Abstract
In the last 2 years, there has been a renaissance of interest in low-protein diets in the treatment of chronic renal failure (CRF), due mainly to suggestions that a low-protein intake may slow or even halt progression of renal insufficiency. It also has become apparent that other modifications of the diet, including phosphate restriction, altering the proportions of fatty acids, or adding polyunsaturated fatty acids, might have considerable impact on the course of the disease and the metabolism of the patient. Unfortunately, the optimal intake for most nutrients in renal failure, including amino acids, vitamins, and trace elements, remains undefined. Many descriptive studies have appeared, but our understanding of the pathophysiology is still limited.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Mitch, W. E., 1984, The influence of the diet on the progression of renal insufficiency, Annu. Rev. Med. 35: 249.
Maroni, B. J., Steinman, T. I., and Mitch, W. E., 1985, A method for estimating nitrogen intake of patients with chronic renal failure, Kidney Int. 27: 58.
Alvestrand, A., Bucht, H., Gutierrez, A., and Bergstrom, J., 1985, Progression of chronic renal failure in man as influenced by frequency and quality of clinical follow-up, Kidney Int. 27: 240.
Remuzzi, G., Zoja, C., Remuzzi, A., Rossini, M., Battagha, C., Broggini, M., and Bestani, T., 1985, Low-protein diet prevents glomerular damage in Adriamycin-treated rats, Kidney Int. 28:21.
Kenner, C. H., Evan, A. P., Blomgren, P., Arnoff, G. P., and Luft, F. C., 1985, Effect of protein intake on renal function and structure in partially nephrectomized rats, Kidney Int. 27: 739.
Seney, F. D. and Wright, F. S., 1985, Dietary protein suppresses feedback control on glomerular filtration in rats, J. Clin. Invest. 75: 558.
Brezis, M., Silva, P., and Epstein, F. H., 1984, Amino acids reduce renal vasodilatation in isolated perfused kidney: Coupling to oxidative metabolism, Am. J. Physiol. 247: H999.
Anderson, S., Meyer, T. W., Rennke, H. G., and Brenner, B. M., 1985, Control of glomerular hypertension limits glomerular injury in rats with reduced renal mass, J. Clin. Invest. 76: 612.
Zatz, R., Meyer, T. W., Rennke, H. G., and Brenner, B. M., 1985, Predominance of hemodynamic rather than metabolic factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic glomerulopathy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 5963.
Mogensen, C. E. and Christensen, C. K., 1984, Predicting diabetic nephropathy in insulin-dependent patients, N. Engl. J. Med. 311: 89.
Mogensen, C. E., 1984, Microalbuminuria predicts clinical proteinuria and early mortality in maturity-onset diabetes, N. Engl. J. Med. 310: 356.
Laouari, D. and Kleinknecht, C., 1985, The role of nutritional factors in the course of experimental renal failure, Clin. Nephrol. 5: 147.
Barcelli, U. and Pollak, V. E., 1985, Is there a role for polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of renal disease and renal failure? Nephron 41: 209.
Barcelli, U. O. and Pollak, V. E., 1986, Prostaglandins and progressive renal insufficiency, in: Contemporary Issues in Nephrology, The Progressive Nature of Renal Disease ( W. E. Mitch, ed.), Churchill Livingstone, New York, p. 65.
Kher, V., Barcelli, U., Weiss, M., and Pollak, V. E., 1985, Effects of dietary linoleic acid enrichment on induction of immune complex nephritis in mice, Nephron 39: 261.
Hirschberg, R., von Herrath, D., Klaus, H., Hofer, W., Schuster, C., Rottka, H., and Schaefer, K., 1984, Effect of diets containing varying concentrations of essential fatty acids and triglycerides on renal function in uremic rats and NZB/NZW F. mice, Nephron 38: 233.
Bosch, J. P., Lauer, A., and Glabman, S., 1984, Short-term protein loading in assessment of patients with renal disease, Am. J. Med. 77: 873.
Rodriguez-Iturbe, B., Herrera, J., and Garcia, R., 1985, Response to acute protein load in kidney donors and in apparently normal postacute glomerulonephritis patients: Evidence for glomerular hyperfiltration, Lancet 2: 461.
Bergstrom, J., Ahlberg, M., and Alvestrand, A., 1985, Influence of protein intake on renal hemodynamics and plasma hormone concentrations in normal subjects, Acta Med. Scand. 217: 189.
Hirschberg, R., Rottka, H., von Herrath, D., Pauls, A., and Schaefer, K., 1985, Effect of an acute protein load on the creatinine clearance in healthy vegetarians, Klin. Wochenschr. 63: 217.
terWee, P. M., Geerlings, W., Rosman, J. B., Sluiter, W. J., vander Geest, S., and Donker, A. J. M., 1985, Testing renal reserve filtration capacity with an amino acid solution, Nephron 41: 193.
Barsotti, G., Giannoni, A., Morelli, E., Lazzeri, M., Vlamis, I., Baldi, R., and Giovannetti, S., 1984, The decline in renal function slowed by very low phosphorus intake in chronic renal patients following a low nitrogen diet, Clin. Nephrol. 21: 54.
Alvestrand, A. and Bergstrom, J., 1986, Amino-acid supplements and the course of chronic renal disease, in: Contemporary Issues in Nephrology, The Progressive Nature of Renal Disease ( W. E. Mitch, ed.), Churchill Livingstone, New York, p. 219.
Rosman, J. B., terWee, P. M., Meijer, S., Piers-Becht, T. P. M., Sluiter, W. J., and Donker, A.J. M., 1984, Prospective randomized trial of early dietary protein restriction in chronic renal failure, Lancet 2: 1291.
Mitch, W. E., 1986, Measuring the rate of progression of renal insufficiency, in: Contemporary Issues in Nephrology, The Progressive Nature of Renal Disease ( W. E. Mitch, ed.), Churchill Livingstone, New York, p. 167.
Oldrizzi, L., Rugue, G., Valvo, E., Lupo, A., Loschiavo, C., Gamararo, L., Tessitore, N., Fabis, A., Panzetta, G., and Maschio, G., 1985, Progression of renal failure in patients with renal disease of diverse etiology on proteinrestricted diet, Kidney Int. 27: 553.
El-Nahas, A. M., Masters-Thomas, A., Brady, S. A., Farrington, K., Wilkinson, V., Hilson, A. J. W., Varghese, Z., and Moorhead, J. F., 1984, Selective effect of low protein diets in chronic renal diseases, Br. Med. J. 289: 1337.
Mitch, W. E., Walser, M., Steinman, T. I., Hill, S., Zeger, S., and Tungsanga, K., 1984, The effect of a keto acid-amino acid supplement to a restricted diet on the progression of chronic renal failure, N. Engl. J. Med. 311: 623.
Mitch, W. E., 1981, Nutrition in renal disease, in: Contemporary Nephrology ( S. Klahr and S. G. Massry, eds.) Plenum Press, New York.
Mitch, W. E., 1983, Nutrition in renal disease, in: Contemporary Nephrology, Volume 2, (S. Klahr and S. G. Massry, eds.), Plenum Press, New York.
Maroni, B. J. and Mitch, W. E., 1985, Nutrition in renal disease, in: Contemporary Nephrology, Volume 3 (S. Klahr and S. G. Massry, eds.), Plenum Press, New York.
Schmitz, O., Alberti, K. G. M. M, Christensen, N.J, Hading, C, Hjoellund, E, Beck-Nielsen, H, and Oerskov, H, 1985, Aspects of glucose homeostasis in uremia as assessed by the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique, Metabolism 34: 465.
Milutinovic, S, Breyer, D, Molnar, V, Stefovic, A, Jankovic, N., Skrabalo, Z, and Rocic, B, 1985, Change in insulin binding during hemodialysis in uremic patients, Nephron 41: 307.
Pederson, O., Schmitz, O, Hjoellund, E, Richelson, B, and Hansen, H. E, 1985, Postbinding defects of insulin action in human adipocytes from uremic patients, Kidney Int. 27: 780.
DeFronzo, R. A. and Smith, J. D, 1985, Is glucose tolerance harmful for the uremic patient? Kidney Int. 28(Suppl. 17):S-88.
Helinek, T. G, Sadel, S, and Caro, J. F, 1984, The effects of chronic uremia on glucagon binding and action in isolated rat hepatocytes, Metabolism 33: 158.
Kalhan, S. C, Ricanati, E. S, Tserng, K-Y, and Savin, S. M, 1983, Glucose turnover in chronic uremia: Increased recycling with diminished oxydation of glucose, Metabolism 32: 1155.
McCaleb, M. L., Mevorach, R, Freeman, R. B, Izzo, M. S, and Lockwood, D. H, 1984, Induction of insulin resistance in normal adipose tissue by uremic human serum, Kidney Int. 25: 416.
McCaleb, M. L, Izzo, M. S, and Lockwood, D. H, 1985, Characterization and patial purification of a factor from human uremic serum that induces insulin resistance, J. Clin. Invest. 75: 391.
Akmal, M, Massry, S. G, Goldstein, D. A, Fanti, P, Weisz, A, and DeFronzo, R. A, 1985, Role of parathyroid hormone in glucose intolerance of chronic renal failure, J. Clin. Invest. 75: 1037.
Druml, W, Kleinberger, G, and Buerger, U, 1983, Renal failure: Metabolism and supply of amino acids, in: New Aspects of Clinical Nutrition ( G. Kleinberger and E. Deutsch, eds.), Karger, Basel, p. 412.
Alvestrand, A, 1985, Amino acid metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure, Clin. Nutr. 4 (Suppl. 1): 14.
Tizianello, A, DeFerrari, G, Garibotto, G., Robaudo, C, Canepa, A., and Passerone, G, 1985, Is amino acid imbalance harmful to patients in chronic renal failure, Kidney Int. 28(Suppl. l7):S-70.
Zern, M. A., Yap, S. H., Strair, R. K, Kaysen, G. A., and Shafritz, D. A, 1984, Effect of chronic renal failure on protein sythesis and albumin messenger ribonucleic acid in rat liver, J. Clin. Invest. 73: 1167.
Chan, M. K, Persaud, J, Varghese, Z, and Moorehead, J. F, 1985, Pathogenic roles of post-heparin lipases in lipid abnormalities in hemodialysis patients, Kidney Int. 25: 812
Druml, W, Zechner, R., Magometschnigg, D, Lenz, K, Kleinberger, G, Laggner, A, and Kostner, G, 1985, Post-heparin lipolytic activity in acute renal failure, Clin. Nephrol. 23: 289.
McLeod, R, Reeve, C. E, and Frohlich, J, 1984, Plasma lipoproteins and lecithin:Cholesterol acyltransferase distribution in patients on dialysis, Kidney Int. 25: 683.
Crawford, G. A., Savadie, E., Stewart, J. H., and Mahony, J. F., 1979, Inhibitors of normal plasma lipases by serum from chronic renal failure patients, Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Ind. Organ 25: 426.
Henning, H. V. and Balusek, E., 1981, Lipid metabolism in uremia: Effect of regular hemofiltration treatment, J. Dialysis 1: 595.
Zimmermann, E. and Hohenegger, M., 1979, Lipid metabolism in uremic and non-uremic acidosis, Nephron 24: 217.
Huttuner, J., Pasternak, A., Vanttiner, T., Elmholm, C., and Nikkila, E., 1928, Lipoprotein metabolism in patients with chronic uremia. Effects of hemodialysis on serum lipoprotein and postheparin plasma triglyceride lipases, Acta Med. Scand. 203: 211.
Holdsworth, G., Stocks, J., Doson, P., and Galton, D. J., 1982, An abnormal triglyceride-rich lipoprotein containing excess sialylated apolipoprotein CIII, J. Clin. Invest. 69: 932.
Roullet, J-B., Lacour, B., Yvert, J-P., Prat, J-J., and Drueke, T., 1985, Factors of increase in serum triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in uremic rats, Kidney Int. 27: 420.
Hsia, S. L., Perez, G. O., Mendez, A. J., Schiffman, J., Fletcher, S., and Stoudemire, J. B., 1985, Defect of cholesterol transport in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 106: 53.
Gonen, B., Goldberg, A. P., Harter, H. R., and Schonfeld, G., 1985, Abnormal cell-interactive properties of low-density lipoproteins isolated from patients with chronic renal failure, Metabolism 34: 10.
Ritz, E., Augustin, J., Bommer, J., Gnasso, A., and Haberbosch, W., 1985, Should hyperlipidemia of renal failure be treated? Kidney Int. 28(Suppl. 17):S-84.
Kobayashi, N., Okubo, M., Marumo, S., and Nakamura, H., 1983, Effect of dialysis on lipid metabolism in chronic renal failure—Acetate versus bicarbonate, Int. J. Artif. Org. 6: 187.
Golper, T. A., 1984, Therapy for uremic hyperlipidemia, Nephron 38: 217.
Goldberg, A. P., Geltman, E. M., Hagberg, J. M., Garvin, J. R., Delmez, J. A., Carney, R. M., Naumovicz, A., Oldfield, M. H., and Harter, H. R., 1983, Therapeutic benefit of excercise training for hemodialysis patients, Kidney Int. 24(Suppl. 16):S-303.
Shalom, R., Blumenthal, J. A., Williams, S., McMurray, R. G., and Dennis, V. W., 1984, Feasibility and benefits of exercise training in patients on maintenance dialysis, Kidney Int. 25: 958.
Attman, P. O., Gustafson, A., Alaupovic, P., and Wang, C-S., 1984, Effect of protein-reduced diet on plasma lipids, apolipoproteins and lipolytic activities in patients with chronic renal failure, Am. J. Nephrol. 4: 92.
Hamazaki, T., Nakazawa, R., Tateno, S., Shishido, H., Isode, K., Hattori, Y., Yoshida, T., Fujita, T., Yano, S., and Kamagai, A., 1984, Effects of oil rich in eicasopentaenoic acid on serum in hyperlipidemic hemodialysis patients, Kidney Int. 26: 81.
Leschke, M., Rumpf, K. W., Eisenhauer, T., Fuchs, C., Becker, K., Kloethe, U., and Scheler, F., 1983, Quantitative assessement of carnitine loss during hemodialysis and hemofiltration, Kidney Int. 24(Suppl. 16):S-143.
Roessle, C, Kohse, K. P, Gloeggler, A, Pflieger, M, Franz, H-E, Bulla, M, and Furst, P, 1985, Alterations in carnitine metabolism in adults and children undergoing intermittent chronic hemodialysis, Clin. Nutr. 4 (Suppl. 1): 51A.
Weschler, A, Aviram, M, Levin, M, Better, O. S., and Brook, J. G., 1984, High dose of L-carnitine increases platelet aggregation and plasma triglyceride levels in uremic patients on hemodialysis, Nephron 38: 120.
Basile, C, Lacour, B, DiGuilio, S, and Drueke, T, 1985, Effect of oral carnitine supplementation on disturbances of lipid metabolism in the uremic rat, Nephron 39: 50.
Byron, P. R., Mallick, N. P, and Taylor, G, 1976, Immune potential in human uremia: Relationship of glomerular filtration rate to depression of uremic potential, J. Clin. Pathol. 29: 765.
Berkelhammer, C. H, Leiter, L. A, Jeejeebhoy, K. N, Detsky, A. S, Oreopoulos, D. P, Uldall, P. R, and Baker, J. P., 1985, Skeletal muscle function in chronic renal failure: An index of nutritional status, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 42: 845.
Schoenfeld, P. Y., Henry, R. R., Laird, N. M, and Roxe, D. M., 1983, Assessement of nutritional status of the national cooperative dialysis study population, Kidney Int. 23(Suppl. 13):S-80.
Thunberg, B.J, Ed, M, Swamy, A. P, and Cestero, R. V. M, 1981, Cross sectional and longitudinal nutritional measurements in maintenance hemodialysis patients, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34: 2005.
Wolfson, M, Strong, C. J, Minturn, D, Gray, D. K, and Kopple, J. D, 1984, Nutritional status and lymphocyte function in maintenance hemodialysis patients, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 37: 547.
Panzetta, G, Guerra, U, D’Angelo, A, Sandrini, S, Terzi, A, Oldrizzi, L., and Maiorca, R., 1985, Body composition and nutritional status in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), Clin Nephrol. 23: 18.
Sargent, J. A, 1983, Control of dialysis by a single-pool urea model: The national cooperative dialysis study, Kidney Int. 23(Suppl.13):S-19.
Davidson, W. B. and Davidson, S. M, 1984, Teaching dialysis kinetics with a minicomputer, Am. J. Nephrol. 4: 19.
Astrug, A, Kuleva, V., Kuleff, T., Kirrakov, Z, Tomov, A, and Djingova, R, 1984, Trace elements in blood and plasma of patients with chronic renal failure treated with maintenance hemodialysis, Trace Elements Med. 1: 65.
Marumo, F, Tsukamoto, Y, Iwanami, S, Kishimoto, T, and Yamagami, S., 1984, Trace element concentration in hair, fingernails and plasma of patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis and hemofiltration, Nephron 38: 267.
Aggett, P. J, 1984, Zinc metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency with and without dialysis therapy, Contrib. Nephrol. 38: 95.
Filteau, S. M. and Woodward, B, 1982, The effect of serum protein deficiency on serum zinc concentration of mice fed a requirement level or a high level of dietary zinc, J. Nutr. 112: 1974.
Grekas, D., Nicolaides, P., Tsakalos, N., and Tourkantonis, A., 1985, Pharmacokinetics of zinc in chronic renal failure patients, Trace Elements Med. 2: 139.
Sprenger, K. G. B., Schmitz, J., Hetzel, B., Bundschu, D., and Franz, H. E., 1984, Zinc and sexual dysfunction, Contr. Nephrol. 38: 119.
Eschbach, J. W., 1984, Iron kinetics in healthy individuals and in chronic renal insufficiency, Contr. Nephrol. 38: 129.
Van de Vyver, F. L., Vanheute, A. A., Majelyne, W. M., O’Haese, P., Blockx, P. P., Bekaert, A. B., Buysses, N., DeKeersmaecker, W., and DeBroe, M. E., 1984, Serum ferritin as a guide for iron stores in chronic hemodialysis patients, Kidney Int. 26: 451.
Hilfenhaus, M., Koch, K-M., Brechstein, P. B., Schmidt, H., Fassbinder, W., and Baldamus, C. A., 1984, Therapy and monitoring of hypersiderosis in chronic renal insufficiency, Contr. Nephrol. 38: 167.
Blumberg, A., Marti, H. R., and Graber, C. H., 1984, Parameters for the assessment of iron metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency. Contr. Nephrol. 38: 135.
Hopfer, S. M., Linden, J. V., Crisostomo, M. C., Catalanatto, F. A., Galen, M., and Sunderman, F. W., 1985, Hypernickelemia in hemodialysis patients, Trace Elements Med. 2: 68.
Clyne, N., Lins, L-E., and Pehrsson, S. K., 1985, Serum cobalt in relation to cardiac performance in patients with chronic renal failure, Trace Elements Med. 2: 44.
Kesteloo, H., Reclandt, J., Willems, J., Claes, S. H., and Joossens, J. V., 1968, An inquiry into the role of cobalt in the heart disease of chronic beer drinkers, Circulation 37: 854.
Kallistratos, G., Evangelou, A., Seferiadis, K., Vezyraki, P., and Barboutis, K., 1985, Selenium and hemodialysis: Serum selenium levels in healthy persons, non-cancer and cancer patients with chronic renal failure, Nephron 41: 217.
Vaziri, N. B., Said, H. M., Hollander, D., Barbari, A., Patel, N., Dang, D., and Karinger, R., 1985, Impaired intestinal absorption of riboflavin in experimental uremia, Nephron 41: 26.
DeBari, V. A., Baker, H., and Needle, M. A., 1984, Water soluble vitamins in granulocytes, erythrocytes and plasma obtained from chronic hemodialysis patients, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 39: 410.
Schaumburg, H., Kaplan, J., Windebank, A., Vick, N., Rasumus, S., Pleasure, D., and Brown, M. J., 1983, Sensory neuropathy from pyridoxine abuse, N. Engl. J. Med. 309: 445.
Pru, C., Eaton, J., and Kjellstrand, C., 1985, Vitamin C intoxication and hyperoxalemia in chronic hemodialysis patients, Nephron 30: 112.
Vahlquist, A., Berne, B., Danielson, B. G., Grefberg, N., and Berne, C., 1985, Vitamin A losses during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, Nephron 41: 139.
Ono, K., Waki, Y., and Takeda, K., 1984, Hypervitaminosis A:A contributing factor to anemia in regular dialysis patients, Nephron 38: 44.
Salyer, W. S. and Kern, D., 1973, Oxalosis as a complicadon of chronic renal failure, Kidney Int. 4: 61.
Balcke, P, Schmidt, P., Zazgornik, J, Kopsa, H, and Deutsch, E, 1980, Secondary oxalosis in chronic renal insufficiency, N. Engl. J. Med. 303: 944.
Boer, P, van Leersum, L, Hene, R. J, and Dorhout Meers, E. J, 1984, Plasma oxalate concentration in chronic renal disease, Am. J. Kidney Dis. 6:118.
Balcke, P, Schmidt, P, Zazgornik, J, Kopsa, H, and Haubenstock, A, 1984, Ascorbic acid aggravates secondary hyperoxalemia in patients on chronic hemodialysis, Ann. Intern. Med. 101: 344.
Ramsay, A. G. and Reed, R. G, 1984, Oxalate removal by hemodialysis in endstage renal disease, Am. J. Kidney Dis. 6: 123.
Baer, A. and Ritzel, G. (eds), 1985, Xylitol and oxalate, Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. (Suppl. 28 ).
Schultze, G, Pommer, W, Offermann, G, Molzahn, M, Butz, M, Krauss, H. P, Lobeck, H, and Tschoepe, W, 1983, Acute renal failure and secondary renal oxalosis, Infusions Ther. 10: 322.
Balcke, P, Schmidt, P, Zazgornik, J, and Kopsa, H, 1981, Effect of vitamin B6 administration on elevated plasma oxalate level in hemodialysis patients, Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 12: 481.
O’Callaghan, J. W., Arbuckle, S. M., and Craswel, P. W, 1984, Rapid progression of oxalosis induced cardiomyopathy despite adaequate hemodialysis, Min. Electr. Metab., 10: 48.
Fayemi, A. O, Ali, M, and Braun, E. V, 1979, Oxalosis in hemodialysis patients, Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 103: 58.
Barsotti, G, Cristofano, C, Morelli, E, Meola, M, Lupetti, S, and Giovanetti, S, 1984, Serum oxalic acid in uremia: Effect of a low-protein diet supplemented with essential amino acids and keto analogues, Nephron 38: 54.
Ahmad, S. and Hatch, M, 1985, Hyperoxalemia in renal failure and the role of hemoperfusion and hemodialysis in primary oxalosis, Nephron 41: 235.
Thompson, C. S. and Weinman, E. J, 1984, The significance of oxalate in renal failure, Am. J. Kidney Dis. 4: 97.
Broyer, M., Guillot, M, Niaudet, P, Kleinknecht, C, Dartois, A. M, and Jean, G, 1983, Comparison of three low-nitrogen diets containing essential amino acids and their alpha analogues for severely uremic children, Kidney Int. 24(Suppl. l7):S-290.
Rizzoni, G, Basso, T, and Setari, M, 1984, Growth in children with chronic renal failure on conservative treatment, Kidney Int. 26: 52.
Sigstroem, L, Attman, P-O, Jodal, U, and Odenman, I, 1984, Growth during treatment with low-protein diet in children with renal failure, Clin. Nephrol. 21: 152.
Kobayashi, N, Okubo, M, Marumo, F, Uchida, H, Endo, T, and Nakamura, H, 1983, De novo development of hypercholesterinemia and elevated high density lipoprotein cholesterol: Apoprotein A-1 ratio in patients with chronic renal failure following kidney transplantation, Nephron 35:231. ron 35: 231.
Goldstein, S., Duhamel, G., Laudat, M. H., Berthelier, M., Herry, C., Tete, M. J., and Broyer, M., 1984, Plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins A I, A II and B in renal, transplanted children: What risk for accelerated atherosclerosis, Nephron 38: 87.
Shen, S. Y., Lukens, C. W., Alongi, S. V., Sfeir, R. E., Dagher, F. J., and Sadler, J. H., 1983, Patient profile and effect of dietary therapy on posttransplant hyperlipidemia, Kidney Int. 24(Suppl. 16):S-147.
Cogan, M. G., Sargent, J. A., Yarbrough, S. G., Vincenti, F., and Ahmen, W. J., 1981, Prevention of prednisone-induced negative nitrogen balance, Ann. Intern. Med. 95: 158.
Steinmuller, D. R., Richards, C., Novick, A., Braun, W., and Nakamoto, S., 1983, Protein catabolic rate post transplant, Dialysis Transplant. 12: 504.
Hoy, W. E., Sargent, J. A., Freeman, R. B., Pabico, R. C., McKenna, B. A., and Sterling, W. A., 1984, A computer-aided prospective study of protein catabolic rate and nitrogen balance after renal transplant, Kidney Int. 25.-343A.
Whittier, F. C., Evans, D. H., Dutton, S., Ross, G., Luger, A., Nolph, K., Bauer, J. H., Brooks, C. S., and Moore, H., 1985, Nutrition in renal transplanatation, Am. J. Kidney Dis. 6: 405.
Coggins, C. H., 1982, Management of nephrotic syndrome, in: Contemporary Issues in Nephrology, Nephrotic Syndrome, Volume 9 ( B. M. Brenner and J. H. Stein, eds.), Churchill Livingstone, New York, p. 282.
Manos, J., Harrison, A., Jones, M., Adams, P. H., and Mallick, N. P., 1983, Protein/calorie balance in nephrotic syndrome, Kidney Int. 24 (Suppl. 16): 349.
Muls, E., Rosseneu, M., Daneels, R., Schurges, M., and Boelaert, J., 1985, Lipoprotein distribution and composition in the human nephrotic syndrome, Atherosclerosis 54: 225.
Appel, G. B., Blum, C. B., Chien, S., Kunis, C. L., and Appel, A. S., 1985, The hyperlipidemia of nephrotic syndrome, N. Engl. J. Med. 312: 1544.
Sasaki, J., Hara, F., Motooka, T., Naito, S., and Arakawa, K., 1985, Nephrotic syndrome associated with hyper-high-density lipoproteinemia poteintiated by prednisolone therapy, Nephron 41: 110.
Sokolovskaya, I. V. and Nikiforava, N. V., 1984, High density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with untreated and treated nephrotic syndrome, Nephron 37: 49.
Yedgar, S., Eilman, O., and Shafrir, E., 1985, Regulation of plasma lipid levels by plasma viscosity in nephrotic rats, Am. J. Physiol. 248: E10.
Chan, M. K., Persaud, J., Varghese, Z., and Moorehead, J. F., 1984, Postheparin hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activities in nephrotic syndrome, Aust. NZ J. Med. 14: 841.
Bridgeman, J. F., Rosen, S. M., and Thorp, J. M., 1972, Complications during clofibrate treatment of nephrotic syndrome hyperlipoproteinemia, Lancet 2: 506.
Wass, V. J., Jarrett, R. J., Chilvers, C., and Cameron, J. S., 1979, Does the nephrotic syndrome increase the risk of cardiovascular disease? Lancet 2: 664.
Shear, L, 1967, Internal redistribution of tissue protein synthesis in uremia, J. Clin. Invest. 48: 1252.
Clark, A. S. and Mitch, W. E, 1983, Muscle protein turnover and glucose uptake in acutely uremic rats, J. Clin. Invest. 72: 836.
Horl, W. H., Stepinski, J., Schaefer, R. M., Warner, C, and Heidland, A., 1983, Role of proteases in hypercatabolic patients with renal failure, Kidney Int. 29(Suppl. 16):S-37.
Feinstein, E. I., 1985, Parenteral nutrition in acute renal failure, Am. J. Nephrol. 5: 145.
Pils, P, Jettmar, W, Adamiker, D, and Tragi, K-H, 1981, Insulin and in vitro protein synthesis of liver and skeletal muscle ribosomes in experimental acute uremia, Horm. Metab. Res. 13: 89.
Frohlich, J, Schoelmerich, J, Hoppe-Seyler, G, Maier, K. P, Talke, Schollmeyer, P, and Gerok, W. E, 1977, The effect of acute uremia on gluconeogenesis in isolated perfused rat liver, Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 7: 261.
Druml, W, Buerger, U, Kleinberger, G, Lenz, K, and Laggner, A., 1986, Amino acid elimination in acute renal failure, Nephron 42: 62.
May, R. C., Clark, A. S., Goher, M. A, and Mitch, W. E, 1985, Specific defects in insulin-mediated muscle metabolism in acute uremia, Kidney Int. 28: 490.
Clark, A. S., Kelly, R. A, and Mitch, W. E, 1985, Systemic response to thermal injury in rats, J. Clin. Invest. 74: 888.
Druml, W, Laggner, A, Widhalm, K, Kleinberger, G., and Lenz, K, 1983, Lipid metabolism in acute renal failure, Kidney Int. 24(Suppl. 16):S-139.
Hohenegger, M. and Schuh, H, 1984, Triacylglycerol secretion and fatty acid synthesis by the liver in acute uremic rats, Exp. Pathol. 25: 89.
Gottlob, R, Srour, A. N, Echsel, H, Molinari, E, Sogukoglu, T, Saghir, F., and Hohenegger, M., 1985, Increased serum triacylglycerol and cholesterol binding reserve in acute uremic rats, Exp. Pathol. 27: 249.
Toback, F. G., Dodd, R. C., Mayer, E. R., and Havener, J. L. J, 1983, Amino acid administration enhances renal protein metabolism after acute tubular necrosis, Nephron 33: 238.
Zager, R. A, Johannes, G., Tuttle, S. E., and Sharma, H. M., 1983, Acute amino acid nephrotoxicity, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 101: 130.
Zager, R. A. and Venkatachalam, M. A, 1983, Potentiation of ischemic renal injury by amino acid infusion, Kidney Int. 24: 620.
Morgenson, C. E. and Soiling, K, 1977, Studies on renal tubular protein reabsorption: Partial and near complete inhibition by certain amino acids, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 37: 477.
Messner, G, Oberleithner, H, and Lang, F, 1985, The effect of phenylalanine on the electrical properties of proximal tubule cells in the frog kidney, Pflüg. Arch. 404: 138.
Visek, W. J, 1984, An update of concepts of essential amino acids, Annu. Rev. Nutr. 4: 137.
Grazer, R. E, Sutton, J. M, Friedstrom, S, and McBarron, F. D, 1984, Hyperammoniemic encephalopathy due to essential amino acid hyperalimentation, Arch Intern. Med. 144: 2278.
Barbul, A., Wasserkrug, H. L., Penberthy, L. T., Yoshimura, N. N., Tao, R. C., and Efron, G., 1984, Optimal levels of arginine in maintenance intravenous hyperalimentation, J. Parent. Nutr. 8: 281.
Yu, Y. M., Yang, R. B., Matthews, D. E., Wen, Z. M., Burke, J. F., Bier, D. M., and Young, V. R., 1985, Quantitative aspects of glycine and alanine nitrogen metabolism in postabsorptive young men. Effects of level of nitrogen and dispensible amino acid intake, Nutrition 115: 399.
Pennisi, A. J., Wang, M., and Kopple, J. D., 1978, Effects of protein and amino acid diets in chronically uremic and control rats, Kidney Int. 13: 472.
Swendseid, M. E., Harris, C. L., and Tuttle, S. G., 1960, The effects of sources of nonessential nitrogen on nitrogen balance in young adults, J. Nutr. 71: 105.
Feinstein, E. I., Blumenkrantz, M. J., Healy, M., Koffler, A., Silberman, H., Massry, S. G., and Kopple, J. D., 1981, Clinical and metabolic response to parenteral nutrition in acute renal failure: Controlled double blind study, Medicine 60: 124.
Mirtallo, J. M., Schneider, P. J., and Mavko, E., 1982, A comparison of essential and general amino acid infusions in nutritional support of patients with compromised renal function, J. Parent. Nutr. 6: 109.
Feinstein, E. I., Kopple, J. D., Silberman, H., and Massry, S. G., 1983, Total parenteral nutrition with high or low nitrogen intake in patients with acute renal failure, Kidney Int. 24(Suppl. 16):S-319.
Rose, W. C., 1979, Amino acid requirements of man, Fed. Proc. 8: 546.
Young, V. R. and Scrimshaw, N. S., 1978, Nutritional evaluation of proteins and protein requirements, in: Protein Resources and Technology ( M. Milner, N. S. Scrimshaw, and D. I. C. Wang, eds.), AVI, Westport, Connecticut, p. 136.
Mault, J. C., Bartlett, R. M., Dechert, R. E., Clark, S. F., and Swartz, R. O., 1983, Starvation: A major contribution to mortality in acute renal failure, Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Int. Organs 29: 390.
Spreiter, S. C., Myers, B. D., and Swenson, R. J., 1980, Protein energy requirements in subjects with acute renal failure receiving intermittent hemodialysis, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 1432.
Druml, W., Widhalm, U., Laggner, A., Kleinberger, G., and Lenz, K., 1982, Fat elimination in acute renal failure, Clin. Nutr. 1: 109.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Plenum Publishing Corporation
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Druml, W., Mitch, W.E. (1987). Nutrition in Renal Disease. In: Klahr, S., Massry, S.G. (eds) Contemporary Nephrology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1859-0_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1859-0_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9037-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1859-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive