Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Disease

  • Chapter
Gynecologic Endocrinology

  • 137 Accesses

Abstract

The pituitary gland arises from the conjunction of an evagination of the oral cavity (Rathke’s pouch) and a process of neural ectoderm growing down from the ventral portion (hypothalamic region) of the diencephalon. The former becomes the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and the latter the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary); by 10–12 weeks of fetal life, both appear to be functionally linked to the hypothalamus.1

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Reyes FI, Faiman C, Winter JSD: Development of the regulatory mechanisms of the hypothalamic-pituitary-go- nadal system in the human fetus, in Resko J, Novy M (eds): Fetal Endocrinology New York, Academic, 1981, pp 285–302

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bergland RM, Page RB: Pituitary-brain vascular relations: A new paradigm. Science 204: 18–24, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Pelletier G, Robert R, Hardy J: Identification of human anterior pituitary cells by immunoelectron-microscopy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46: 534–542, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Liotta AS, Falaschi P, Krieger DT: Characterization of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-related peptides in fresh human (H) anterior pituitary (AP), in Proceedings of the Sixty- fourth Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society p 135

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bergland RM, Page RB: Can the pituitary secrete directly to the brain? (Affirmative anatomical evidence). Endocrinology 102: 1325–1338, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Martin JB, Reichlin S: Clinical Neuroendocrinology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Davis, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  7. Besser GM (ed): The hypothalamus and pituitary. Clin Endocrinol Metab 6:1–275, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  8. Tolis G, Labrie, F, Martin JB, et al (eds): Clinical Neuroendocrinology: A Pathophysiological Approach. New York, Raven Press, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  9. Rimoin DL, Schimke RN: Genetic Disorders of the Endocrine Glands. St Louis, Mosby, 1971, pp 11–78

    Google Scholar 

  10. Fisher DA, Hughes ER: Disorders of the hypothalamus, in Kelley VC (ed): Endocrine and Genetic Disorders in Children. Hagerstown, MD, Harper & Row, 1974, pp 143–166

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gendrel D, Chaussain JL, Job JC: Les hypopituitarismes congenitaux par anomalie de la ligne mediane. Arch Fr Pediatr 38: 227–232, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Sadeghi-Nejad A, Senior B: A familial syndrome of isolated “aplasia” of the anterior pituitary. J Pediatr 84: 79–84, 1974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Odell WD: Isolated deficiency of anterior pituitary hormones. JAMA 197: 176–186, 1966

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Sauder SE, Corley KP, Hopwood, NJ, et al: Subnormal gonadotropin responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone persist into puberty in children with isolated growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53: 1186–1192, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Yoshimoto Y, Moridera K, Imura H: Restoration of normal pituitary gonadotropin reserve by administration of luteiniz- ing-hormone-releasing hormone in patients with hypo- gonadotropic hypogonadism. N Engl J Med 292: 242–245, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Faiman C, Hoffman DL, Ryan RJ, et al: The “fertile eunuch” syndrome: Demonstration of isolated hormone deficiency by radioimmunoassay technique. Mayo Clin Proc 43: 661–667, 1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Carlson HE, Brickman AS, Bottazzo GF: Prolactin deficiency in pseudohypoparathyroidism. N Engl J Med 296: 140–144, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Chang RJ, Davidson BJ, Carlson HE, et al: Hypo- gonadotropic hvpogonadism associated with retinitis pigmentosa in a female sibship: Evidence for gonadotropin deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53: 1179–1185, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Lieblich JM, Rogol AD, White BJ, et al: Syndrome of anosmia with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (Kallman syndrome). Am J Med 73: 506–519, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Feller RE, Pont A, Wands JR, et al: Familial hemochromatosis: Physiologic studies in the precirrhotic stage of the disease. N Engl J Med 296: 1422–1426, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kletzky OA, Costin G, Marrs RP, et al: Gonadotropin insufficiency in patients with thalassemia major. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48: 901–905, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Fries H, Nillius SJ, Pettersson F: Epidemiology of secondary amenorrhea. II. A retrospective evaluation of etiology with special regard to psychogenic factors and weight loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol 118: 473–479, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lachelin GCL, Yen SSC: Hypothalamic chronic anovulation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 130: 825–831, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Rebar RW, Harman SM, Vaitukaitis JL: Differential responsiveness to LRF after estrogen therapy in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46: 48–54, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Yen SSC, Rebar RW, Quesenberry W: Pituitary function in pseudocyesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43: 132–136, 1976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Vigersky R (ed): Anorexia Nervosa. New York, Raven, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  27. Warren MP: Effects of undernutrition on reproductive function in the human. Endocrine Rev 4: 363–377, 1983

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Pimstone B: Endocrine function in protein-calorie malnutrition. Clin Endocrinol 5: 79–95, 1976

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Vigersky RA, Andersen AE, Thompson RH, et al: Hypothalamic dysfunction in secondary amenorrhea associated with weight loss. N Engl J Med 297: 1141–1145, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kovacs K: Necrosis of anterior pituitary in humans. Neuroendocrinology 4: 170–241, 1969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Daughaday WH: Sheehan’s syndrome, in Givens JR (ed): Endocrine Causes of Menstrual Disorders. Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1978, pp 143–164

    Google Scholar 

  32. Veldhuis JD, Hammond JM: Endocrine function after spontaneous infarction of the human pituitary: Report, review and reappraisal. Endocr Rev 1: 100–107, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Purnell DC, Randall RV, Rynearson EH: Postpartum pituitary insufficiency. Mayo Clin Proc 39: 321–331, 1964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Martin JE, McDonald PC, Kaplan NM: Successful pregnancy in a patient with Sheehan’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 282: 425, 1970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Sheehan HL, Stanfield JP: The pathogenesis of postpartum necrosis of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 37: 479–510, 1961

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Beernik FG, McKay DG: Pituitary insufficiency associated with pregnancy, panhypopituitarism, and diabetes insipidus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 84: 318–338, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  37. Asa SL, Bilbao JM, Kovacs K, et al: Lymphocytic hypophysitis of pregnancy resulting in hypopituitarism: A distinct clinicopathological entity. Ann Intern Med 95: 166–171, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kojima I, Nejima I, Ogata E: Isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency associated with polyglandular failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54: 182–186, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Chiauzzi V, Cigorraga S, Escobar ME, et al: Inhibition of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor binding by circulating immunoglobulins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54: 1221–1228, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Lindner J, McNeil LW, Marney S, et al: Characterization of human antiluteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) antibodies in the serum of a patient with isolated gonadotropin deficiency treated with synthetic LRH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52: 267–270, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Vesely DL, Maldonado A, Levey GS: Partial hypopituitarism and possible hypothalamic involvement in sarcoidosis. Am J Med 62: 425–431, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Zinkham WH: Multifocal eosinophilic granuloma: Natural history, etiology and management. Am J Med 60: 457–463, 1976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Braunstein DG, Kohler PO: Pituitary function in Hand- Schuler-Christian disease. N Engl J Med 286: 1225–1229, 1972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Jordan RM, Kendall JW, Kerber CW: The primary empty sella syndrome: Analysis of the clinical characteristics, radiographic features, pituitary function and cerebrospinal fluid adenohypophysial hormone concentrations. Am J Med 62: 569–580, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Locke W, Schally AV (eds): The Hypothalamus and Pituitary in Health and Disease. Springfield, IL, Charles C Thomas, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  46. Carmel PW: Surgical syndromes of the hypothalamus. Clin Neurosurg 27: 133–159, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Post K, Jackson I, Reichlin S (eds): Pituitary Adenoma. New York, Plenum, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  48. Jenkins JS, Gilbert CJ, Ang V: Hypothalamic-pituitary function in patients with craniopharyngiomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43: 394–399, 1976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Thomsett MJ, Conte FA, Kaplan SL, et al: Endocrine and neurologic outcome in childhood craniopharyngioma: Re-view of effect of treatment in 42 patients. J Pediatr 97: 728–735, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Sklar CA, Grumbach MM, Kaplan SL, et al: Hormonal and metabolic abnormalities associated with central nervous system germinoma in children and adolescents and the effect of therapy: Report of 10 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52: 9–16, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Huang K-E: Assessment of hypothalamic-pituitary function in women after external head irradiation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 49: 623–627, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Craft WH, Underwood LE, Van Wyk JJ: High incidence of perinatal insult in children with idiopathic hypopituitarism. J Pediatr 96: 397–402, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Judge DM, Kulin HE, Page R, et al: Hypothalamic hamartoma: A source of luteinizing-hormone-releasing factor in precocious puberty. N Engl J Med 296: 7–10, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Krieger DT: Physiopathology of Cushing’s disease. Endocrine Rev 4: 22–43, 1983

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Sklar CA, Conte FA, Kaplan SL, et al: Human chorionic gonadotropin-secreting pineal tumor: Relation to pathogenesis and sex limitation of sexual precocity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53: 656–660, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Tindali GT, Collins WF: Clinical Management of Pituitary Disorders. New York, Raven, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  57. Laws ER Jr, Randall RV, Kern EB, et al (eds): Management of Pituitary Adenomas and Related Lesions with Emphasis on Transphenoidal Microsurgery. New York, Appleton- Century-Crofts, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  58. Cook DM: Pituitary tumors: Diagnosis and therapy. CA-A 33: 215–236, 1983

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Wide L, Lundberg PO: Hypersecretion of an abnormal form of follicle-stimulating hormone associated with suppressed luteinizing hormone secretion in a woman with a pituitary adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53: 923–930, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Harris RI, Schatz NJ, Gennarelli T, et al: Follicle-stimulat- ing hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas: Correlation of reduction of adenoma size with reduction of hormonal hypersecretion after transphenoidal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56: 1288–1293, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Tolis G, Bird C, Bertrand G, et al: Pituitary hyperthyroidism. Am J Med 64: 177–181, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Ridgway EC, Klibanski A, Ladenson PW, et al: Pure alpha- secreting pituitary adenomas. N Engl J Med 304: 1254–1259, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Brasel JA, Wright JC, Wilkins L, et al: An evaluation of seventy-five patients with hypopituitarism beginning in childhood. Am J Med 38: 484–498, 1965

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Winter JSC, Faiman C, Reyes FI: Normal and abnormal pubertal development. Clin Obstet Gynecol 21: 67 - 86, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Meldrum DR, Erlik Y, Lu JKH, et al: Objectively recorded hot flushes in patients with pituitary insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52: 684 - 687, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Mortimer CH: Clinical applications of gonadotropin releasing hormone. Clin Endocrinol Metab 6: 167–179, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Cryer PE: Diagnostic Endocrinology, 2nd ed. London, Oxford University Press, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  68. Leyendecker G, Wildt L: Induction of ovulation with chronic intermittent (pulsatile) administration of GnRH in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Reprod Fertil 69: 397–409, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Krieger DT, Liotta AS, Suda T, et al: Human plasma immu- noreactive lipotropin and adrenocorticotropin in normal subjects and in patients with pituitary-adrenal disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48: 566–571, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Reyes FI, Winter JSD, Faiman C: Pituitary ovarian relationships preceding the menopause. Am J Obstet Gynecol 129: 557–565, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Crapo L: Cushing’s syndrome: A review of diagnostic tests. Metabolism 28: 955–977, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Gomez F, Reyes FI, Faiman C: Nonpuerperal galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. Am J Med 62: 648–660, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Bauer HG: Endocrine and other clinical manifestations of hypothalamic disease: A survey of 60 cases, with autopsies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 14: 13–31, 1954

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Hollenhorst RW, Younge BR: Ocular manifestations produced by adenomas of the pituitary gland: Analysis of 1000 cases. Excerpta Medica Int Cong Ser 303: 53–64, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  75. Wilson P, Falconer M: Patterns of visual failure with pituitary tumors. Br J Ophthalmol 52: 94–110, 1978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Neetens A, Selosse P: Oculomotor abnormalities in sellar and parasellar pathology. Ophthalmologica 175: 80–104, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Cohen WA, Pinto RS, Kricheff II: The value of dynamic scanning. Radiol Clin North Am 20: 23–35, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Taylor S: High resolution computed tomography of the sella. Radiol Clin North Am 20: 207–236, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Muhr C, Bergstrom K, Grimelius L, et al: A parallel study of the roentgen anatomy of the sella turcica and the histo- pathology of the pituitary gland in 205 autopsy specimens. Neuroradiology 21: 55–65, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Burrow GN, Wortzman G, Rewcastle NB, et al: Microadenomas of the pituitary and abnormal sellar tomograms in an unselected autopsy series. N Engl J Med 304: 156–158, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Vezina JL: Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas: Radiologic diagnosis, in Robyn C, Harter M (eds): Progress in Prolactin Physiology and Pathology. Amsterdam, Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, 1978, pp 351–360

    Google Scholar 

  82. Raji MR, Kishore PRS, Becker DP: Pituitary microadenoma: A radiological-surgical correlative study. Radiology 139: 95–99, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Bonneville J-F, Cattin F, Moussa-Bacha K, et al: Dynamic computed tomography of the pituitary gland: The “tuft sign.” Radiology 149: 145–148, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Macpherson P, Anderson DE: Radiological differentiation of intrasellar aneurysms from pituitary tumors. Neuroradiology 21:177–183, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Hawkes RC, Holland GN, Moore WS, et al: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tomography of the brain: A prelimi-nary clinical assessment with demonstration of pathology. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4: 577–586, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Wildt L, Marshall G, Knobil E: Experimental induction of puberty in the infantile female rhesus monkey. Science 207: 1373–1375, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Mansfield MJ, Beardsworth DE, Loughlin JS, et al: Long- term treatment of central precocious puberty with a long- acting analogue of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. N Engl J Med 309: 1286–1290, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Wass JAH, Besser GM: The medical management of hormone-secreting tumors of the pituitary. Annu Rev Med 34: 283–294, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Thorner MO, Perryman RL, Rogol AD, et al: Rapid changes of prolactinoma volume after withdrawal and re- institution of bromocriptine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53: 480–483, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Crosignani PG, Mattei A, Ferrari C, et al: Enlargement of a prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma during bro-mocriptine treatment. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 89: 169–70, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Hardy J, Beauregard H, Robert F: Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas: Transphenoidal microsurgical treatment, in Robyn C, Harter M (eds): Progress in Prolactin Physiology and Pathology. Amsterdam, Elsevier/North-Holland, 1978, pp 361–370

    Google Scholar 

  92. Serri O, Rasio E, Beauregard H, et al: Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after selective transphenoidal adenomectomy in women with prolactinoma. N Engl J Med 309: 280–283, 1976

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Mehta AE, Reyes FI, Faiman C: Primary radiotherapy of prolactinoma: Long follow-up, in Proceedings of the Sixty- fifth Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, San Antonio, 1983,p 82

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203, USA

    Francisco I. Reyes

Authors
  1. Francisco I. Reyes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Jay J. Gold M.D., F.A.C.P (Clinical Professor of Medicine and Adjunct Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology) (Clinical Professor of Medicine and Adjunct Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology)

  2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA

    John B. Josimovich M.D. (Professor and Vice-Chairman) (Professor and Vice-Chairman)

  3. Department of Pathology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA

    John B. Josimovich M.D. (Professor and Vice-Chairman) (Professor and Vice-Chairman)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reyes, F.I. (1987). Hypothalamic-Pituitary Disease. In: Gold, J.J., Josimovich, J.B. (eds) Gynecologic Endocrinology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2157-6_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2157-6_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9272-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2157-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation