Abstract
The major nematode pests in agriculture throughout the world are generally those forms showing greatest development of the parasitic habit. Of these, the cyst nematodes and their relatives are the most highly adapted. They are also probably the only large group of plant-feeding nematodes for which sufficient information has been accrued to permit rigorous phylogenitic or phenetic analyses and development of hypotheses describing how the nematode-plant host-parasite relationship has evolved. The group provides a paradigm for other truly plant parasitic nematodes. We require a systematic framework within which to order our names and descriptions of organisms. Such a framework, unless it is merely a catalogue, must have a logical basis if it is to be predictive and enable us to make assumptions about the biology of an organism from comparison with related forms. An understanding of the evolution of host-parasite relationships permits predictions to be made about nematode behaviour in relation to a host as well as contributing to the development of a rational systematics.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Andrassy, A., 1976, “Evolution as a Basis for the Systematization of Nematodes,” Pitman, London.
Bakkers, J. and Gommers, F.J., 1982, Differentiation of the potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida and of two Globodera rostochiensis pathotypes by means of two dimensional electrophoresis, Proc. of Koninklijke Nederl. Akad. Wetenschappen, Ser.C, 85: 309.
Baldwin, J.G., 1983, Fine structure of body wall cuticle of females of Meloidodera charis, Atalodera lonioerae and Sarisodera hydrophila (Heteroderidae), J.Nematol., 15: 370.
Baldwin, J.G. and Bell, A.H., 1985, Cactodera eremica n. sp., Afenestrata africana (Luc et al., 1973)n. gen., n. comb., and an emended diagnosis of Sarisodera Wouts and Sher, 1971 (Heteroderidae), J.Nematol., 17: 187.
Barratt, J.A., 1983, Plant-fungus symbioses, Sinauer Associates “Coevolution,” D.J. Futuyma and M. Slatkin, eds., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Cid del Prado Vera, I., Lownsbery, B.F. and Maggenti, A.R., 1983, Rhizonema sequoiae n. gen., n. sp. from Coast Redwood Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endb., J. Nematol., 15: 460.
Cliff, G.M. and Baldwin, J.G., 1985, Fine structure of body wall cuticle of females of eight genera of Heteroderidae, J. Nematol., 17: 282.
Coomans, A., 1979, General principles of systematics with particular reference to speciation, in “Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne species) Systematics, Biology and Control,” F. Lamberti and E. Taylor, eds, Academic Press, London.
Coomans, A., 1983, General principles for the phylogenetic systematics of nematodes, in “Concepts in Nematode Systematics,” Systematics Association Special Volume No.22, A.R. Stone, H.M. Piatt and L.F. Khalil, eds, Academic Press, London.
Cooper, B.A., 1955, A preliminary key to British species of Heterodera for use in soil examination, in “Soil Zoology: Proceedings of the University of Nottingham Second Easter School in Agricultural Science, 1955,” D.K.M. Kevan, ed., Butterworths, London.
Cronquist, A., 1968, “The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants,” Nelson, London.
Dahlgren, 1980, A revised system of classification of the angiosperms, Botn J. Linn. Soc., 80: 91.
Evans, K., Franca, J. and de Scurrah, M.M., 1975, Distribution of species of potato cyst nematodes in South America, Nematologica, 21: 365.
Ferris, V.R., 1979, Cladistic approaches in the study of soil and plant parasitic nematodes, Amer. Zool., 19: 1195.
Ferris, V.R., 1985, Evolution and biogeography of cyst-forming nematodes, Bull. 0EPP/EPP0, 15: 123.
Fox, P.C. and Atkinson, A.J., 1984, Isoelectric focussing of general protein and specific enzymes from pathotypes of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida Parasitology, 88: 131.
Futuyma, D.J. and Slatkin, M., 1983a, Introduction in “Coevolution,” J. Futuyma and M. Slatkin, eds., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Futuyma, D.J. and Slatkin, M., 1983b, in “Coevolution,” eds., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Golden, A.M., 1971, Classification of the genera and the higher categories of the older Tylenchida in “Plant Parasitic Nematodes,” Vol. 1., B.M. Zuckerman, W.F. Mai and R.A. Rhode, eds., Academic Press, New York.
Golden, A.M. and Raski, D.J., 1977, Heterodera thornei n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) and a review of related species, J. Nematol., 9: 93.
Goodey, J.B., 1959, Data to be considered, observed and, where possible, reported upon when presenting descriptions of new species, Nematologica, 4: 211.
Goodey, J.B., 1963, “Soil and Freshwater Nematodes,” 2nd edition, T. Goodey revised by J.B. Goodey, Methuen & Co. Ltd., London.
Green, C.D., 1971, The morphology of the terminal area of the round cyst nematodes Heterodera rostochiensis and allied species, Nematologica 17:34.
Green, C.D., 1975, The vulval cone and associated structures of some cyst nematodes (genus Heterodera), Nematologica, 21: 134.
Gupta, P. and Edward, J.C., 1973, A new record of a cyst forming nematode (Heterodera chaubattia n. sp.) from the hills of Uttar Pradesh, Cur. Sei., 42: 618.
Henderson, I.F. and Henderson, W.D., 1979, “Henderson’s Dictionary of Biological Terms” 9th edition, S. Holmes, ed., Longman, London.
Henning, W., 1966, “Phylogenetic Systematics,” Translated by D.D. Davis and R. Zangerl, Univ. Illinois Press, Urbana.
Holmes, J.C., 1983, Evolutionary relationships between parasitic helmiths and their hosts, in “Coevolution,” D.J. Futuyma and M. Slatkin, eds., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Hooper, D.J., 1978, The structure and classification of nematodes, in “Plant Nematology,” J.F. Southey, ed., H.M.S.O., London.
Husain, S.I., 1976, Phylogeny and inter-relationship of the superfamily Heteroderoidea (Skarbilooich, 1947 ) Gowen, 1971, Geobois, 3: 9.
Janzen, D.H., 1980, What is coevolution?, Evolution, 34: 611.
Jones, M.G.K., 1981, The development and function of plant cells modified by endoparasitic nematodes, in. “Plant Parasitic Nematodes,” Vol. Ill, B.M. Zuckerman and R.A. Rohde, eds., Academic Press, New York.
Krall, E., 1978, Compendium of cyst nematodes in the USSR, Nematologica, 23: 311.
Krall, E. and Krall, H., 1978, [The revision of plant nematodes of the family Heteroderidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida) by using a comparative ecological method of studying their phylogeny] in “Printsipy i methody izucheniya vzaimootnoshenii mezhdu parazitichenskimi nematodami i rasteniyami,” Akad. Nauk Estonoskoi SSR, Tartu.
Luc, M., Taylor, D.P. and Cadet, P., 1978, Description of a new tropical Heteroderidae, Hylonema ivorense n. gen., n. sp., and a new outlook on the family Heteroderidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida), Revue Nematol., 1: 73.
Maas, P.W.T., du Bois, E. and Dede, J., 1983, Morphological and host range variation in the Heterodera trifolii complex, Nematologica, 28: 263.
Mathews, H.J.P., 1971, Morphology of the nettle cyst nematode Heterodera urticae Cooper, 1955, Nematologica, 16: 503.
Mitter, C. and Brooks, D.R., 1983, Phylogenetic aspects of coevolution, in “Coevolution,” D.J. Futuyma and M. Slatkin, eds., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Mulvey, R.H., 1972, Identification of Heterodera cysts by terminal and cone top structures, Can. J. Zool., 50: 1277.
Mulvey, R.H. and Ebsary, B.A., 1980, Dolichodera fluvialis n. gen., n. sp., (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from Quebec, Canada, Can. J. Zool., 58: 1697.
Mulvey, R.H. and Golden, A.M., 1983, An illustrated key to the cyst-forming genera and species of Heteroderidae in the Western Hemisphere with species morphometries and distribution, J. Nematol., 15: 1.
Mulvey, R.H. and Stone, A.R., 1976, Description of Punctodera matadorensis n. gen., n. sp., (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from Saskatchewan with lists of species and generic diagnoses of Globodera (n. rank), Heterodera and Sarisodera, Can. J. Zool., 54: 772.
Mundo-Ocampo, M. and Baldwin, J.G., 1983, Host-relationships of Atalodera spp. (Heteroderidae), J. Nematol., 15: 234.
Parrott, D.M., 1981, Evidence for gene-for-gene relationships between resistance gene H1 from Solarium tuberosum ssp. andigena and a gene in Globodera rostochiensis and between H2 from S. multidissectum and a gene in G. pallida, Nematologica, 27: 372.
Roberts, P.A. and Stone, A.R., 1981, Host ranges of Globodera species within Solarium subgenus Leptostemonum, Nematologica, 27: 172.
Shagalina, L. and Krall, E., 1981, [A new genus of cyst nematodes, Ephippiodera n. g. and redescription of Heterodera turcomanica Kir’janova and Shagalina, 1965 (Nematoda: Heteroderidae),] Eesti NSV Teaduste Akad. Toimetised, Biol. Seer., 30: 182.
Sharma, S.B. and Swarup, G., 1983, Identification scheme for Heterodera species in India, Indian J. Nematol., 13: 171.
Shepherd, A.M. and Clark, S.A., 1978, Cuticle structure and ‘cement’ formation at the anterior end of female cyst-nematodes of the genera Heterodera and Globodera (Heteroderidae: Tylenchida), Nematologica, 24: 201.
Sidhu, G.S. and Webster, J.M., 1981, The genetics of plant-nematode parasite systems, Bot. Rev., 47: 387.
Sneath, P.H.A. and Sokal, R.R., 1973, “Numerical Taxonomy,” W.H. Freeman, San Francisco.
Stone, A.R. and Hill. A.J., 1982, Some problems posed by the Heterodera avenae complex, Bull. 0EPP/EPP0, 12: 317.
Stone, A.R. and Rowe, J.A., 1977, Heterodera humuli, C.I.H. Descriptions of Plant Parasitic Nematodes Set 7, No. 105, 4pp.
Stone, A.R., 1975, Head morphology of second-stage juveniles of some Heteroderidae (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea), Nematologica, 21: 81.
Stone, A.R., 1978, Recent developments and some problems in the taxonomy of cyst-nematodes, with a classification of the Heteroderoidea, Nematologica, 23: 273.
Stone, A.R., 1979, Coevolution of nematodes and plants, in “Parasites as Plant Taxonomists,” I. Hedberg, ed., Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis xxii, Uppsala.
Stone, A.R., 1983, Three approaches to the status of a species complex, with a revision of some species of Globodera (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) in “Concepts in Nematode Systematics,” Systematics Association Special Volume No. 22, A.R. Stone, H.M. Piatt and L.F. Khalil, eds., Academic Press, London.
Stone, A.R., 1984, Changing approaches in nematode taxonomy, Plant Pis., Vol. 68: 551.
Stone, A.R., 1985, Coevolution of potato cyst nematodes and their hosts: implications for pathotypes and resistance, Bull. OEPP/EPPO, 15: 131.
Sturhan, D., 1985, Species, subspecies, race and pathotype problems in nematodes, Bull. OEPP/EPPO, 15: 139.
Thompson, J.N., 1982, “Interaction and Coevolution,” Wiley, New York.
Wouts, W.M., 1973, A revision of the family Heteroderidae (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea). I. The family Heteroderidae and its subfamilies, Nematologica, 18: 439.
Wouts, W.M., 1984, Globodera zelandica n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from New Zealand, with a key to the species of the genus Globodera, N.Z.J, of Zool., 11: 129.
Wouts, W.M., 1985, Phylogenetic classification of the family Heteroderidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida), Syst. Parasitol., 8: 2950.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stone, A.R. (1986). Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Cyst Nematodes. In: Lamberti, F., Taylor, C.E. (eds) Cyst Nematodes. Nato ASI Series, vol 121. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2251-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2251-1_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9318-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2251-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive