Abstract
As discussed in the previous chapters, the advances in soft X-ray optical systems have been rapid over the last few years, due to the development of intense sources, advances in manufacturing technology, and the desire to utilize the unique properties of X rays in the soft X-ray wavelength range. In this chapter the possibilities of further improvements in optical performance and additional uses of existing or improved systems will be discussed. First, however, a brief survey of advances and potential advances in soft X-ray sources will be given.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Y. Farge, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility—The Feasibility Study, European Science Foundation (1979).
Y. Farge and P. J. Duke (eds.), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Supplement I. The Scientific Case, European Science Foundation (1979).
D. J. Thompson and M. W. Poole (eds), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Supplement II. The Machine, European Science Foundation (1979).
B. Buras and G. V. Marr (eds.), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Supplement III. Instrumentation, European Science Foundation (1979).
D. J. Thompson, Development of an optimised x-ray synchrotron radiation facility, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., 201, 1–2 (1982).
B. Buras and S. Tazzari, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Report of the ESRP, 3rd edition, European Synchrotron Radiation Project, c/o CERN, Geneva, Switzerland (1985).
D. Attwood, B. Hartline, and R. Johnson, The Advanced Light Source: Scientific Opportunities, LBL Pub-5111, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California (1984).
G. V. Marr and D. J. Thompson (eds.), An Optimised Vacuum Ultraviolet Storage Ring, European Science Foundation, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1981).
M. Yoshimatsu and S. Kozaki, High brilliance x-ray sources, in: X-Ray Optics, Applications to Solids (H.-J. Queisser, ed.), Topics in Applied Physics, Vol. 22, pp. 9–33, Springer, Berlin (1977).
A. G. Michette, X-ray microscopy with a rotating anode source, King’s College London Internal Report (1985).
A. G. Michette, P. C. Cheng, R. W. Eason, F. O’Neill, Y. Owadano, R. J. Rosser, P. Rumsby and M. J. Shaw, Soft x-ray contact microscopy using laser plasma sources, J. Phys. D., 19, 363–371 (1986).
A. G. Michette, C. Hills, F. O’Neill, A. M. Rogoyski, E. Turcu and Y. Owadano, The use of low power pulsed lasers as plasma sources for soft x-ray contact microscopy, to be published in Proc. 3rd Topical Meeting on Short Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Applications (Monterey, 18–24 March, 1986 ).
R. C. Elton, Recent advances in x-ray laser research, in: Advances in X-Ray Analysis (C. S. Barrett, D. E. Leyden, J. B. Newkirk, and C. O. Ruud, eds.), Vol. 21, pp. 1–6, Plenum Press, New York (1978).
F. V. Bunkin, V I. Derzhiev, and S. I. Yakovlenko, Prospects for light amplification in the far ultraviolet, Sov. J. Quantum. Electron., 11, 981–997 (1981).
M. D. Rosen, P. L. Hagelstein, D. L. Matthews, E. M. Campbell, A. U. Hazi, B. L. Whitten, B. MacGowan, R. E. Turner, R. W. Lee, G. Charatis, G. E. Busch, C. L. Shepard, and P. D. Rockett, Exploding-foil technique for achieving a soft x-ray laser, Phys. Rev. Lett., 54, 106–109 (1985).
D. L. Matthews, P. L. Hagelstein, M. D. Rosen, M. J. Eckart, N. M. Ceglio, A. U. Hazi, H. Medecki, B. J. MacGowan, J. E. Trebes, B. L. Whitten, E. M. Campbell, C. W. Hatcher, A. M. Hawryluk, R. L. Kauffman, L. D. Pleasance, G. Rambach, J. H. Scofield, G. Stone, and T. A. Weaver, Demonstration of a soft x-ray amplifier, Phys. Rev. Lett., 54, 110–113 (1985).
D. L. Matthews, E. M. Campbell, K. Estabrook, C. W. Hatcher, R. L. Kauffman, R. W. Lee, and C. L. Wang, Observation of enhanced emission of the O VIII H line in a recombining laser produced plasma, Appl. Phys. Lett., 45, 226–228 (1984).
S. E. Harris and T. B. Lucatorto (eds.), Second Topical Meeting on Laser Techniques in the Extreme Ultraviolet, AIP Conference Proceedings No. 119, American Institute of Physics, New York (1984).
K. Boyer, Multiphoton processes and short wavelength lasers, Proceedings of the Los Alamos Conference on Optics’83, Proc. SPIE 380, 348–352 (1983).
A. P. Lukirskii, E P. Savinov, O. A. Ershov, and Y. F. Shepelev, Reflection coefficients of radiation in the wavelength range from 23.6 to 113 Å for a number of elements and substances and the determination of the refractive index and absorption coefficient, Opt. Spectrosc., 16, 168–172 (1964).
O A. Ershov, I. A. Brytov, and A. P. Lukirskii, Reflection of x-rays from certain substances in the region from 7 to 44 Å, Opt. Spectrosc., 22, 66–69 (1967).
M. Yanagihara, S. Yamaguchi, M. Niwano, Y. Iguchi, A. Yagishita, T. Koide, S. Sato, and T. Sasaki, Optical constants in the soft x-ray region, Photon Factory Activity Report (1984).
V. A. Fomichev and A. P. Lukirskii, Absorption coefficients of aluminium in the 23.6–410 Å range of ultrasoft x-radiation, Opt. Spectrosc., 22, 432–434 (1967).
R. Haensel, C. Kunz, T. Sasaki, and B. Sonntag, Absorption measurements of copper, silver, tin, gold and bismuth in the far ultraviolet, Appl. Opt., 7, 301–306 (1968).
H. J. Hagemann, W. Gudat, and G. Kunz, Optical constants from the far infrared to the x-ray region: Mg, Al, Gu, Ag, Au, Bi, C, and Al203, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 742–744 (1975).
H. J. Hagemann, W. Gudat, and C. Kunz, DESY Report 74 /7 (1974).
F. Bassani and M. Alterelli, Interaction of radiation with condensed matter, in: Handbook on Synchrotron Radiation (E.-E. Koch, ed.), Vol. 1, pp. 463–605, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1983).
B. A. Bethe and E. E. Saltpeter, Quantum Mechanics of One- and Two-Electron Atoms, Springer, Berlin (1957).
D. Y. Smith and E. Shiles, Finite-energy f-sum rules for valence electrons, Phys. Rev. B, 17, 4689–4694 (1978).
R. Tatchyn, I. Lindau, E. Källne, M. Hecht, E. Spiller, R. Bartlett, J. Kållne, J. H. Dijkstra, A. Hawryluk, and R. Z. Bachrach, The first use of transmission gratings for measurements of optical constants in the soft x-ray region, Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 195, 423–428 (1980).
R. Tatchyn, I. Lindau, and E. Kallne, Analysis of a new method determining optical constants in the soft x-ray region, Opt. Acta, 27, 1505–1536 (1980).
A. G. Michette, Soft x-ray optical properties of materials, SERC Case studentship proposal (1984).
D. Rudolph, B. Niemann, and G. Schmahl, Status of the sputtered sliced zone plates for x-ray microscopy, High Resolution X-Ray Optics, Proc. SPIE 316, 103–105 (1981).
G. F. Taylor, A method of drawing metallic filaments and a discussion of their properties and uses, Phys. Rev., 23, 655–660 (1924).
M. E. Mochel, C. J. Humphreys, J. A. Eades, J. M. Mochel, and A. M. Petford, Electron beam writing on a 20-Å scale in metal β-aluminas, Appl. Phys. Lett., 42, 392–394 (1983).
M. Isaacson and A. Murray, In situ vaporization of very low molecular weight resists using 1/2 nm diameter electron beams, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 19, 1117–1120 (1981).
N. M Ceglio, A. M. Hawryluk, and M. Schattenberg, X-ray phase lens design and fabrication, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B1, 1285–1288 (1983).
R. Day, J. Grosso, R. Bartlett, and T. Barbee, Layered synthetic microstructures: Measurements and applications, Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 208, 245–249 (1983).
B. L. Henke, Low energy x-ray spectroscopy with crystals and multilayers, in: Low Energy X-Ray Diagnostics (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, eds.), AIP Conference Proceedings No. 75, pp. 85–96, American Institute of Physics, New York (1981).
P. Lee, Multilayer mirrors and beam splitters for soft x-rays, Opt. Commun., 43, 237–241 (1982).
P. Lee, R. J. Bartlett, and D. R. Kania, Soft x-ray optics using multilayer mirrors, Opt. Eng., 24, 197–201 (1985).
M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 5th ed., p. 43, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y. (1975).
A. Khandar and P. Dhez, Multilayer x-ray polarizers, Applications of Thin-Film Multilayered Structures to Figured X-Ray Optics, Proc. SPIE 563, 158–163 (1985).
M. Elvis, Extra-solar astronomy with a 2.4 m normal incidence x-ray telescope at 0.1 arcsec resolution, High Resolution X-Ray Optics, Proc. SPIE 316, 144–148 (1981).
P. Dhez, G. Jamelot, A. Carillon, P. Jaegle, P. Pardo, and D. Naccache, X-uv gain amplification studies in laser plasmas using normal incidence multilayer mirrors, in: Second Topical Meeting on Laser Techniques in the Extreme Ultraviolet (S. E. Harris and T. B. Lucatorto, eds.), AIP Conference Proceedings No. 119, pp. 199–206, American Institute of Physics, New York (1984).
J. Kirchner, Quantitative microanalysis with high resolution using soft x-rays—Possible applications, in: X-Ray Microscopy (G. Schmahl and D. Rudolph, eds.), Springer Series in Optical Sciences, Vol. 43, pp. 308–313, Springer, Berlin (1984).
J. Cazaux, Microanalysis and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: Principles and performance deductions, Rev. Phys. Appl., 10, 263–280 (1975).
D. Sayre, Review of image formation methods with the soft x-ray photon, in: Ultrasoft X-Ray Microscopy: Its Application to Biological and Physical Sciences (D. F. Parsons, ed.), Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. Vol. 342, pp. 387–391 (1980).
L. M. Cheng and A. G. Michette, Three dimensional imaging in scanning soft x-ray microscopy, J. Phys. (Paris) C2, 45, 97–100 (1984).
M. R. Howells, Possibilities for x-ray holography using synchrotron radiation, in: X-Ray Microscopy (G. Schmahl and D. Rudolph, eds.), Springer Series in Optical Sciences, Vol. 43, pp. 318–335, Springer, Berlin (1984).
S. Aoki and S. Kikuta, X-ray holographic microscopy, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 13, 1385–1392 (1974).
S. Aoki, Y. Ichihara, and S. Kikuta, X-ray hologram obtained by using synchrotron radiation, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 11, 1857 (1972).
M. R. Howells, M. Iarocci, J. Kenney, J. Kirz, and H. Rarback, X-ray holographic microscopy experiments at the Brookhaven synchrotron light source, Science with Soft X-Rays, Proc. SPIE 447, 193–203 (1984).
S. Aoki, K. Shinohara, A. Tanaka, Y. Iguchi, and M. Yanagihara, Recording x-ray holograms with x-ray resists, Photon Factory Activity Report (1984).
R. S. Longhurst, Geometrical and Physical Optics, 3rd ed., pp. 249–253, Longmans, London (1973).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Michette, A.G. (1986). Future Developments. In: Optical Systems for Soft X Rays. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2223-8_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2223-8_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9304-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2223-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive