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Control of Differentiation

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Human Growth

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Abstract

Three experiments, all performed on amphibian embryos, have laid down the fundamentals of our current understanding of cytodifferentiation and organogenesis in multicellular organisms. In 1895, Endres showed that when a two-cell-stage embryo was separated incompletely in two by a tightening hair loop, both blastomeres developed into complete embryos. This observation led to the obvious conclusion that the embryonic cells still remain totipotent and can be regulated even after undergoing the first division(s). In 1918, Spemann demonstrated in transplantation experiments that during more advanced stages of embryogenesis, cells and tissues can still alter their prospective fate; that is, these cells carry several developmental options, and the choice between them is directed by the position of the cells. Finally, during the 1960s, Gurdon (1962) performed nuclear transplantation experiments demonstrating for the first time that even up to fully differentiated stages, cells retain a totipotent genome; a genome expressing the phenotype of a ciliated epithelial cell can be reprogrammed in the oocyte environment to support the formation of a complete organism.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 29, SF-00290, Finland

    Eero Lehtonen & Lauri Saxén

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  1. Eero Lehtonen
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  2. Lauri Saxén
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA

    Frank Falkner

  2. School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

    Frank Falkner

  3. Institute of Child Health, University of London, London, England

    J. M. Tanner

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© 1986 Plenum Press, New York

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Lehtonen, E., Saxén, L. (1986). Control of Differentiation. In: Falkner, F., Tanner, J.M. (eds) Human Growth. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2101-9_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2101-9_2

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