Abstract
Plasma lipoproteins represent a unique and complex system of macromolecular compounds, the principal function of which is to transport lipids throughout the organism and to deliver them to various cellular sites for utilization either as fuel or as structural components. Due to the presence of protein moieties (apolipoproteins) plasma lipoproteins are charged macromolecules and behave in the electric field as simple proteins. However, due to the presence of lipid constituents (neutral lipids, phospholipids and glycosphingolipids) plasma lipoproteins possess relatively low hydrated densities and behave in the gravitational field more as lipids than as simple proteins. The electrophoretic mobility and hydrated density have been utilized as the most important operational criteria for characterizing and classifying plasma lipoproteins. The application of zonal electrophoresis to plasma lipoproteins showed the presence of at least four major lipid-stained bands at the origin, and in the pre-β, β- and α1-positions (1). Gofman and his coworkers (2) developed a preparative procedure for ultracentrifugal fractionation of plasma lipoproteins and observed a discontinuous distribution of lipoprotein particles along a density gradient ranging from 0.92 to 1.21 g/ml.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
CRC Handbook of Electrophoresis, Vol. I, Lipoproteins: Basic Principles and Concepts, L.A. Lewis and J.J. Opplt, eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, 1980.
Gofman, J.W., Lindgren, F.T. and Elliot, H., U1tracentrifu- gal Studies of Lipoproteins of Human Serum, J. Biol. Chem. 179, 973–979, 1949.
Gofman, J.W., Glazier, F., Tamplin, A., Strisower, B. and DeLalla, O., Lipoproteins, Coronary Artery Disease, and Atherosc 1erosis, Physio1. Rev.34, 589–607, 1954.
Fredrickson, D.S. and Gordon, R.S., Jr., Transport of Fatty Acids, Physiol. Rev. 38, 585–630, 1958.
Nichols9 A.V., Human Serum Lipoproteins and Their Interrelationships, Adv. Biol. Med. Phys.VU 109–158, 1967.
Fredrickson, D.S., Levy, R.I. and Lees, R.S., Fat Transport in Lipoproteins: An Integrated Approach to Mechanisms and Disorders, N. Engl.J. Med. 276, 32–44, 94–103, 148–156, 215–226, 273–281, 1967.
Scanu, A., Factors Affecting Lipoprotein Metabolism, Adv. Lipid Res.3, 63–138, 1965.
Gitlin, D., Cornwall, D.G., Na’Casato, D., Oncley, J.L., Hughes, W.L. and Janeway, C.A., Studies on the Metabolism of plasma Proteins in the Nephrotic Syndrome. II. The Lipoproteins, J. Clin. Invest. 37, 172–186, 1958.
Shore, B. and Shore, V., Some Physical and Chemical Properties of the Lipoproteins Produced by Lipolysis of Human Serum Sf 20–400 Lipoproteins by Post-Heparin Serum, J. Atheroscler. Res. 2, 104–114, 1962.
Furman, R.H., Howard, R.P. and Alaupovic, P., Effect of Chronic Heparin Administration on Serum Lipids, Lipoproteins, Nitrogen and Electrolyte Balance in Normal and Heparin-Res- ponsive and Heparin-Unresponsive Hyperglyceridemic Subjects, Metabolism11, 879–892, 1962.
Avigan, J., Redfield, R. and Steinberg, D., N-terminal Residues of Human Serum Lipoproteins, Biochim. Biophys. Acta20, 557 - 558, 1956.
Shore, B., C- and N-terminal Amino Acids of Human Serum Lipoproteins, Arch. Biochem.71, 1–10, 1957.
Rodbell, M., N-terminal Amino Acid and Lipid Composition of Lipoproteins from Chyle and Plasma, Science 127, 701, 1958.
Gustafson, A., Alaupovic, P. and Furman, R.H., Studies of the Composition and Structure of Serum Lipoproteins: Separation and Characterization of Phospholipid-Protein Residues Obtained by Partial Delipidization of Very Low Density Liproteins of Human Serum, Biochemistry5, 632–640, 1966.
Gustafson, A., Alaupovic, P. and Furman, R.H., Studies of the Composition and Structure of Serum Lipoproteins: Physical-Chemical Characterization of Phospholipid-Protein Residues Obtained from Very Low Density Human Serum Lipoproteins, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 84, 767–769, 1964.
Herbert, P.N., Gotto, A.M. and Fredrickson, D.S., Familial Lipoprotein Deficiency (Abetalipoproteinemia, Hy- p obe ta 1 i pop rote i nemi a and Tangier Disease). InThe Metabolic of Inherited Disease, Fourth Edition, J.B. Stanburry, J.B. Wyngaarden and D.S. Fredrickson, eds., McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, pp. 544–588, 1978.
McConathy, W.J. and Alaupovic, P., Studies on the Isolation and Partial Characterization of Apolipoprotein D and Lipoprotein D of Human Plasma, Biochemistry15, 515–520, 1976.
Shore, V.G. and Shore, B., Heterogeneity of Human Plasma Very Low Density Lipoproteins, Separation of Species Differing in Protein Components, Biochemistry12, 502–507, 1973.
Shelburne, F.A. and Quarfordt, S.H., A New Apolipoprotein of Human Plasma Very Low Density lipoproteins, J. Biol. Chem. 249, 1428–1433, 1974.
Olofsson, S.O., McConathy, W.J. and Alaupovic, P., Isolation and Partial Characterization of an Acidic Apolipoprotein (Apolipoprotein F) from Human High Density Lipoproteins, Biochemistry17, 1032–1036, 1978.
Ayrault-Jarrier, M., Alix, J.R and Polonovski, J., Une nouvelle protéine des lipoprotéines du sérum humain: isolement et caractérisation partielle d’une apolipoprotéine G, Biochimie 60, 65–70, 1978
Shore, B. and Shore, V., Heterogeneity in Protein Subunits of Human Serum High-Density Lipoproteins, Biochemistry7, 2773–2777, 1968.
Alaupovic, P., The Concepts, Classification Systems, and Nomenclatures of Human Plasma Lipoproteins, In CRC Handbook of Electrophoresis, Vol. I, Lipoproteins: Basic Principles and Concepts, L.A. Lewis and J.J. Opplt, eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 27–46, 1980.
Brown, W.V., Levy,R.I. and Fredrickson, D.S., Studies of the Proteins in Human Plasma Very Low Density Lipoproteins J. Biol. Chem. 244, 5687–5694, 1969.
Lux, S.E. and John, K.M., Further characterization of the Polymorphic Forms of a Human High Density Apolipoprotein, apoLP-Gln-I (apoA-I), Biochim, Biophys. Acta278, 266–270, 1972.
Utermann, G.,Isolation and Partial Characterization of an Arginine-Rich Apolipoprotein from Human Plasma Very Low-Density Lipoproteins: Apoltpoprotein E, Hoppe- Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 356, 1113–1121, 1975.
Alaupovic, P., Curry, M,D. and McConathy, W.J., Quantitative Determination of Human Plasma Apolipoproteins by Electroimunoassays, In International Conference on Atherosclerosis, L. A. Carlson, R. Paoletti, C.R. Sirtori and G. Weber, eds., Raven Press, New York, pp. 109–115, 1978.
Alaupovic, P., Structure and Function of Plasma Lipoproteins with Particular Regard to Hyperlipoproteinemias and Atherosclerosis, Ann. Biol. Clin.38, 83–93, 1980.
Huang, S.S. and Lee, D.M., A NoveOethod for Converting Apolipoprotein B, the Major Protein Moiety of Human Plasma Low Density Lipoproteins, into a Water-Soluble Protein, Bfochim. Biophys. Acta577, 424–441, 1979.
Olofsson, S.O., Bostrom, K., SvanBerg, U. and Bondjers, G., Isolation and Partial Characterization of a Polypeptide Belonging to Apolipoprotein B from Low-Density Lipoproteins of Human Plasma, Biochemistry19, 1095–1064, 1980.
Kane, J.P., Hardman, D.A. and Paulus, H.E., Heterogeneity of Apolipoprotein B: Isolation of a New Species from Human Chylomicrons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 2465–2469, 1980.
Krishnaiah, K.V., Walker, L.F., Borensztajn, J., Schon- feld, G. and Getz, G.S., Apolipoprotein B Variant Derived from Rat Intestine, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA77, 3806–3810, 1980.
Weisgraber, K.H., Bersot, T.P., and Mahley, R.W., Isolation and Characterization of an Apoprotein form the d<1.006 Lipoproteins of Human and Canine Lymph Homologous with the Rat A-IV Apoprotein, Biochem. Biophy. Res. Commun. 85, 287–292, 1978.
Utermann, G. and Beisiegel, U., Apolipoprotein A-IV: A Protein Occurring in Human Mesenteric Lymph Chylomicrons and Free in Plasma. Isolation and Quantification, Eur. J Biochem. 99, 333–343, 1979.
Shore, V.G., Shore, B. and Lewis, S.B., Isolation and Characterization of Two Threonine-Poor Apolipoproteins of Human Plasma High Density Lipoproteins, Biochemistry17, 2174–2179, 1978.
Olofsson, S.O., Fager, G. and Gustafson, A., Isolation and Partial Characterization of a Glycine-and Serine Rich Polypeptide from Human Serum High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL), Scand. J. Clin.Lab. Invest.37, 749–755, 1977.
Sata, T., Havel, R.J., Kotite, L. and Kane, J.P., New Protein in Human Blood Plasma, Rich in Proline, with Lipid-Binding Properties, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA73, 1063–1067, 1976.
Polz, E., Kostner, G.M. and Holasek, A., Studies on the Protein Composition of Human Serum Very Low Density Lipoproteins: Demontration of the B2-Glycoprotein-I, Hoppe Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 360, 1061–1067, 1979.
Nakaya, Y., Schaefer, E.J. and Brewer, H.B., Jr., Activation of Human Post Heparin Lipoprotein Lipase by Apo- lipoprotein H (β2Glycoprotein I), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 95, 1168–1172, 1980.
Malmendier, C.L., Christophe, J. and Ameryckx, J.P., Separation and Partial Characterization of New Apoproteins from Human Plasma High Density Lipoproteins, Clin. Chim. Acta 99, 167–176, 1979.
Alaupovic, P., Lee, D.M. and McConathy, W.J., Studies on the Composition and Structure of Plasma Lipoproteins. Distribution of Lipoprotein Families in Major Density Classes of Normal Human Plasma Lipoproteins, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 260, 689–707.
Ouchterlony, O., Handbook of Immunodiffusion and Immunoelectrophoresis, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1968.
Kostner, G. and Alaupovic, P., Studies of the Composition and Structure of Plasma Lipoproteins. Separation and Quantification of the Lipoprotein Families Occurring in the High Density Lipoproteins of Human Plasma, BiochemistryJM, 3419–3428, 1972.
Lee, D.M. and Alaupovic, P., Physicochemical Properties of Low-Density Lipoproteins of Normal Human Plasma. Evidence for the Occurrence of Lipoprotein B in Associated and Free Forms, Biochem. J.137, 155–167, 1974.
Albers, J.J., Chen, C.H. and Aladjem, F., Human Serum Lipoproteins. Evidence for Three Classes of Lipoproteins in Sf 0-2, Biochemistry11, 57–63, 1972.
Kostner, G., Isolation an5 Characterization of Lipoprotein B from High-Density Human Serum Lipoproteins, Biochem. J. 130, 913–917, 1972.
Fell in, R., Agostini, B., Rost, W. and Seidel, D., Isolation and Analysis of Human Plasma Lipoproteins Accumulating Postprandi ally in an Intermediate Density Fraction (d 1.006-1.019 g/ml), Clin. Chim. Acta54, 325–333, 1974.
Olofsson, S.O. and Gustafson, A., Degradation of High- Density Lipoproteins (HDL) In Vitro, Scand. J. Clin Lab. Invest. 33, SuppT. 137, 57–62, 1974.
Ayrault-Jarrier, M., Alix, J.F. and Polonovski, J., Presence et isolement de deux 1 ipoproteines immunolo- giquement apparentees aux ApoA-I dans le serum humain, Biochimie62, 51–59, 1980.
Weisgraber, K.H. and Mahley, R.W., Subfractionation of Human High Density Lipoproteins by Heparin-Sepharose Affinity Chromatography, J. Lipid. Res.21, 316–325, 1980.
Weech, P., McConathy, W.J. and Alaupovic, P., Semi-Micro Procedures for the Isolation of Lipoproteins from Serum Specified by Their Apolipoprotein Content, InAbstracts of Oral Presentations (Abstract 445 ), V International Symposium on Atherosclerosis, Houston, Texas, 1979.
Suenram, A., McConathy, W.J. and Alaupovic, P., Evidence for the Lipoprotein Heterogeneity of Human Plasma High Density Lipoproteins Isolated by Three Different Procedures, Lipids 14, 505–510, 1979.
Alaupovic, P., Conceptual Development of the Classification Systems of Plasma Lipoproteins, Protides Biol. Fluids Proc. Colloq.19, 9–19, 1972.
Koren, E., McConathy, W.J. and Alaupovic, P. Characterization of Apolipoprotein F-Containing Lipoproteins in Human Plasma, Federation Proc. 40, 347, 1981.
Osborne, J.C., Jr. and Brewer, H.B., Jr., The Plasma Lipoproteins, Adv. Protein Chem. 31, 253–337 1977.
Lavietes, P.H., A1brink, M.J. and Man, E.B., Serum Lipids of Normal Subjects with Aging, Yale J. Biol. Med. 46, 134–141, 1973.
Lindgren, F.T., Adamson, G.L., Jenson, L.C. and Wood, P. D., Lipid and Lipoprotein Measurements in a Normal Adult American Population, Lipids 10, 750–756, 1975.
The Lipid Research Clinics Program Epidemiology Committee, Plasma Lipid Distributions in Selected North American Populations: The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study, Circulation 60, 427–439, 1979.
Avogaro, P., Bittolo Bon, G., Cazzolato, G. and Quinci, G.B., Are Apolipoproteins Better Discriminators than Lipids for Atherosclerosis? Lancet 1, 901–903, 1979.
Kladetzky, R.G., Assmann, G., Walgenbach, S., Touchert, P. and Helb, H.D., Lipoprotein and Apoprotein Values in Coronary Angiography Patients, Artery 7, 191–205, 1980.
Sniderman, A., Shapiro, S., Marpole, D., Skinner, B., Teng B. and Kwiterovich, P.O., Jr., Association of Coronary Atherosclerosis with Hyperapobetalipoproteinemia (Increased Protein but Normal Cholesterol Levels in Human Plasma Low Density (g) Lipoproteins), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 604–608, 1980.
Gabor, J., Spain, M. and Kalant, N., Composition of Serum Very-Low-Density and High-Density Lipoproteins in Diabetes Clin. Chem. 26, 1261–1265, 1980.
Schonfeld, G., Binge, C., Miller, J.P., Kessler, G. and Santiago, J., Apolipoprotein B Levels and Altered Lipoprotein Composition in Diabetes, Diabetes 23, 827–834, 1974.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Alaupovic, P. (1985). Metabolic and Clinical Significance of the Lipoprotein Family Concept. In: Halpern, M.J. (eds) Lipid Metabolism and Its Pathology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2445-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2445-4_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9486-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2445-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive