Abstract
A key premise of optimal foraging theory is that animals have, through the process of natural selection, evolved behaviors that tend to maximize their rate of energy intake (see Pyke, Pulliam, & Charnov 1977; Krebs 1978, for reviews). Therefore, a predator determines the relative costs and benefits of feeding on different prey types, and chooses the prey type that maximizes food value and predator survival. The predator does not necessarily make conscious decisions (Krebs 1978). Rather, the decision is the result of partially or wholly genetically controlled behavior shaped by evolution.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aldrich, F.A. 1956. A comparative study of the identification characters of Asterias forbesi and A. vulgaris. Notulae Naturae No. 28, 3 pp.
Aldrich, J.C. 1976. The spider crab Libinia emarginata Leach 1815 (Decapoda: Brachyura) and the starfish, an unsuitable predator but a cooperative prey. Crustaceana, 31: 151–156.
Anger, K., Rogal, U., Schriever, G., and Valentin, C. 1977. In situ investigations on the echonoderm Asterias rubens as a predator of soft bottom communities in the western Baltic Sea, Helgolander wissenschaftliche Meereguntersuchungen, 29: 439–459.
Baird, R.H., and Drinnan, R.E. 1957. The ratio of shell to meat in Mytilus as a function of tidal exposure to air. Journal du Conseil, 22: 329–336.
Castilla, J.C. 1972. Responses of Asterias rubens to a bivalve prey in a Y-maze. Marine Biology. 12: 222.
Chidester, F.E. 1929. A starfish attempts to ingest a minnow. Science 70: 428–429.
Dare, P.J. 1982. Notes on the swarming behavior and population density of Asterias rubens L. (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) feeding on the mussel, Mytilus edulis L. Journal du Conseil, 40: 112–118.
Dare, P.J., and Edwards, D.B. 1975. Seasonal changes in flesh weight and biochemical composition of mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) in the Conwy Estuary, North Wales. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 18: 89–97.
DeBenedictis, P.A., Gill, F.B., Hainsworth, F.R., Pyke, C.H., and Wolf, L.L. 1978. Optimal meal size in hummingbirds. American Naturalist, 112: 301–316.
Doering, P.H. 1981. Observations on the behavior of Asterias forbesi feeding on Mercenaria mercenaria. Ophelia 20: 169–177.
Doi, T. 1976. Some aspects of feeding ecology of the sea stars, genus Astropecten. Publications of Amakusa Marine Biology Laboratory, 4: 1–19.
Elner, R.W., and Hughes, R.N. 1978. Energy maximization in the diet of the shore crab, Carcinus maenus (L). Journal of Animal Ecology, 47: 103–116.
Emlen, J.M. 1966. The role of time and energy in food preference. American Naturalist, 100: 611–617.
Ennis, G.P. 1973. Food, feeding, and condition of lobsters, Homarus americanus, throughout the seasonal cycle in Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland. Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 30: 1905–1909.
Ernst, E.J. 1967. The Distribution, Ecology, Environmental Behavior, and Possible Hybridization of the Sea Stars Asterias forbesi (Desor) and Asterias vulgaris Verrill in the Subtidal Zone of Long Island. Ph.D. dissertation, New York University.
Fairweather, P.G., and Underwood, A.J. 1983. The apparent diet of predators and biases due to different handling times of their prey. Oecologia, 56: 169–179.
Feder, H.M., and Christensen, A.M. 1966. Aspects of asteroid biology. In: Physiology of Echinodermata (ed. by R.A. Boolootian ), pp. 87–127. Wiley Interscience, New York.
Galtsoff, P.S., and Loosanoff, V.L. 1939. Natural history and method of controlling the starfish (Asterias forbesi, Desor). U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Bulletin, 31: 75–132.
Gill, F.B., and Wolf, L.L. 1975. Foraging strategies and energetics of east african sunbirds at mistletoe flowers. American Naturalist, 109: 491–510.
Goss-Custard, J.D. 1977. Optimal foraging and the size selection of worms by redshank Tringa totanus. Animal Behaviour, 25: 10–129.
Griffiths, D. 1981. Sub-optimal foraging in the ant lion Macroleon quinquemaculatus. Journal of Animal Ecology, 50: 697–702.
Hancock, D.A. 1974. Some aspects of the biology of the sunstar Crossastrea papposus (L.). Ophelia, 13: 1–30.
Heeb, M.A. 1973. Large molecules and chemical control of feeding behavior in the starfish Asterias forbesi. Helgolander wissenschaftliche Meereguntersuchungen, 24: 425–435.
Hixon, M.A. 1982. Energy maximizers and time minimizers: theory and reality. American Naturalist, 119: 596–599.
Hollander, M., and Wolfe, D.A. 1973. Non-parametric Statistical Methods. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Hughes, R.N. 1980. Optimal foraging in the marine context. Oceanogr. Marine Biology Annual Review, 18: 423–481.
Jangoux, M. 1982. Food and feeding mechanisms: Asteroidea. In: Echinoderm Nutrition (ed. by M. Jangoux & J.M. Lawrence ), pp. 117–159. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Kim, Y.S. 1969. Selective feeding on the several bivalve molluscs by starfish, Asterias amurensis Luken. Bull. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido, 19: 244–249.
Krebs, J.R. 1978. Optimal foraging. In: Behavioural Ecology (ed. by J.R. Krebs & N.B. Davies ), pp. 23–63. Blackwell Scientific, London.
Krebs, J.R., Erichsen, J.T., Webber, M.I., and Charnov, E.L. 1977. Optimal prey choice in the great tit. Animal Behaviour, 25: 30–38.
Krebs, J.R., Houston, A.I., and Charnov, E.L. 1981. Some recent developments in optimal foraging. In: Foraging Behavior (ed. by A.C. Kamil & T.D. Sargent ), pp. 3–18. Garland STPM Press, New York.
Landenberger, D.W. 1966. Learning in the Pacific starfish Pisaster giganteus. Animal Behavior, 14: 414–418.
Lavoie, M. 1956. How sea stars open bivalves. Biological Bulletin, 111: 114–122.
Lewontin, R.C. 1978. Fitness, survival, and optimality. In: Analysis of Ecological Systems (ed. by D.H. Horn, R. Mitchell, & G.R. Stairs ). Ohio State University Press, Columbus.
MacArthur, R.H., and Pianka, E.R. 1966. On optimal use of a patchy environment. American Naturalist, 100: 603–609.
MacKenzie, C.L. 1970. Feeding rates of starfish, Asterias forbesi (Desor), at controlled water temperatures and during different seasons of the year. Fishery Bulletin of Fishery Wildlife Service U.S., 68: 67–72.
Maloeuf, N.S.R. 1937. Studies oil the respiration (and osmoregulation) of animals. I. Aquatic animals without oxygen transporter in their internal medium. Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Physiologie, 25: 1–28.
Maynard-Smith, J. 1978. Optimization theory in evolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 9: 31–56.
McCleary, R.H. 1978. Optimal behaviour sequences and decision making. In: Behavioural Ecology (ed. by J.R. Krebs & N.B. Davies ), pp. 377–410. Blackwell Scientific, London.
McClintock, J.B., and Lawrence, J.M. 1981. An optimization study on the feeding behavior of Luidia clathrata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Marine Behavior and Physiology, 7: 263–275.
McClintock, J.B., and Lawrence, J.M. 1982. Photoresponse and associative learning in Luidia clathrata Say (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Marine Behavior and Physiology, 9: 13–21.
Mead, A.D. 1900. The natural history of starfish. Bulletin of U.S. Fisheries Commission, 19: 203–224.
Menge, B.A. 1979. Coexistence between sea stars Asterias vulgaris and Asterias forbesi in a heterogeneous environment: a non-equilibrium explanation. Oecologia, 41: 245–272.
Menge, B.A. 1982. Effects of feeding on the environment: Asteroidea. In: Echinoderm Nutrition (ed. by M. Jangoux & J.M. Lawrence ), pp. 521–551. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Morse, D.H. 1980. Behavioral Mechanisms in Ecology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Murtaugh, P. 1981. Size-selective predation on Daphnia by Neomysis mercedis. Ecology, 62: 894–900.
Pastorok, R.A. 1981. Prey vulnerability and size selection by Chaoborus larvae. Ecology, 62: 1311–1324.
Peterson, C.H., and Bradley, B.P. 1978. Estimating the diet of a sluggish predator from field observations. Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 35: 136–141.
Pulliam, H.R. 1975. Diet optimization with nutrient constraints. American Naturalist, 109: 765–768.
Pyke, G.H. 1980. Optimal foraging in bumblebees: calculation of net rate of energy intake and optimal patch choice. Theoretical Population Biology, 17: 232–246.
Pyke, C.H., Pulliam, H.R., and Charnov, E.L. 1977. Optimal foraging: a selective review of theory and tests. Quarterly Review of Biology, 52: 137–154.
Richards, L.J. 1982. Prey selection by an intertidal beetle: field test of an optimal diet model. Oecologia, 55: 325–332.
Schoener, T.W. 1971. Theory of feeding strategies. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 2: 369–404.
Sloan, N.A. 1980. Aspects of the feeding biology of asteroids, Oceanogr. Marine Biology Annual Review, 18: 57–124.
Sloan, N.A., and Aldridge, T.H. 1981. Observations on an aggregation of the starfish Asterias rubens L. in Morecambe Bay, Lancashire, England. Journal of Natural History, 15: 409–417.
Sloan, N.A., and Campbell, A.C. 1982. Perception of food. In: Echinoderm Nutrition (ed. by M. Jangoux J.M. Lawrence ), pp. 3–23. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Strickland, J.D.H., and Parsons, T.R. 1972. A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bull. No. 167.
Valentincic, T. 1975. Amino-acid chemoreception and other releasing factors in the feeding response of the sea star Marthasterias glacialis (D.). In: Proceedings Ninth European Marine Biology Symposium (ed. by H. Barnes ), pp. 693–705. University of Aberdeen Press, Great Britain.
Valentincic, T. 1978. Learning in the starfish Marthasterias glacialis. In: Proceedings Twelfth European Marine Biology Symposium (ed. by D.S. McLusky & A.J. Berry ), pp. 303–309. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Warner, G.F. 1979. Aggregation in Echinoderms. In: Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms (ed. by G. Larwood & B.R. Rosen ), pp. 375–396. Academic Press, New York.
Willows, A.O.D., and Corning, W.C. 1975. The echinoderms. In: Invertebrate Learning, Vol. 3, Cephalopods and Echinoderms (ed. by W.C. Corning, J.A. Dyal, & A.O.D. Willows ), pp. 103–135. Plenum Press, New York.
Wolf, L.L., Hainsworth, F.R., and Gill, F.B. 1975. Foraging efficiencies and time budgets in nectar-feeding birds. Ecology, 56: 117–128.
Wolf, L.L., Stiles, F.G., and Hainsworth, F.R. 1972. Energetics of foraging: rate and efficiency of nectar extraction by hummingbirds. Science, 176: 1351–1352.
Zach, R. 1979. Shell dropping: decision making and optimal foraging in northwestern crows. Behaviour, 68: 106–117.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Campbell, D.B. (1987). A Test of the Energy Maximization Premise of Optimal Foraging Theory. In: Kamil, A.C., Krebs, J.R., Pulliam, H.R. (eds) Foraging Behavior. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1839-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1839-2_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9027-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1839-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive