose”, 2, Krebsforsch 66: 526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, W., and Popham, R. E., 1981, The role of drinking and smoking in mortality from cancer and other causes in male alcoholics, Cancer 47: 1031.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schottenfeld, D., 1979, Alcohol as a cofactor in the etiology of cancer, Cancer 43: 1962.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, M., Wiesbeck, G., Hummel, J., and Kunz, W., 1982, Effect of ethanol on dimethylnitrosamine activation and DNA synthesis in rat liver, Carcinogenesis 3: 1071.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, M., Buchmann, A., Wiesbeck, G., and Kunz, W., 1983, Effect of ethanol on early stages in nitrosamine carcinogenesis in rat liver, Cancer Lett. 20: 305.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seitz, H. K., Garro, A. J., and Lieber, C. S., 1978, Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on intestinal metabolism and mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 85: 1061.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seitz, H. K., Garro, A. J., and Lieber, C. S., 1981, Enhanced pulmonary and intestinal activation of procarcinogens and mutagens after chronic ethanol consumption in the rat, Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 11: 33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. M., Rogers, A. E., Herndon, B. J., and Newberne, P. M., 1975, Vitamin A (retinyl acetate) and benzo(a)pyrene-induced respiratory tract carcinoma in hamsters fed commercial diet, Cancer Res. 35: 11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. L., Vickers, A. E., Brendel, K., and Gerhart, M. J., 1982, Effects of ethanol diets on cholesterol content and phospholipid acyl composition of rat hepatocytes, Lipids 17: 124.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solt, D. B., Medline, A., and Farber, E., 1977, Rapid emergence of carcinogen-induced hyperplastic lesions in a new model for the sequential analysis of liver carcinogenesis, Am. J. Pathol. 88: 595.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spiegelhalder, B., Eisenbrand, G., and Preussman, R., 1979, Contamination of beer with trace quantities of N-nitrosodimethylamine, Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 17: 29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sporn, M. B., Dunlop, N. M., Newton, D. L., and Smith, J. M., 1976, Prevention of chemical carcinogenesis by vitamin A and its synthetic analogs (retinoids), Fed. Proc. 35: 1332.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, S. E., Campbell, C. L., and Hillman, R. S., 1981, Effect of alcohol on hepatic secretion of methylfolate (CH3H4PteGlu) into bile, Biochem. Pharmacol. 30: 96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, S. E., Campbell, C. L., and Hillman, R. S., 1982, Effect of alcohol on tumor folate supply, Biochem. Pharmacol. 31: 1461.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoewsand, G. S., Babish, J. B., and Wimberly, H. C., 1978, Inhibition of hepatic toxicities from polybrominated biphenyls and aflatoxin B1 in rats fed cauliflower, J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 2: 399.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, B., Altamirano, M., Bose, K., Sklar, R., and Tatsumi, 1979, Carcinogen-induced damage to DNA, in: Carcinogens: Identification and Mechanism, of Action(A. C. Griffin and C. R. Shaw, eds.), pp. 229–250, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, S. C., Wei, R. D., and Schaffer, B. T., 1971, The influence of postnecrotic cirrhosis on aflatoxin carcinogenesis in rats, Lab. Invest. 24: 368.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura, T., Romero, J. J., Watson, J. E., Gong, E. J., and Halsted, C. H., 1981, Hepatic folate metabolism in the chronic alcoholic monkey, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 97: 654.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teschke, R., Minzlaff, M., Oldiges, H., and Frenzel, H., 1982, Effect of chronic alcohol consumption on tumor incidence due to dimethylnitrosamine administration, J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 106: 58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuyns, A. J., 1970, Cancer of the oesophagus: Further evidence of the relation to drinking habits in France, Int. J. Cancer 5: 152.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuyns, A. J., 1979, Cancer and alcoholic beverages, in: Fermented Food Beverages in Nutrition, pp. 427–436, Academic Press, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanderkool, J. M., 1979, Effect of ethanol on membranes: A fluorescent probe study, Alcoholism: Clin. and Exp. Res. 3: 60.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Hoeven, R. P., and Emmelot, P., 1973, Plasma membrane lipids of normal and neoplastic tissues, in Tumor Lipids(R. Wood, ed.), pp. 126–138, AOCA Press, Champaign, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Villa, E., Rubbiani, L., Barchi, T., Ferretti, I., Grisendi, A., de Palma, M., Bellentani, S., and Manenti, F., 1982, Susceptibility of chronic symptomless HBsAg carriers to ethanol-induced hepatic damage, Lancet ii:1243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitale, J. J., Broitman, S. A., and Gottlieb, L. S., 1981, Alcohol and carcinogenesis, in: Nutrition and Cancer: Etiology and Treatment(G. R. Newell and N. M. Ellison, eds.), pp. 291–301, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wachstein, M., and Meisel, E., 1959, Enzymatic histochemistry of ethionine-induced liver cirrhosis and hepatoma, J. Histo. Cyto. 189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wands, J. R., Carter, E. A., Bucher, N. L. R., and Isselbacher, K. J., 1979, Inhibition of hepatic regeneration in rats by acute and chronic ethanol intoxication, Gastroenterology 77: 528.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waring, A. J., Rottenberg, H., Ohnishi, T., and Rubin, E., 1981, Membranes and phospholipids of liver mitrochondria from chronic alcoholic rats are resistant to membrane disordering by alcohol, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 78: 2582.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wetzel, B., Sanford, K. K., Fox, C. H., Jones, G. M., Westbrook, E. W., and Tarone, R. E., 1977, Topography of non-neoplastic and neoplastic cells of common origin, Cancer Res. 37: 831.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. R., and Horm, J. W., 1977, Association of cancer sites with tobacco and alcohol consumption and socioeconomic status of patients: Interview study from the Third National Cancer Survey, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58: 525.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, F. A., and Hoyumpa Jr., A. J., 1979, Ethanol and small intestinal transport, Gastroenterology 76: 388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wogan, G. N., 1975, Dietary factors and special epidemiological situations of liver cancer in Thailand and Africa, Cancer Res. 35: 3499.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, A. A., Wei, C. I., Rice, D. W., and Hsieh, D. P., 1981, Effects of phenobarbital pretreatment on the metabolism and toxicokinetics of aflatoxin B 1 in the Rhesus monkey, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 60: 387.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wynder, E. L., Bross, I. J., and Feldman, R. M., 1957, A study of etiological factors in cancer of the mouth, Cancer(Philadelphia) 10: 1300.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, M. C., Mack, T., Hanisch, R., Peters, R. L., Henderson, B. E., and Piker, M. C., 1983, Hepatitis, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and hepatocellular carcinoma in Los Angeles, Cancer Res. 43: 6077.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Misslbeck, N.G., Campbell, T.C. (1985). The Role of Ethanol in the Etiology of Primary Liver Cancer. In: Draper, H.H. (eds) Advances in Nutritional Research. Advances in Nutritional Research, vol 7. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2529-1_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2529-1_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9527-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2529-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics