Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Viroid Function

Molecular Biology of Viroid-Host Interactions

  • Chapter
The Viroids

Part of the book series: The Viruses ((VIRS))

Abstract

Viroids provide a unique opportunity to study the relationship between the structure of an RNA molecule and its various biological functions. These unusual pathogens are sufficiently small that independent experimental and theoretical studies have produced identical models for their secondary structure (see Chapter 3, this volume). The recent demonstration that viroid cDNAs cloned by recombinant DNA techniques and their RNA transcripts are infectious (e.g., Cress et al., 1983; Ohno et al., 1983a; Tabler and Sänger, 1984) allows the use of site-specific mutagenesis techniques to probe the structure/function relationships suggested by comparative sequence analysis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ahlquist, P., French, R., Janda, M., and Loesch-Fries, L. S., 1984, Multicomponent RNA plant virus infection derived from cloned viral cDNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:7066.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Branch, A. D., and Robertson, H. D., 1984, A replication cycle for viroids and other small infectious RNA’s, Science 223:450.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Branch, A. D., Benefeld, B. J., and Robertson, H. D., 1985, Ultraviolet light-induced cross-linking reveals a unique region of local tertiary structure in potato spindle tuber viroid and HeLa 5S rRNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:6590.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Britten, R. f., and Davidson, E. H., 1969, Gene regulation for higher cells: A theory, Science 165:349.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calos, M. P., Lebkowski, J. S., and Botchan, M. R., 1983, High mutation frequency in DNA transfected into mammalian cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:3015.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, P. D., 1977, Genetics of picornaviruses, in: Comprehensive Virology ,Vol. 9 (H. Fraenkel-Conrat and R. R. Wagner, eds.), pp. 133–207, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cress, D. E., Kiefer, M. C, and Owens, R. A., 1983, Construction of infectious potato spindle tuber viroid cDNA clones, Nucleic Acids Res. 11:6821.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, F., 1979, Split genes and RNA splicing, Science 204:264.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, E. H., and Britten, R. J., 1979, Regulation of gene expression: Possible role of repetitive sequences, Science 204:1052.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, E., 1981, A model for the involvement of viroids in splicing, Virology 115:216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, T. O., 1971, Potato spindle tuber “virus.” IV. A replicating, low molecular weight RNA, Virology 45:411.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, T. O., 1977, Viroids: Autoinducing regulatory RNAs, Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 29:50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, T. O., 1979, Viroids: Structure and function, Science 205:859.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, T. O., 1981, Are viroids escaped introns? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:5014.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, T. O., 1982, Viroids and their interactions with host cells, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 36:239.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, T. O., 1986, Viroid processing: A model involving the central conserved region and hairpin I, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, L. K., and Hohn, T., 1985, Cloning and manipulating cauliflower mosaic virus, in: Recombinant DNA Research and Viruses (Y. Becker, ed.), pp. 247–275, Nijhoff, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domdey, H., Jank, P., Sänger, H. L., and Gross, H. f., 1978, Studies on the primary and secondary structure of potato spindle tuber viroid: Products of digestion with ribonu-clease A and ribonuclease T1 and modification with bisulfite, Nucleic Acids Res. 5:1221.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dreher, T. W., Bujarski, J. J., and Hall, T. C., 1984, Mutant viral RNAs synthesized in vivo show altered aminoacylation and replicase template activities, Nature 311:171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flores, R., 1984, Is the conformation of viroids involved in their pathogenicity? J. Theor. Biol. 108:519.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, R. C, and Knauf, V. C, 1986, Transfer of Agrobacterium DNA to plants requires a T-DNA border but not the virE locus, Science 231:725.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, R. C., Chonoles, K., and Owens, R., 1986, Potato spindle tuber viroid infections mediated by the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefacients, Plant Mol. Biol. 6:221.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, T. C., Nagel, L., Rappold, W., Klotz, G., and Riesner, D., 1984, Viroid replication: Equilibrium association and comparative activity measurements for the viroid-polymerase interaction, Nucleic Acids Res. 12:6231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gralla, f., Steitz, f. A., and Crothers, D. M., 1974, Direct physical evidence for secondary structure in an isolated fragment of R17 bacteriophage mRNA, Nature 248:204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, H. J., Krupp, G., Domdey, H., Raba, M., Alberty, H., Lossow, C. H., Ramm, K., and Sänger, H. L., 1982, Nucleotide sequence and secondary structure of citrus exocortis and chrysanthemum stunt viroid, Eur. J. Biochem. 121:249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchins, C.J., Keese, P., Visvader, J. E., Rathjen, P. D., Mclnnes, J. L., and Symons, R. H.; 1985, Comparison of multimeric plus and minus forms of viroids and virusoids, Plant Mol. Biol. 4:293.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishikawa, M., Meshi, T., Ohno, T., Okada, Y., Sano, T., Ueda, I., and Shikata, E., 1984, A revised replication cycle for viroids: The role of longer than unit length RNA in viroid replication, Mol. Gen. Genet. 196:421.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keese, P., and Symons, R. H., 1985, Domains in viroids: Evidence of intermolecular RNA rearrangements and their contribution to viroid evolution, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:4582.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiefer, M. C, Owens, R. A., and Diener, T. O., 1983, Structural similarities between viroids and transposable genetic elements, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 80:6234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, A. M. Q., McCahon, D., Slade, W. R., and Newman, f. W. I., 1982, Recombination in RNA, Cell 29:921.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiss, T., and Solymosy, F., 1982, Sequence homologies between a viroid and a small nuclear RNA (snRNA) species of mammalian origin, FEBS Lett. 144:318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiss, T., Posfai, J., and Solymosy, F., 1983, Sequence homology between potato spindle tuber viroid and U3B snRNA, FEBS Lett. 163:217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krainer, A. D., and Maniatis, T., 1985, Multiple factors including the small ribonucleoproteins Ul and U2 are necessary for pre-mRNA splicing in vitro, Cell 42:725.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, M. R., Boyle, J. A., Mount, S. M., Wolin, S. L., and Steitz, J. A., 1980, Are snRNAs involved in splicing? Nature 283:220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meshi, T., Ishikawa, M., Watanabe, Y., Yamaya, J., Okada, Y., Sano, T., and Shikata, E., 1985, The sequence necessary for the infectivity of hop stunt viroid cDNA clones, Mol Gen. Genet. 200:199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mühlbach, H.-P., and Sänger, H. L., 1979, Viroid replication is inhibited by α-amanitin, Nature 278:185.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niblett, C. L., Dickson, E., Fernow, K. H., Horst, R. K., and Zaitlin, M., 1978, Cross protection among four viroids, Virology 91:198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noller, H. F., 1984, Structure of ribosomal RNA, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53:119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohno, T., Ishikawa, M., Takamatsu, N., Meshi, T., Okada, Y., Sano, T., and Shikata, E., 1983a, In vitro synthesis of infectious RNA molecules from cloned hop stunt viroid complementary DNA, Proc. Jpn. Acad. 59B:251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohno, T., Takamatsu, N., Meshi, T., and Okada, Y., 1983b, Hop stunt viroid: Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the complete cDNA copy, Nucleic Acids Res. 11:6185.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owens, R. A., Hammond, R. W., Gardner, R. C, Kiefer, M. C, Thompson, S. M., and Cress, D. E., 1986, Site-specific mutagenesis of potato spindle tuber viroid cDNA: Alterations within premelting region 2 that abolish infectivity, Plant Mol. Biol 6:179.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Padgett, R. A., Konarska, M. M., Grabowski, P. J., Hardy, S. F., and Sharp, P. A., 1984, Lariat RNA’s as intermediates and products in the splicing of messenger RNA precursors, Science 225:898.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palukaitis, P., and Zaitlin, M., 1983, The nature and biological significance of linear potato spindle tuber viroid molecules, in: Plant Infectious Agents-Viruses, Viroids, Virusoids, and Satellites (H. D. Robertson, S. H. Howell, M. Zaitlin, and R. L. Malmberg, eds.), pp. 136–140, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peattie, D. W., Douthwaite, S., Garrett, R. A., and Noller, H. F., 1981, A “bulged“ double-helix in a RNA-protein contact site, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:7331.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price, J., and Cech, T. R., 1985, Coupling of Tetrahymena ribosomal RNA splicing to ß-galactosidase expression in Escherichia coli, Science 228:719.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rackwitz, H. R., Rohde, W., and Sänger, H. L., 1981, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II of plant origin transcribes viroid RNA into full-length copies, Nature 291:297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randies, J. W., Steger, G., and Riesner, D., 1982, Structural transitions in viroid-like RNAs associated with cadang-cadang disease, velvet tobacco virus, and Solanum nodiflorum mottle virus, Nucleic Acids Res. 10:5569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riesner, D., and Gross, H. f., 1985, Viroids, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 54:531.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riesner, D., Steger, G., Schumacher, J., Gross, H. J., Randies, J. W., and Sänger, H. L., 1983, Structure and function of viroids, Biophys. Struct. Mech. 9:145.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R. J., 1978, Intervening sequences excised in vitro ,Nature 274:530.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, H. D., Rosen, D. L., and Branch, A. D., 1985, Cell-free synthesis and processing of an infectious dimeric transcript of potato spindle tuber viroid RNA, Virology 142:441.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, J., and Wall, R., 1980, A mechanism for RNA splicing, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:1877.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sänger, H. L., 1982, Biology, structure, functions, and possible origin of viroids, in: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series ,Vol. 14B (B. Parthier and D. Boulter, eds.), pp. 368–454, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sänger, H. L., 1984, Minimal infectious agents: The viroids, in: The Microbe, 1984: Part I Viruses (B. W. J. Mahy and J. R. Pattison, eds.), Soc. Gen. Microbiol. Symp. 36, pp. 281–334, Cambridge University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnölzer, M., Haas, B., Ramm, K., Hofmann, H., and Sänger, H. L., 1985, Correlation between structure and pathogenicity of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV), EMBO J. 4:2181.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spiesmacher, E., Mühlbach, H.-P., Tabler, M., and Sänger, H. L., 1985, Synthesis of ( + ) and (-) RNA molecules of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) in isolated nuclei and its impairment by transcription inhibitors, Biosci. Rep. 5:251.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabler, M., and Sänger, H. L., 1984, Cloned single- and double-stranded DNA copies of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) RNA and co-inoculated subgenomic DNA fragments are infectious, EMBO J. 3:3055.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabler, M., and Sänger, H. L., 1985, Infectivity studies on different potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) RNAs synthesized in vitro with the SP6 transcription system, EMBO J. 4:2191.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Vloten-Doting, L., Bol, J. F., and Cornelissen, B., 1985, Plant virus-based vectors for gene transfer will be of limited use because of the high error frequency during viral RNA synthesis, Plant Mol. Biol. 4:323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Wezenbeek, P., Vos, P., van Boom, f., and van Kämmen, A., 1982, Molecular cloning and characterization of a complete DNA copy of potato spindle tuber viroid RNA, Nucleic Acids Res. 10:7947.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Visvader, J. E., and Symons, R. H., 1983, Comparative sequence and structure of different isolates of citrus exocortis viroid, Virology 130:232.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visvader, J. E., and Symons, R. H., 1985, Eleven new sequence variants of citrus exocortis viroid and the correlation of sequence with pathogenicity, Nucleic Acids Res. 13:2907.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visvader, J. E., Forster, A. C, and Symons, R. H., 1985, Infectivity and in vitro mutagenesis of monomeric cDNA clones of citrus exocortis viroid indicates the site of processing of viroid precursors, Nucleic Acids Res. 13:5843.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, R. B., Johnson, M. J., Hirose, T., Kawahima, E. H., and Itakura, K., 1981, The use of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes. II. Hybridization of oligonucleotides of mixed sequence to rabbit ß-globin DNA, Nucleic Acids Res. 9:879.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waring, R. R., Ray, J. A., Edwards, S. W., Scazzocchio, C., and Davies, R. W., 1985, The Tetrahymena rRNA intron self-splices in E. coli: In vivo evidence for the importance of key base-paired regions of RNA for RNA enzyme function, Cell 40:371.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss-Brummer, B., Hall, J., Schweyer, R. J., Rodel, G., and Kaudewitz, F., 1983, Processing of yeast mitochondrial RNA: Involvement of intramolecular hybrids in splicing of cob intron 4 RNA by mutation and reversion, Cell 33:195.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, P., Gilz, R., Schumacher, J., and Riesner, D., 1985, Complexes of viroids with histones and other proteins, Nucleic Acids Res. 13:355.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaitlin, M., 1979, How viruses and viroids induce disease, in: Plant Disease: An Advanced Treatise, Vol. 4 (J. G. Horsfall and E. B. Cowling, eds.), pp. 257–271, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmern, D., 1982, Do viroids and RNA viruses derive from a system that exchanges genetic information between eukaryotic cells? Trends Biochem. Sci. 7:205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Plant Protection Institute, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA

    Robert A. Owens & Rosemarie W. Hammond

Authors
  1. Robert A. Owens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rosemarie W. Hammond
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA

    T. O. Diener

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Owens, R.A., Hammond, R.W. (1987). Viroid Function. In: Diener, T.O. (eds) The Viroids. The Viruses. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1855-2_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1855-2_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9035-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1855-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation