Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lactation and Galactorrhea

  • Chapter
Gynecologic Endocrinology

  • 131 Accesses

Abstract

Mammary development in women is one of the earliest events of puberty. During breast development there is a gradual increase in circulating estrogens as well as an increase in prolactin,1,2 most likely due to the rising titers of estrogen. Normal breast development (thelarche) occurs under the influence of a combination of hormones including estrogens, progesterone, adrenal steroids, growth hormone, and prolactin. Of these, prolactin and estrogen are thought to be the most important. The classic studies of Lyons, Li, and Johnson examining the combined and individual effects of these hormones on mammary development in hypophysectomized, oophorectomized, and adrenalectomized rats provided evidence that although development was optimal in the presence of the combination of hormones listed above, no mammary development occurred in the absence of prolactin, even when large doses of estrogen were employed.3

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Ehara Y, Yen S, Siler TM: Serum prolactin levels during puberty. Am J Obstet Gynecol 121: 995, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Jenner MR, Kelch RP, Kaplan SL, et al: Hormonal changes in puberty. IV. Plasma estradiol, LH, and FSH in prepubertal children, pubertal females, and in precocious puberty, premature thelarche, hypogonadism, and in a child with a feminizing ovarian tumor. Clin Endocrinol 34: 521–530, 1972

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Lyons WR, Li CH, Johnson RE: The hormonal control of mammary growth and lactation. Recent Prog Horm Res 14: 219, 1958

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Lippman ME, Bolan G: Oestrogen-responsive human breast cancer in long term tissue culture. Nature (Lond) 256: 592–593, 1975

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Topper YJ: Multiple hormone interactions in the development of mammary gland in vitro. Recent Prog Horm Res 26: 287, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bourne RA, Bryant JA, Grierson D, et al: Prolactin-stimulated deoxyribonucleic acid syntheses in rabbit mammary tissue. Biochem 7 130: 10p, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  7. Kleinberg DL, Niemann W, Flamm E, Cooper P, Babitsky G, Valensi Q: Primate mammary development: Effects of hypophysectomy, prolactin inhibition, and growth hormone administration. J Clin Invest 75: 1943–1950, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kleinberg DL, Todd J, Niemann W: Evidence that prolactin stimulates α-lactalbumin production in mammary tissues from premenarcheal rhesus monkeys. Endocrinology 104 (6): 1569–1573, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kleinberg DL, Todd J, Niemann W: Prolactin stimulation of a-lactalbumin in normal primate mammary gland. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47: 435–441, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Tyson JE, Hwang P, Guyda H, et al: Studies of prolactin secretion in human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 113: 14–20, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Elias J: Cultivation of adult mouse mammary gland in hormone-enriched synthetic medium. Science 126: 842, 1957

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kleinberg DL, Frantz AG: Human prolactin: Measurement in plasma by in vitro bioassay. J Clin Invest 50: 1557–1568. 1971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kleinberg DL, Todd J, Groves ML: Studies on human α-lactalbumin: Radioimmunoassay measurement in normal human breast and breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45: 1238–1250, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kleinberg DL, Warren M: α-Lactalbumin production during human pregnancy, (submitted for publication)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Frantz AG, Kleinberg DL, Noel GL: Studies on prolactin in man. Recent Prog Horm Res 28: 527–590, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Yen SSC, Ehara Y, Siler TM: Augmentation of prolactin secretion by estrogen in hypogonadal women. J Clin Invest 53: 652–655, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Herbert DC, Hayashida T: Histological identification and immunochemical studies of prolactin and growth hormone in the primate pituitary gland. Gen Comp Endocrinol 24: 381–397, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kleinberg DL, Todd J, Babitsky G, et al: Estradiol inhibits prolactin induced α-lactalbumin production in normal primate mammary in vitro. Endocrinology 110: 279–281, 1982

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kleinberg DL, Todd J, Babitsky G: Inhibition by estradiol of the lactogenic effect of prolactin in primate mammary tissue: Reversal by antiestrogens LY 156758 and tamoxifen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 4144–4148, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Meites J, Sgouris JT: Effects of altering the balance between prolactin and ovarian hormones on initation of lactation in rabbits. Endocrinology 55: 530–534, 1954

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kuhn NJ: Progesterone withdrawal as the lactogenic trigger in the rat. J Endocrinol 44: 39–54, 1969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Noel GL, Suh HK, Frantz AG: Prolactin release during nursing and breast stimulation in postpartum and non-postpartum subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38: 413–423, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kleinberg DL, Todd J: Evidence that human growth hormone is a potent lacogen in primates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51: 1009–1013, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Womack WS, Smith SW, Allen GM, et al: A comparison of hormone therapies for suppression of lactation. South Med J 55: 816, 1962

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Markin KE, Wolst MD: A comparative controlled study of hormones used in the prevention of postpartum breast engorgement and lactation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 50: 467, 1945

    Google Scholar 

  26. Tindall VR: Factors influencing puerperal thromboembolism. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 75: 1324, 1968

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Turnbull AC: Puerperal thromboembolism and the suppression of lactation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 75: 1321, 1968

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Varga L, Lutterbeck PM, Pryor JS, et al: Suppression of puerperal lactation with an ergot alkaloid: A double-blind study. Br Med J 2: 743–744, 1972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Sheehan HL: The incidence of postpartum hypopituitarism. Am J Obstet Gynecol 68: 202–223, 1954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hwang P, Guyda H, Friesen H: A radioimmunoassay for human prolactin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 68: 1902–1906, 1971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kleinberg DL, Noel GL, Frantz AG: Galactorrhea: A study of 235 cases, including 48 with pituitary tumors. N Engl J Med 296: 589–600, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Boyd AE III, Reichlin S, Turksov RN: Galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome: Diagnosis and therapy. Ann Intern Med 87: 165–175, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Tolis G, Somma M, Van Compenhout J, et al: Prolactin secretion in 65 patients with galactorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol 118: 91–101, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Gomez F, Reyes FI, Faiman C: Nonpuerperal galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. Clinical findings, endocrine features and therapeutic responses in 56 cases. Am J Med 62: 648–660, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Haagensen CD: Diseases of the Breast. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1971, p 778

    Google Scholar 

  36. Forbes AP, Henneman PH, Griswold GC, et al: Syndrome characterized by galactorrhea, amenorrhea and low urinary FSH: Comparison with acromegaly and normal lactation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 14: 265–271, 1954

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Vacca LL, Rosario SL, Zimmerman EA, et al: Application of immunoperoxidase techniques to localize horseradish peroxidase-tracer in the central nervous system. J HistochemCytochem 23: 208–215, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Antunes JL, Housepian EM, Frantz AG, et al: Prolactinsecreting pituitary tumors. Ann Neurol 2: 148–153, 1977

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Seppala M, Hirvonen E, Rauta T: Hyperprolactinemia and luteal insufficiency. Lancet 1: 229, 1976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Dunaif AE, Zimmerman EA, Frantz AG, et al: Prolactin and its receptor: Intracellular localization in the ovary by immunoperoxidase technique. Clin Res 25: 293A, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  41. McNatty KP, Sawres RS, McNeilly AS: A possible role for prolactin in control of steroid secretion by the human graafian follicle. Nature (Lond) 250: 653–655, 1974

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Demura R, Ono M, Demura H, Shizume K, Oouchi H: Prolactin directly inhibits basal as well as gonadotropin- stimulated secretion of progesterone and and 17 β-estradiol in the human ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54: 1246–1250, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Sauder SE, Frager M, Case GD, Kelch RP, Marshall JC: Abnormal patterns of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in women with hyperprolactinemia and amenorrhea: responses to bromocriptine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59: 941–948, 1984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Klibanski A, Beitins IZ, Merriam GR, McArthur JW, Zervas NT, Ridgway EC: Gonadotropin and prolactin pulsations in hyperprolactinemic women before and during bromocriptine therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 58: 1141–1147, 1984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Horn K, Erhardt F, Fahlbusch R, et al: Recurrent goiter, hyperthyroidism, galactorrhea and amenorrhea due to a thyrotropin and prolactin-producing pituitary tumor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43: 137, 1976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Levin ME, Daughaday WH, Levy I: Persistent lactation associated with pituitary tumor and hyperadrenal corticism. Am J Med 27: 172–175, 1959

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kleinberg DL, Noel GL, Frantz AG: Chlorpromazine stimulation and L-dopa suppression of prolactin in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 33: 873–876, 1971

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Barbarino A, De Marinis L, Maira G, et al: Serum prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone and metoclopramide in patients with prolactin-secreting tumors before and after transsphenoidal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47: 1148–1151, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Koppelman MCS, Jaffe MJ, Rieth KH, et al: Hyperprolactimenia, amenorrhea and galactorrhea. Ann Intern Med 100: 115–121, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. March CM, Kletzky OA, Davajan V, et al: Longitudinal evaluation of patients with untreated prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 139: 835–844, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Klibanski A, Neer RM, Beitins IZ, et al: Decreased bone density in hyperprolactinemic women. N Engl J Med 303: 1511–1514, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hardy J: Transsphenoidal surgery of hypersecreting pituitary tumors, in Kohler PO, Ross GT (eds): Diagnosis and Treatment of Pituitary Tumors. New York, American Elsevier, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  53. Randall RV, Laws ER Jr, Abboud CF, et al: Transsphenoidal microsurgical treatment and prolactin producing pituitary adenomas: Results in 100 patients. Mayo Clin Proc 58: 108–121, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Corenblum B, Webster BR, Mortimer CS, et al: Possible antitumor effect of 2 bromo-ergocriptine (CB-154 Sandoz) in 2 patients with large prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas. Clin Res 23: 614A, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  55. Lamberts SWJ, Klijn JGM, DeLange SA, et al: The incidence of complications during pregnancy after treatment of hyperprolactinemia with bromocriptine in patients with radiologically evident pituitary tumors. Fertil Steril 31 (6): 614–619, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Post K, Biler B, Adelman L, et al: Selective transsphenoidal adenomectomy in women with galactorrhea-amenorrhea. JAMA 242: 158–162, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Tindall GT, McLanahan CS, Christy JH: Transsphenoidal microsurgery for pituitary tumors associated with hyperprolactinemia. J Neurosurg 48: 849–860, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Wilson CB, Dempsey LC: Transsphenoidal microsurgical removal of 250 pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg 48: 13–22, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Serri O, Rasio E, Beauregard H, et al: Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after selective transsphenoidal adenomectomy in women with prolactinoma. N Engl J Med 309: 280–283, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Laws ER: Role of surgery in the management of prolactin adenomas, in McCleod R (ed): Fourth International Congress on Prolactin Proceedings. New York, Raven, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  61. Besser GM, Parke L, Edwards CRW, et al: Galactorrhoea: Successful treatment with reduction of plasma prolactin levels by bromoergocriptine. Br Med J 3: 669–672, 1972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Besser GM, Thorner MO: Bromocriptine in the treatment of the hyperprolactinemia-hypogonadism syndromes. Postgrad Med J 52: 64–70, 1976

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Del Pozo E, Brun Del Re R, Varga L, et al: The inhibition of prolactin secretion in man by CB-154 (2-Br-α-ergocriptine). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 35: 768–771, 1972

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Friesen HG, Tolis G: The use of bromocriptine in the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndromes: The Canadian cooperative study. Clin Endocrinol [Suppl] 6: 91s–99s, 1977

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. George SR, Burrow GN, Zinman B, et al: Regression of pituitary tumors, a possible effect of bromergocriptine. Am J Med 66: 697–702, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. McGregor AM, Scanion MF, Hall K, et al: Reduction in size of a pituitary tumor by bromocriptine therapy. N Engl J Med 300: 291–293, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Thorner MO, Gluckiger E, Calne DB (eds): Bromocriptine—A Clinical and Pharmacological Review. New York, Raven, 1980, pp 56–99

    Google Scholar 

  68. Von Werder K, Fahlbusch R, Rjosk H-K: Bromocriptine therapy of macroprolactinomas. Neuroendocrinol Lett 3:328, 1981 (abst)

    Google Scholar 

  69. Bonneville JF, Poulignot D, Cattin F, et al: Computed tomographic demonstration of the effects of bromocriptine on pituitary microadenoma size. Radiology 143: 451–455, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kleinberg DL, Boyd AE III, Wardlaw S, Frantz AG, George A, Bryon H, Hilas S, Greising J, Hamilton D, Seltzer T and Sommers CJ: Treatment of prolactin and growth hormone secreting pituitary tumors with pergolide. N Engl J Med 309: 704–709, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Dominque JN, Richmond IL, Wilson CB: Results of surgery in 114 patients with prolactin secreting adenomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 137: 102–108, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  72. Emani B: Conventional radiotherapy and pituitary tumors, in Post KD, Jackson IMD, Reichlin S (eds): The Pituitary Adenoma. New York, Plenum, 1980, pp 437–458

    Google Scholar 

  73. Sheline GE: Treatment of chromophobe adenomas of the pituitary gland and acromegaly, in Kohler PO, Ross GT (eds): Diagnosis and Treatment of Pituitary Tumors. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1973, pp 201–216.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Wollesen F, Andersen T, Karle A: Size reduction of extrasellar pituitary tumors during bromocriptine treatment. Ann Intern Med 96: 281–286, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Sobrinho LG, Nunes MC, Calhaz-Jorge C, et al: Effect of treatment with bromocriptine on the size and activity of prolactin producing pituitary tumors. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 96: 24–29, 1981

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Spark RF, Baker R, Beinfang DC, et al: Bromocriptine reduces pituitary tumor size and hypersecretion. Requiem for pituitary surgery? JAMA 247: 311–316, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Wass JAH, Williams J, Charlesworth M, et al: Bromocriptine in the management of large pituitary tumors. Br Med J 284: 1908–1911, 1982

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Prescott RWG, Johnston DG, Taylor P, et al: Hyperprolac- tinaemia men—Response to bromocriptine therapy. Lancet 1: 245–248, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Weiss MH, Wycott RN, Yardley R, et al: Bromocriptine treatment of prolactin-secreting tumors: Surgical implications. Neurosurgery 12: 640–642, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Thorner MO, Martin WH, Rogol AD, et al: Rapid regression of pituitary prolactinomas during bromocriptine treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51: 438–445, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Thorner MO, Perryman RL, Rogol AD, et al: Rapid changes of prolactinoma volume after withdrawal and reinstitution of bromocriptine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53: 480–483, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Tindall GT, Kovacs K, Horvath E, et al: Human prolactin- producing adenomas and bromocriptine: A histological, immunocytochemical, ultrastructural, and morphometric study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55: 1178–1183, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Rengachary SS, Tomita T, Jefferies BF, et al: Structural changes in human pituitary tumor after bromocriptine therapy. Neurosurgery 10: 242–251, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Thorner MO, Edwards CRW, Charlesworth M, et al: Pregnancy in patients presenting with hyperprolactinaemia. Br Med J 2: 771–774, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Bergh T, Nillius SJ, Enoksson P, et al: Bromocriptine-induced pregnancies in women with large prolactinomas. Clin Endocrin 17: 625–631, 1982

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Bergh T, Nillius SJ, Wide L: Clinical course and outcome of pregnancies in amenorrhoeic women with hyperprolactinaemia and pituitary tumours. Br Med J 8: 875–880, 1978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Child DF, Gordon H, Mashiter K, Joplin GF: Pregnancy, prolactin, and pituitary tumours. 5r Med 7 4: 87–89, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  88. Kelly WF, Doyle FH, Mashiter K, et al: Pregnancies in women with hyperprolactinaemia: Clinical course obstetric complications of 41 pregnancies in 27 women. Br J Obstet Gynecol 86: 698–705, 1979

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Lamberts SWJ, Seldenrath HJ, Kwa HG, et al: Transient bitemporal hemianopsia during pregnancy after treatment of galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome with bromocriptine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 44: 180–184, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Dommerholt HBR, Assies J, Van Der Werf AJM: Growth of a prolactinoma during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 61: 117–120, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  91. Maeda T, Ushiroyama T, Okuda K, et al: Effective bromocriptine treatment of a pituitary macroadenoma during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 61: 117–120, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Turkatj I, Braun P, Krupp P: Surveillance of bromocriptine in pregnancy. JAMA 247 (11): 1589–1591, 1982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Argonz J, del Castillo EB: A syndrome characterized by estrogenic insufficiency, galactorrhea and decreased urinary gonadotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 13: 79–87, 1953

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Sharp EA: Historical review of a syndrome embracing utero-ovarian atrophy with persistent lactation (Frommel’s disease). Am J Obstet Gynecol 30: 411–414, 1935

    Google Scholar 

  95. Lippard CH: The Chiari-Frommel syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 82: 724–726, 1961

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Greenblatt RB, Carmona N, Hagler WS: Chiari-Frommel syndrome. A syndrome characterized by galactorrhea, amenorrhea and pituitary dysfunction: Report of two cases. Obstet Gynecol 7: 165–170, 1956

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Ehni G, Eckles NE: Interruption of pituitary stalk in the patient with mammary cancer. J Neurosurg 16: 628–652, 1959

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Grossman S, Buchberg AB, Brecher E, et al: Idiopathic lactation following thoracoplasty. J Clin Endocrinol 10: 729–734, 1950

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Salkin D, Davis EW: Lactation following thoracoplasty and pneumonectomy. J Thorac Surg 18: 580–590, 1949

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Sachs HB: Lactation after hysterectomy in a nulliparous woman. Am J Obstet Gynecol 78: 204–207, 1959

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Lavoie J: Lactation after surgery. Can J Surg 11: 464–465, 1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Noel GL, Suh HK, Stone JC, et al: Human prolactin and growth hormone release during surgery and other conditions of stress. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 35: 66–77, 1972

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Everard JR, Buxton BH, Erickson D: Amenorrhea following oral contraception. Am J Obstet Gynecol 124: 88–91, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  104. Gambreil RD, Greenblatt RB, Mahesh VB: Post-pill and pill-related amenorrhea-galactorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol 110: 838–848, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  105. Shearman RP: Prolonged secondary amenorrhea after oral contraceptive therapy. Lancet 1: 64–66, 1971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Gregg WI: Galactorrhea after contraceptive hormones. N Engl J Med 273: 1432, 1966

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Hooper JH Jr, Welch VC, Shackelford RT: Abnormal lactation associated with tranquilizing drug therapy. JAMA 178: 506–507, 1961

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Koang NK, Tseng-Chi H, Chia-Lun J, et al: Endocrine function during treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis with INH. China Med J 75: 100–109, 1957

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Van Wyk JJ, Grumbach MM: Syndrome of precocious menstruation and galactorrhea in juvenile hypothyroidism: An example of hormonal overlap in pituitary feedback. J Pediatr 57: 416–435, 1960

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Jackson, WPU: Post-thyroidectomy hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, exopthalmos and galactorrhea with normal menstruation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 16: 1245–1250, 1956

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Kinch RAH, Plunkett ER, Devlin MC: Postpartum amenorrhea-galactorrhea of hypothyroidism. Am J Obstet Gynecol 105: 766–773, 1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Ross F, Nusynowitz ML: A syndrome of primary hypothyroidism, amenorrhea and galactorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 28: 591–595, 1968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Boroditsky RS, Faiman C: Galactorrhea-amenorrhea due to primary hypothyroidism. Am J Obstet Gynecol 116: 661–665, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Edwards CRW, Forsyth IA, Besser GM: Amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea, and primary hypothyroidism with high circulating levels of prolactin. Br Med J 3: 462–464, 1971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Kleinberg DL: Pituitary tumors and failure of endocrine target organs. Arch Intern Med 1979

    Google Scholar 

  116. Bar RS, Mazzaferri EL, Malarkey WB: Primary empty sella, galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia and renal tubular acidosis. Am J Med 59: 863–866, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Brisman R, Hughes JEO, Holub DA: Endocrine function in 19 patients with empty sella syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34: 570–573, 1972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Neelon FA, Goree JA, Lebovitz HE: The primary empty sella: Clinial and radiographic characteristics and endocrine function. Medicine (Baltimore) 52: 73–92, 1973

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Silverman VE, Boyd AE III, McCrary JA, et al: Pituitary apoplexy following chlorpromazine stimulation. Arch Intern Med 1978

    Google Scholar 

  120. Varga L, Wenner R, del Pozo E: Treatment of galactor-rhea-amenorrhea syndrome with Br-ergocriptine (CB 154) restoration with ovulatory function and fertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol 117: 75, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Boyar RM, Kapen S, Finkelstein JW, et al: Hypothalamicpituitary function in diverse hyperprolactinemic states. J Clin Invest 53: 1588–1598, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Chiodini P, Liuzzi A, Cozzi R, et al: Size reduction of macroprolactinomas by bromocriptine or lisuride treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53: 737–743, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10016, USA

    David L. Kleinberg

  2. Department of Endocrinology, Veterans Administration Medical Center, New York, New York, 10016, USA

    David L. Kleinberg

Authors
  1. David L. Kleinberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Jay J. Gold M.D., F.A.C.P (Clinical Professor of Medicine and Adjunct Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology) (Clinical Professor of Medicine and Adjunct Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology)

  2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA

    John B. Josimovich M.D. (Professor and Vice-Chairman) (Professor and Vice-Chairman)

  3. Department of Pathology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA

    John B. Josimovich M.D. (Professor and Vice-Chairman) (Professor and Vice-Chairman)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kleinberg, D.L. (1987). Lactation and Galactorrhea. In: Gold, J.J., Josimovich, J.B. (eds) Gynecologic Endocrinology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2157-6_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2157-6_24

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9272-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2157-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation