Abstract
Converging data indicate special education has little impact on the amelioration of learning disabilities. In fact, those factors most closely associated with positive outcomes for persons identified as having learning disabilities as children are not related to educational interventions at all. Schonhaut and Satz (1983), for example, reviewed 18 studies examining outcome for LD populations, and concluded that socioeconomic status (SES) was one of the best predictors of success. These data suggested LD children from high SES families were more likely to achieve at higher scholastic levels; to graduate from post-secondary programs; and to find and maintain employment. Similar findings were reported by Compton (1984), who compared the achievement, social adjustment, and job experience of 114 randomly selected LD students with their non-LD siblings 10 years post diagnosis. Family support and socioeconomic status, as well as IQ and psychosocial functioning, were reported to be predictive of academic, social, and job success.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
ACLD description: Specific learning disabilities. (September-October, 1986). ACLD Newsbriefs ,No. 166, 15–16.
Anderson, L.W. (1984). An introduction to time and school learning. In L.W. Anderson (Ed.), Time and school learning (pp. 1–12). New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Attention disorder-crime link dispelled. (1985). APA Monitor, 16(11) ,16.
Boll, T.J. (1984, August). Developing issues in neuropsychology. Presidential address to the Division of Neuropsychology, American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.
Bolter, J.F., &Long, C J. (1985). Methodological issues in research in developmental neuropsychology. In L.C. Hartlage &C.F. Telzrow (Eds.), Neuropsychological aspects of individual differences: A developmental perspective (pp. 41–59). New York: Plenum.
Brown, R.T., &Alford, N. (1984). Ameliorating attentional deficits and concomitant academic deficiencies in learning disabled children through cognitive training. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 17 ,10–16.
Buchanan, M., &Wolf, J.S. (1986). A comprehensive study of learning disabled adults. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19 ,34–38.
Burns, R.B. (1984). How time is used in elementary school: The activity structure of classrooms. In L.W. Anderson (Ed.), Time and school learning (pp. 91–127). New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Carlton, G., Hummer, T., &Rainey, D. (1984). Teaching learning disabled children to help themselves. The Directive Teacher, 61 ,8–9.
Carroll, J.B. (1984). The model of school learning: Progress of an idea. In L.W. Anderson (Ed.), Time and school learning (pp. 15–45). New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Chan, L.K.S., &Cole, P.G. (1986). The effects of comprehension monitoring training on the reading competence of learning disabled and regular class students. Remedial and Special Education ,7(4), 33–40.
Compton, C. (1984, February). Living with learning disabilities: A ten-year follow-up study. Paper presented at the meeting of the National Association for Children with Learning Disabilities, New Orleans.
Cordoni, B.K., O’Donnell, J.P., Ramaniah, N.V., Kurtz, J., &Rosenshein, K. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence score patterns for learning disabled young adults. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 14, 404–407.
Cronbach, L.J., &Snow, R.E. (1977). Aptitudes and instructional methods. New York: Irvington Publishers.
Denckla, M.B. (1983). The neuropsychology social-emotional learning disabilities. Archives of Neurology, 40, 461–462.
Frauenheim, J.G., &Heckerl, J.R. (1983). A longitudinal study of the psychological and achievement test performance in severe dyslexic adults. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 16 ,339–347.
Fuchs, L.S., &Fuchs, D. (1986). Curriculum-based assessment of progress toward long-term and short-term goals. The Journal of Special Education, 20 ,69–82.
Gaddes, W.H. (1985). Learning disabilities and brain function: A neuropsychological approach (2nd Ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Geizheiser, L.M., Solar, R.A., Shepherd, M.J., &Wozniak, R.H. (1983). Teaching learning disabled children to memorize: A rationale for plans and practice. Journal of Learning Disabili ties, 16 ,421– 425.
Gerber, M.M. (1986, February). Cognitive-behavioral training in the curriculum: Time, slow learners, and basic skills. Focus on Exceptional Children.
Gersten, R. (1985). Direct instruction with special education students: A review of evaluation research. The Journal of Special Education, 19 ,41–58.
Gettinger, M. (1984). Measuring time needed for learning to predict learning outcomes. Exceptional Children ,51, 244–248.
Gresham, F.M. (1985). Best practices in social skills training. In A. Thomas &J. Grimes (Eds.), Best practices in school psychology (pp. 181–192). Kent, OH: National Association of School Psychologists.
Gresham, F.M., &Reschly, D.J. (1986). Social skill deficits and low peer acceptance of mainstreamed learning disabled children. Learning Disability Quarterly, 9 ,23–32.
Hartlage, L.C., &Telzow, C.F. (1983). The neuropsychological bases of educational intervention. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 16 ,521–528.
Kavale, K.A., &Forness, S.R. (1986). School learning, time and learning disabilities: The disassociated learner. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19 ,130–138.
Kavale, K.A., &Nye, C. (1985-86). Parameters of learning disabilities in achievement, linguistic, neuropsychological, and social/behavioral domains. The Journal of Special Education, 19 ,443–458.
Kimbrough, J.M., &Hill, P.T. (1983, September). Problems of implementing multiple categorical education programs. (Available form Rand Publications Department, 1700 Main St., P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90406–2138).
Kutsick, K. (1982). Remedial strategies for learning disabled adolescents. Academic Therapy, 17 ,329–335.
Leinhardt, G., Zigmond, N., &Cooley, W.W. (1981). Reading instruction and its effect. American Educational Research Journal, 18 ,343–361.
Lewis, R.B. (1983). Learning disabilities and reading: Instructional recommendations from current research. Exceptional Children, 50 ,230–240.
McConaughy, S.H., &Ritter, D.R. (1986). Social competence and behavioral problems of learning disabled boys aged 6–11. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19 ,39–45.
McCue, P.M., Shelly, C., &Goldstein, G. (1986). Intellectual, academic and neuropsychological performance levels in learning disabled adults. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19 ,233–236.
McCue, M., Shelly, C., Goldstein, G., &Katz-Garris, L. (1984). Neuropsychological aspects of learning disability in young adults. The International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6 ,229–232.
McKinney, J.D. (1984). The search for subtypes of specific learning disability. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 17, 43–50.
Minskoff, D.H. (1982). Training LD students to cope with the everyday world. Academic Therapy, 17, 311– 316.
Neely, M.D., &Lindsley, O.R. (1978). Phonetic, linguistic, and sight readers produce similar learning with exceptional children. The Journal of Special Education, 12, 423–441.
Polloway, E.A., Cronin, M.E., &Patton, J.R. (1986). The efficacy of group versus one-to-one instruction: A review. Remedial and Special Education ,7(1), 22–30.
Polloway, E.A., Epstein, M.H., Polloway, C.H., Patton, J.R., &Ball, D.W. (1986). Corrective reading program: An analysis of effectiveness with learning disabled and mentally retarded students. Remedial and Special Education ,7(4), 41–47.
Rapin, I., &Allen, D.A. (1983). Developmental language disorders: Nosologic considerations. In U. Kirk (Ed.), Neuropsychology of language, reading, and spelling (pp. 155–184). New York: Academic Press.
Rourke, B.P. (Ed.) (1985). Neuropsychology of learning disabilities: Essentials of subtype analysis. New York: Guilford.
Schonhaut, S., &Satz, P. (1983). Prognosis for children with learning disabilities: A review of follow-up studies. In M. Rutter (Ed.), Developmental neuropsychiatry (pp. 542–563). New York: Guilford.
Schumaker, J.B., &Hazel, J.S. (1984). Social skills assessment and training for the learning disabled: Who‘s on first and what’s on second? I. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 17 ,422–431.
Sheinker, A., Sheinker, J.M., &Stevens, L.J. (1984, September). Cognitive strategies for teaching the mildly handicapped. Focus on Exceptional Children, 17(1), 1–15.
Shinn, M.R. (1986). Does anyone care what happens after the refer-test-place sequence: The systematic evaluation of special education program effectiveness. School Psychology Review, 15 ,49–58.
Stallings, J. (1980). Allocated academic learning time revisited, on beyond time on task. Educational Researcher, 9 ,11–16.
Strother, D.B. (1985, December). Adapting instruction to individual needs: An electric approach. Phi Delta Kappa ,308–311.
Sullivan, P.D., &McDaniel, E.A. (1983). Pupil attendance in resource rooms as one measure of the time on task variable. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 16 ,398–399.
Swanson, H.L. (1984). Does theory guide teaching practice? Remedial and Special Education ,5(5), 7–16.
Tarver, S.G. (1986). Cognitive behavior modification, direct instruction and holistic approaches to the education of students with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19 ,368–375.
Telzrow, C.F. (1985). The science and speculation of rehabilitation in developmental neuropsychological disorders. In L.C. Hartlage &C.F. Telzrow (Eds.), Neuropsychological aspects of individual differences: A developmental perspective (pp. 271–307). New York: Plenum.
Wang, M.C. (1980). Adaptive instruction: Building on diversity. Theory into Practice, 19, 122–128.
Wang, M.C. (1984). Time-use and the provision of adaptive instruction. In L.W. Anderson (Ed.), Time and school learning (pp. 167–203). New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Weintraub, S., &Mesulam, M.M. (1983). Developmental learning disabilities of the right hemisphere. Archives of Neurology , 40 ,463–468.
Wesson, C., Skiba, R., Sevcik, B., King, R.P., &Deno, S. (1984). The effects of technically adequate instructional data on achievement. Remedial and Special Education ,5(5), 17–22.
Zigmond, N. (1979). Remediation of dyslexia: Discussion. In A.L. Benton (Ed.), Dyslexia: An appraisal of current knowledge (pp. 437–448). New York: Oxford University Press.
Zigmond, N., Vallecorsa, A., &Leinhardt, G. (1980). Reading instruction for students with learning disabilities. Topics in Language Disorders, 1(1) ,89–98.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Telzrow, C.F. (1987). The “So What?” Question: Intervention with Learning Disabled Children. In: Williams, J.M., Long, C.J. (eds) The Rehabilitation of Cognitive Disabilities. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1899-6_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1899-6_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9057-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1899-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive