Abstract
In 1883 Ringer [1] reported that contraction of an isolated frog heart rapidly ceased when calcium was removed from the extracellular fluid. Similar experiments with isolated rat hearts were performed by Zimmerman and Hülsmann [2]. During perfusion with a calcium-free solution contraction of the heart ceased while electrical activity was maintained. They reported: “Returning to a normal perfusate after more than 2 min resulted in the disappearance of the electrocardiogram, and, after the heart had contracted a few times, these contractions passed off completely and contractile activity was not restored. The heart lost its colour and acquired a pale and mottled appearance. This phenomenon, whereby the heart maintained its red colour and electrical activity when the perfusion medium was changed from normal to calcium-free, but lost these properties on return to normal, we called the calcium paradox.” The calcium paradox has been demonstrated in rat, mouse, guinea-pig, rabbit and dog heart [3,4], in superfused strips of the human heart [5], and also in the frog heart [6] although the amphibian heart is more resistant to the calcium paradox than the mammalian heart.
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References
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Ruigrok, T.J.C., Kirkels, J.H., Van Echteld, C.J.A., Borst, C., Meijler, F.L. (1987). Phosphorus Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Measurements of Intracellular pH in Isolated Rabbit Heart During the Calcium Paradox. In: Dhalla, N.S., Innes, I.R., Beamish, R.E. (eds) Myocardial Ischemia. Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol 67. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2055-5_21
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